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英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
《2019考研英语写作范文100篇》百度网盘pdf最新全集下载:链接：
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Sparenoeffortto+V（不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested （与...息息相关）十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人
考研究生的朋友吗，对于试卷上后面的英语大作文相必有接触过。下面是我给大家整理的研究生考试英语大作文范文，供大家参阅!研究生考试英语大作文范文1 Direction Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended measing and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points) 大作文范文： Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's present efforts can not prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities and the growing use of man-made materials. What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man -- by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem. Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going-- and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker,"I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going. " The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when speaking of our modern society. In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves 研究生考试英语大作文范文2 【题目要求】 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your suggestions. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET .(20points) 【题目评析】 本次考研英语的大作文部分体裁与往年相比，依然保持稳定，是图画式作文。就结构而言，依然可以是三段式：第一段是描述图画的表层含义，第二段是阐明其图画的内涵，第三段基本可以说明自己的观点。就内容和话题而言，和我们的真实生活非常贴切，属于综合性话题，考查了当今信息社会发展过程中电子产品对我们日常面对面交流的影响，对于人们依赖于智能手机而忽视面对面交流这个话题，考生应该是有切身体会，有话可说。同硬币有两面一个道理，智能手机虽然方便了人们的生活和交流，却淡漠了人与人面对面交流的能力。最后就人们过分依赖于智能手机，做出你自己得评论和发表自己的观点。 【参考范文】 Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of smart phones, it is not unusual to find a group of people sitting around the table, each playing with their smart phones separately instead of talking with each other face to face. As is vividly shown in the picture, all the members absorbed in their electronic products. There are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Some people may lack the ability to communicate with others or the common interest while others claim that it’s a good way to relieve stress and embarrassment in social communications. Naturally, there are still others who are heavy smart phone users and fail to break away from the addiction. As far as I’m concerned, it is essential for us to build closer social bonds through face-to-face conversations when getting together with our relatives, friends, classmates and colleagues. I strongly recommend that you put away your smart phones in such occasions not only to show respect for others but also to enjoy the gatherings and improve your communicative skills as well. 研究生考试英语大作文范文3 Directions: Write an essay of 160—200 wordsbased on the following picturein your essay, you should 1. describe the pictures briefly, 2. interpret its intendedmeaning, and 3. give your comments. You should write neatly ontheANSWERSHEET. (20 points) 参考范文： 参考范文一 As is vividly depicted in the first picture there is a father watching TV and asking his son to study hard, with his son being unable to concentrate on his study. The second picture portrays that the son and the father are studying hard together. At the lower part of the picture is a caption which implies that it is wise for parents to set a good example for their children by action rather than by words. It occurs to me that the author of the drawing aims at reminding us of the the value of a good example by parents. First and foremost, examplesspeak louder than words, for it is widely accepted that an exampleenableseach personto transformhis or heraspirations from astate of potentiality into it another way, parents’example enables their children to improve them selves, so they can be qualified for the future job, be ready for the forthcoming life, and they are likely to achieve more fulfillment. Furthermore, according to a latest survey conducted by an authority on the Internet, the majority of people interviewed answer that parents’action produces more positive influence on the growth of their children than oral requirements do. Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications fromthe above pictures. For one thing,we should frequently use it to enlightenyoung parents. For another,we should cultivate the awareness ofparentsthatpersonal examplesarevery vital tokid’s growth. Only by doing so canchildren grow sound in body and mind. 参考范文二 Above are graphic pictures that show a sharp contrast with each other. In the left one, there is a father who is watching TV happily, with his son cannot go on with his study attentively beside him, but the father asks his son to work hard. In the right one, however,sit a father and a son, who are studying , at the bottom of the picture are huge characters, meaning“It is better to set example, rather than just make requests.”The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking. To begin with, model plays a critical part in our life. If we set someone as our model, we will try to imitate him. For example, if we set Zhang Haidi as our example, and we think her spirit of perseverance impresses us deeply, we will also persist in doing something even if we come across many difficulties. What is more, model,one of the greatest fashionable themes of our era throughout the history of mankind all around the world that I have ever known in my whole life, which is the greatest that there ever was and the greatest that there ever will be, is momentous and fundamental to people what the soul is vital and significant to us. Judging from the reams of evidence presented above, it is safe for us to conclude that modelplays a fundamental part ineconomic prosperity and social progress. 参考范文三 The great American humorist and writer Mark Twain once said, “ When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand the old man around. But when i got to be 21, I was astonished that how much he had learned in seven years.” Contrary to what exasperated parents of teenagers may often think and feel, family attitude and parents’ behaviors do lay an important role in shaping the choices of young people make. What people watch ultimately has an impact on what actually occurs. It’s not just because they witness it, cause they believe it and act as though it is. So the moral here is to help children develop positive and pro-social concept about themselves, in that children are likely to make choices or actions that match what they learn from their parents. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that parents’ behaviors before their kids has both positive and negative effects to their children. What we must do is to make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible.
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
为了在不久的将来，成为一名会英语的研究生，我们从现在就开始看英语作文积累词汇。下面是我给大家整理的研究生英语作文范文，供大家参阅!
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
全文翻译：
睡眠的进化
睡眠是古老的。 从脑电图上看，我们人类和所有灵长目动物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠;甚至爬行类动物也有睡眠。 有证据显示，有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。 从统计上看，食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠，而被捕食动物更多地无梦睡眠。
动物在有梦睡眠时，被有效地解除动作能力， 并且对外界刺激缺乏反应。 无梦睡眠则要浅得多。 我们都看到过猫和狗在显然的酣睡中， 有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。 被捕食动物很少有深度的有梦睡眠，这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。
而且这一点是有道理的：当睡眠高度进化以后，愚笨的动物比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。
但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状 态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极少，这一事实可以给睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的线索。 海洋中是没有藏身之处的。 会不会是这样，睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性，反而是减少了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。 可以想像得出，在危险的时刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 持安静的动物，会不由自主地变得动弹不得。 这一点在食肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。 这是一个很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正确的。
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.
Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born,
not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
全文翻译：美国革命的历史意义
历史的进程是如此错综复杂，人类行为的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。 然而以托马斯·杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。
在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活 方式。 美国独立战争成为联结 17 世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18 世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。 历史的行程需要跨越大西洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。
这里，反对"暴政"的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这 个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.
Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
全文翻译：儿童的数学能力
人似乎生来就会计算。 孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。
孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布置桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉子。 很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。 没有多 久，他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。
如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他 们又转向减法。 有一种设想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然，事实并没有这么简单。
本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的日常学习的微妙形式。 他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的 过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。 他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。 比如： 孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时，水的数量没有 变化。 心理学家们而后又展示一个例子， 即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。 此类研究表明：数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。
他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
英语一大作文类型都是图画作文。
考研英语一大作文主要是要求考生按照题目提供的信息写说明文或者一议论文，英语一大作文出题形式均以文字规定加图画方式呈现，分值为20分，这就要求考生在写作过程中应对该部分内容引起重视。
考研英语一写作文技巧
第一段：考生应根据所给的漫画的文字叙述内容，提炼漫画的主题。漫画的主题于漫画中展现的内容及解释漫画的文字叙述。根据要求拟定文章提纲，确定文章结构以及思想。第一段的主要内容为图画描述以及全篇文章的中心主旨句。
第二段：分两至三个分论点，文中可以附加例子来对中心论点进行论证和照应。
第三段：总结独特观点，在此深化印章中心论点，并提出建议、建议的原因以及解决措施。
《浅谈小学英语教育的现状分析》
摘 要：自2001年教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，在这十五的教学过程中，英语教学对学生的综合能力发展及国民素质教育和综合国力的提升都起到了一定的推动作用，得到社会的认可。在基础教育的开端，对学生实行英语教学的必然性毋庸置疑，总体来看获得较高成效，但目前的小学英语教育具体操作起来仍存在一定的问题，本文对我国目前的小学英语教育现状进行分析，并且提出几点浅薄的建议，为研究小学英语教育的相关工作人员提供了参考性意见。
关键词：小学英语 教育 理论性研究
外语是吸取人类文明和对外交流合作的重要工具，外语学科作为我国学校中的一门基础学科，目前受到前所未有的重视[1]。随着我国经济的快速发展和社会的不断进步，教育越来越被人们所重视，特别学好英语对一个学生来说至关重要，尤其是英语。2001年秋季教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，将英语教育的起始阶段从初中转为小学，可以看出英语的重要性和我国对英语教育的重视程度，将英语教育开设在基础教育的开端，对学生来说有一定的好处。针对人在进行语言学习的研究，Lenneberg 指出，学习语言最好的时间段是在儿童时期，儿童从两岁起至青春期(10-12岁)之前，可以轻松的接受并且学习语言，因为受大脑中的语言习得机制的影响;而人进去青春期之后，大多数人的大脑发生了侧化，人脑已经发育成熟，神经系统不再有弹性，儿童的语言习得机制开始失去作用，语言学习也就越来越困难[2]。虽然在过去十多年的小学英语教育中各方面取得了很好的成绩，但我国目前的小学英语教育仍存在一些问题需要解决。
一、目前我国小学英语教育的现状分析
首先，小学英语教育工作日益完善。各级教育行政部门和教研部门重视小学英语教育，不断加大教育投资，逐步改善教学的硬件和软件，为教育质量的提高提供了有利的保障[3]。我国各小学都认识到在基础教育开端进行英语教育的重要性，基本在小学三年级就开设了英语教育课程，在英语教育方面加大了重视程度，不段的加大人力、物力的投入以保证小学英语教育的稳定进行。令人欣慰的是很多家长也认识到了这一点，他们也将英语和其它课程如语文、数学等一样要求孩子，家长对学生在英语学习方面的辅助帮助也是保证学生有效学习英语的一个重要因素。近年来，很多师范院校开设了小学英语教育专业，具备这种专业能力的青年教师毕业后进入小学教学，可以说给整个教学带来了新的教学理念加强了教学的可塑性，同时社会各个层次开展的在职英语教师培训也是提高小学英语教学的重要保障。在偏远的农村小学教育中却存在着很多问题，如教育理念落后、专业教师紧缺等问题。一般农村教师的教学思想都比较落后，有的教师甚至是为了教课而教课，没有掌握科学的教学理念与规律。很多甚至发音不标准，英语是一门语言，是交流的工具，不能精准发音，英语教学就是失败的，正确的读音和敢于说出英语的习惯正是要让学生在入门阶段修炼成功的，严重影响了学生英语的学习[4]。
其次，小学英语教育的研究。目前我国小学英语教育研究主要集中在可行性探讨、实践性研究和理论性研究等三方面[5]。可行性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育的目标，及通过小学英语的学习能否很好的和初中英语学习衔接起来;实践性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育所使用的教材、教案及教学思想理念;理性行研究的主要内容是对实际的教学工作进行总结，从中总结出构成小学英语教育各个要素及相关规律，以此来更好的科学指导教学的具体实践工作。
二、提高小学英语教育效果的措施
首先，加强小学英语教育的科学性。小学英语教育工作的开展时间不如语文和数学等学科时间长，所以小学英语教育工作很多方面还需进一步提高。要正确合理的分配英语和其它学科的课时，充分认识到英语教学的重要性，应建立科学和明确的教学目标和教学体系。鉴于我国多数学生缺少英语语言环境和儿童认知与记忆规律的特殊性，这就要求在给学生安排课程时，不要间隔时间太长，学生在课堂上进行操练语言的时间有限，接触英语的机会又少，这对学生语言的连续性学习和语言习惯的养成非常不利于。
其次，提高教师的综合能力。要从师范类高校引入专业的教师，专业英语知识底蕴是进行正确、有效授课的前提，同时青年教师会将最新的和最科学的教学理念带进学校与其他教师分享，对提高教师团队的整体综合素质起到促进作用。此外，要建立科学合理的测评方式，测评主要是针对教师授课效果，教师之间可以采取相互听课制，对教师的上课情况进行点评，以便于教师能够有效的发现自己的不足，以此来改正自己在教学中的缺欠，努力提高自己的授课综合能力。针对一些偏远农村的小学，相关部门应提高教师的待遇以此来吸引更多的优秀人才，定期将英语教师外送学习，使他们掌握并且吸纳新的教学思想和理念，要进一步增强培训工作的针对性，基础性、实践性、应用性和实效性，着眼于教师专业素质和教学技能的深化发展提高，注意理论培训与教学实践相结合，注意专业知识培训与教学技能培训相结合。一个合格的教师应该为学生提供语言学习和运用的过程，在这个过程中使学生掌握“学什么”、“如何学”和“怎么用”。
小学英语教育关系到学生以后的学习生涯，社会和学校应该对此给予高度重视，它经过了十多年的发展阶段，经历了从无到有，现在已进入稳定的、长足发展阶段，同时取得了很多的成绩，但良好发展的背后仍存在很多问题，这就给小学英语教育工作者提出了新的挑战，要求教师从实际出发，不仅要善于发现问题，还应该更善于解决问题，取长补短，付出自己的不懈努力，这样我国教学英语教育才能达到更高的一个水平。
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[4] 赵利红.浅谈如何应对农村小学英语教育所面临的困境[J].学周刊，2011(10).
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新华书店网站搜索英语论文，最新出版的相关书：英语专业本科毕业论文写作实用手册作者：杜平，陈正伦 主编出版：哈尔滨工程大学出版 出版日期：2010年02月本书是针对英语专业本科毕业论文写作而编写的，本书的主要内容包括：毕业论文写作概要、本科毕业论文常用格式、毕业论文的选题、资料的收集和整理、毕业论文各部分的写作、毕业论文APA和MLA格式模板示例、毕业论文示例等。 本书可作为英语专业本科毕业论文写作的指导用书，也可作为英语学术论文写作的参考用书。英语专业毕业论文写作教程作者：张秀国出版：清华大学 出版日期：2010年02月英语论文写作是高校英语专业的一门必修课程，目的是使学生了解英语论文写作的一般过程和英语研究论文的写作格式，并掌握其写作规范。本书从切实培养和提高英语专业学生运用英语进行论文写作能力的目的出发而编写。本书分为9章：第1章为序言，简要介绍研究与研究论文的定义；第2章介绍论文写作的一般过程与步骤；第3章介绍论文包含的各个主要部分及其结构；第4章介绍论文的语言特点和文体风格；第5章介绍英语写作的技巧，涉及英语论文写作者常常忽略和经常感到困惑、容易出错的地方；第6章专论标点符号，讨论常用标点符号在各种情况英语专业毕业论文写作教程作者：张纪英等出版：华中科技 出版日期：2010年02月本书是在我们多年指导论文写作的经验基础上，研习英语学术论文写作理论，反复征求教师和学生的意见，通过开座谈会，作问卷调查，并归纳总结而写成的，力求全面、详细地介绍和阐述毕业论文撰写的全过程。内容包括撰写毕业论文的意义，毕业论文的类型及写作的基本要求和原则，论文的选题，资料的查阅和利用，论文的格式和写作的程序，论文的答辩及成绩评定。在第七章“专题毕业论文的写作与评析”里，我们分别介绍了“英美文学”、“翻译理论与实践”、“英语语言”、“英语教学法”和“语言与文化”五个专题的一些基本的专业知识及相关论文如何撰写英语文学研究论文(英文写作教材)作者：凡博出版：四川大学 出版日期：2010年02月毕业论文是高等教育的重要环节，是对大学生（研究生）在校期间学习成绩的综合检验。毕业论文也是学术论文的类型之一，与科学研究工作密切相关：它记录并再现科学研究的过程和方法，描述研究成果；在学理上对研究对象做“尽可能的探讨和研究”，在背景上做“详尽无遗的调查”，从而达到内容创新，“全面订正和给确定结论的目的”。阅读本书，有助于全面了解撰写毕业论文的知识和方法，尽快进入写作状态，写出优秀的毕业论文。本书也可供撰写学位论文和其他学术论文者参考。
《美国大学英语写作(第九版)》是一部全面、系统、实用的英语写作教材，适合大学英语专业学生、非英语专业高年级学生以及其他希望提高英语写作水平的学习者使用。权威 作者集二十余年英语写作教学经验之大成，精心编写。本书已经数次再版，是历经锤炼的经典写作教材。系统 详细介绍写作过程，讲解九种作文的方法，针对学生习作进行评析，并选用名家作品供分析和模仿。实用 讲解大学阶段学术写作的常用体裁，如怎样写文章摘要、读书报告和研究论文。范例丰富，实用性强。便捷 提供各类网上辅助教学资源，便于学习者和教师使用。
看看研究生写的英语作文和我们写的有什么区别，它们的用词方面和我们的又有什么变化?下面是我给大家整理的研究生英文作文范文，供大家参阅!
Topic(题目)：
The 21st century has begun. What changes doyou think this new century will bring? Useexamples and details in your answer.
Model Essay(范文)：
Now that we are in a new millennium, we can assume there will be changes in the world. Ipredict that the changes will be in the areas of information dissemination, global alliances, andfamily structure.
In the past decades, the computer was responsible for changing the way information wasorganized. Now, the computer plus the Internet is changing the way information is will now be universally available to anyone with a computer. You will not have to goto libraries to do research; you will not have to travel to visit scholars; you will not have to goto a bookstore to buy a book. You can do all of this from your home on the computer.
In the past decades, the nations of the world aligned themselves with the United States, theformer Soviet Union, or with one another in a loose alliance. In the future these alliances will bemore fluid. Some countries will align politically with one country, but economically with countries will share technology and other information, but will not trade together. Somecountries, which have long been enemies, will align militarily for regional security.
The family structure will not be based on a mother/father/child pattern. Single parent familieswill be more common and often the child will not be a biological child of the single parent, but willbe adopted. Other family structures like domestic partnerships will become more accepted.
Whatever the changes may be, whether in the way we receive information, the way nationsalign with one another, or the way family units are defined, you can be sure that there will bemore change. Change is a constant.
Topic(题目)：
What are some of the qualities of a good specific details and examples to explain youranswer.
Model Essay(范文)：
I am fortunate to have good parents so it is easy for me to identify the qualities that makethem good. These qualities are unconditional love, trust, and respect for me and my brothersand sisters.
All mothers and fathers love their children. They nurture them and keep them from harm. Butnot all love is unconditional. Some parents would not love their children if they married someoneof a different religion or from a different ethnic group. Some parents would not love theirchildren if they were of a different sexual orientation. My parents won’t. My parents would loveus regardless of whom we married or whom we chose to love.
Part of unconditional love is trust. My parents trust us to do what is right. They know we wouldnever do anything to hurt them or to disgrace them. They trust us so we trust them. We areconfident that they would never do anything to hurt us.
Because our parents love us, they also respect us. They treat us as individuals. They accept ourdifferences. They do not expect us to be like them. They want us to be our own persons. Theywant us to make our own way in the world, not follow in their footsteps.
Without their love, I would not be as confident as I am. Without their trust, I would not befree to do what I want. Without their respect, I would not feel comfortable being on my own. Allchildren should have such wonderful parents.
Topic(题目)：
Movies are popular all over the world. Explainwhy movies are so popular. Use reasons andspecific examples to support your answer.
Model Essay(范文)：
Movies are popular because people are great watchers. They like to watch other peoples’ like to live vicariously. By going to movies, we can escape our own lives, share otheremotions, and imagine ourselves as someone else.
Many of our lives are not as adventurous or glamorous as the lives in movies. We do notbattle evil all day long and then go back to our luxurious penthouse apartment. We just go toschool, do our homework, et, talk to our friends, and sleep. We need a little excitement in ourlives and we find excitement at the movies.
Humans are very emotional people. We all like to cry and laugh. Fortunately, there is not muchto cry about in my life so I like to go to sad movies where my heart strings can be tugged. Ialso like to go to comedies so I can laugh. I tend to cry and laugh more in a dark movie theaterthan I do in broad daylight.
Now I am a student, but I know someday I will be a scientist or a politician or a famous I go to the movies, I can see my role models. I see how they act, what they wear, howthey talk. I can prepare myself for the day when I will be like them.
Even though my life is quiet, I can go to the movies and watch someone else’s life. I can sharetheir emotions and their everyday life. I wonder if they would like to share mine.
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。接下来给大家分享英语议论文模板及范文，供参考。
Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)
However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)
Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive
aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To
begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same
time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
Shall we send children to study abroad?
With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family. #p#分页标题#e#
In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.
为了在不久的将来，成为一名会英语的研究生，我们从现在就开始看英语作文积累词汇。下面是我给大家整理的研究生英语作文范文，供大家参阅!
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
全文翻译：
睡眠的进化
睡眠是古老的。 从脑电图上看，我们人类和所有灵长目动物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠;甚至爬行类动物也有睡眠。 有证据显示，有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。 从统计上看，食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠，而被捕食动物更多地无梦睡眠。
动物在有梦睡眠时，被有效地解除动作能力， 并且对外界刺激缺乏反应。 无梦睡眠则要浅得多。 我们都看到过猫和狗在显然的酣睡中， 有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。 被捕食动物很少有深度的有梦睡眠，这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。
而且这一点是有道理的：当睡眠高度进化以后，愚笨的动物比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。
但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状 态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极少，这一事实可以给睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的线索。 海洋中是没有藏身之处的。 会不会是这样，睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性，反而是减少了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。 可以想像得出，在危险的时刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 持安静的动物，会不由自主地变得动弹不得。 这一点在食肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。 这是一个很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正确的。
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.
Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born,
not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
全文翻译：美国革命的历史意义
历史的进程是如此错综复杂，人类行为的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。 然而以托马斯·杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。
在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活 方式。 美国独立战争成为联结 17 世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18 世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。 历史的行程需要跨越大西洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。
这里，反对"暴政"的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这 个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.
Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
全文翻译：儿童的数学能力
人似乎生来就会计算。 孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。
孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布置桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉子。 很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。 没有多 久，他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。
如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他 们又转向减法。 有一种设想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然，事实并没有这么简单。
本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的日常学习的微妙形式。 他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的 过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。 他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。 比如： 孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时，水的数量没有 变化。 心理学家们而后又展示一个例子， 即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。 此类研究表明：数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。
他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。