MLA是Modern Language Association英文词语的缩写。MLA是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,是一种常用的引用格式,由于在外国文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用,所以MLA 格式很严谨。MLA引用格式注意事项:1、双倍行距。2、第二行行首缩进5个字符(或半英寸)。3、如果没有作者,从文章名开始4、缩写全部月份名称,除了May June和July。5、如果百科全书未按字母顺序排列文章,将其视为一般书籍文章。5、网站:包括网页名称,网站全名及其建立者(此往往与网站名称相同)。此外,还包括文章创建及存在的日期(日、月、年)及你见到此文的日期。6、互联网杂志文章:包括提供数据库服务的公司极其网址;文章的完整日期(日、月、年)及见到的日期;还有提供网络服务的图书馆或组织机构。如果引用的是期刊而不是杂志的话,还应有期刊的日期、卷册等。
MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于MLA 格式很严谨,在 文章 中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求,希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch( centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: . 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph . Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(厘米),用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的 故事 情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个 句子 作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. . “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. . “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” . (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the . B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.( author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分 总结 论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件, 日记 等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如,书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. ' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意: 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。 以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。 1. 独著 姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, . 2. 两至三名作者 姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., . Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, . 3. 四名或以上作者 姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, . 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, . 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, . ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, . 7. 编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, . 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, . 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, . 8. 译著 原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !. 9. 再版著作 姓,名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. . Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作 书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言,后记 前言作者姓,名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓,名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. . 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): . Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): . 14. 周刊或双周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: . 15. 月刊或双月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: . 16. 报纸文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page . 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: . 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式:如电影,DVD,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use . if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若无,用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站:如:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章: Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作 作者姓, 名. 书名 出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November . 8 May 2007 19. l 博客:作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称 最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 :Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮:作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. . Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘: 作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站 上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.
朋友写英文论文时,需要用MLA格式写作。MLA格式有什么要求?特地找到关于MLA格式的规定,希望对朋友有帮助。 MLA(Modern Language Association)为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。 一、MLA简明论文格式(以下word格式可参用附加档已设定完成,套用即可) 1. 内容分封面、正文、注释。 2. 规格:A4纸,计算机打字,横打,上下左右空,标题与内文字距离;字大小:照相打字15- 16级(Windows 文书软件10- 11pt),内文字请用细明或新细明体,标准行距(Windows 文书软件 ),25pp以内。 3. 横式(由左至右)写作。 4. 关键詷4-6个。 5. 提要300-500字。 6. 请用新式标点符号。「」用于平常引号,《 》用于书名,〈 〉用于论文及篇名。古籍之书名与篇名连用时,可省略篇名符号,如《史记‧刺客列传》。 7. 中文正文用细明体,注脚用楷书。 8. 英文正文用Times New Roman; 章节用Arial。 9. 英文书名用Italic; 论文名用“ ”。 10. 独立引文每行低三格(楷书)。 11. 注释号码请用阿拉伯字数码之上标字(右上方),如9、25。 12. 标题编码层次:一、 (一) 1. (1) 13. 征引书目编写方式: (1)中日文部分依作者姓名笔划排列 A.专书 B.期刊论文 C.博、硕士论文 (2)西文部分依作者姓名字母排列 A.专书 B.期刊论文 C.博、硕士论文 14. 不可使用“同上”、“同前引书”、“同前书”、“同前揭书”、“同注几引书”等。 15. 引用专书或论文,请依序注明作者、书名(或篇名)、出版项。 A.中日文专书:作者—书名—出版地点—出版公司—出版年分。 注文: 彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》(台北:东大图书公司,1995),38-45。 再引: 彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》,38-45。 书目: 彭明辉,《历史地理学与现代中国史学》,台北:东大图书公司,1995。 B.中日文论文:作者—篇名—期刊卷期—出版项—年月—页码。 注文: 彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4(台北,1995. 12): 45-87。 再引: 彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4: 45-53。 书目: 彭明辉,〈由神明配置图看台湾民间信仰——以中和地区八座寺庙为中心〉,《新史学》,6. 4 (台北,1995. 12): 45-87。 C.西文专书:作者—书名—出版地点—出版公司—出版年分。例: 注文: Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Havens: Yale University Press, 1968), 102-103. 再引: Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 102-103. 书目: Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Havens: Yale University Press, 1968. D.西文论文:作者—篇名—期刊卷期—出版项—年月—页码。例: 注文: Hoyt Tillman, “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3 (New York, July, 1992): 455-474. 再引: Hoyt Tillman, “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3: 455- 474. 书目: Tillman, Hoyt. “A New Direction in Confucian Scholarship: Approaches to Examining the Differences between Neo-Confucianism and Tao-hseh,” Philosophy East and West, 42. 3 (New York, July, 1992): 455-474. 附注及引用文献 第一类型 历史 引用一本书 一位作者/两位作者/三位作者 3.范文澜,《中国通史简编》(香港:南国出版社,1954),11。 范文澜, 《中国通史简编》,香港:南国出版社,1954。 4.戴国辉、叶芸芸,《爱憎228—神话与史实》(台北:远流出版社,1992),11-20。 戴国辉、叶芸芸,《爱憎228—神话与史实》,台北:远流出版社,1992。 5.冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银,《羌族史》(成都:四川人民出版社,1984)。 冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银,《羌族史》,成都:四川人民出版社,1984。 6. David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (London: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 23-25. Lowenthal, David. The Past is a Foreign Country. London: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 7. James Fentress & Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), 24-26. Fentress, James & Chris Wickham. Social Memory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 多于三位作者/编者 8.周大城等,《台湾自然地理》(台北:立人出版社,1994),21-40。 周大城等,《台湾自然地理》,台北:立人出版社,1994。 9. Elizabeth Tonkin et al, History and Ethnicity (London: Routledge, 1989), 30-40. Tonkin, Elizabeth et al. History and Ethnicity. London: Routledge, 1989.作者为一机构/多机构 1.中央研究院近代史研究所,《口述历史—二二八事件专号》,3 (台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1992),11-15。 中央研究院近代史研究所,《口述历史—二二八事件专号》,3,台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1992。 2.吉林省文物工作队、榆树县博物馆,《吉林榆树县老河深鲜卑墓群》(北京:文物出版社,1990),11-20。 吉林省文物工作队、榆树县博物馆,《吉林榆树县老河深鲜卑墓群》,北京:文物出版社,1990。 作者为编者 3.赵松侨编,《中国自然地理》(台北:地图出版社,1984),21-30。 赵松侨编,《中国自然地理》,台北:地图出版社,1984。 4. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 11-15. Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger eds. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 被翻译著作 5.韦伯(Max Weber),《宗教社会学》,康乐、简惠美译(台北:远流出版公司,1991),131-32。 韦伯(Max Weber),《宗教社会学》,康乐、简惠美译,台北:远流出版公司,1991。 6. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. & trans. by Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992), 101-22. Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Ed. & trans. by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992. 多作者丛书中的一本 3.黄清连,《黑金与黄金:基隆河上游地区矿业的发展与聚落的变迁》,「北县乡土与社会大系」之一(板桥:台北县立文化中心,1995),21-25。 黄清连,《黑金与黄金:基隆河上游地区矿业的发展与聚落的变迁》,「北县乡土与社会大系」之一,板桥:台北县立文化中心,1995。 单一作者丛书中的一本 4.王国维,《观堂别集》,《海宁王忠悫公遗书》,第九册(无出版处,1927),23-25。 王国维,《观堂别集》,《海宁王忠悫公遗书》,第九册,无出版处,1927。 不同的版本 罗振玉,《殷虚书契考释》,重印增订殷虚书契考释本(台北:艺文印书馆,1969),23-25。 罗振玉,《殷虚书契考释》,重印增订殷虚书契考释本,台北:艺文印书馆,1969。 7. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. edition (London: Verso Press, 1991), 121-25. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. Rev. edition. London: Verso Press, 1991. 老书重印 5.刘师培,《中国民族志》(台北:中国民族学会,1962),25-28。 刘师培,《中国民族志》,台北:中国民族学会,1962(1934)。 6. Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (The American Geographical Society, 1940; repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 9. Lattimore, Owen. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. The American Geographical Society, 1940. Repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. 转引自其它的书 5.拉克伯里,《支那太古文明公元论》(Western Origin the Early Chinese Civilization,1894)。转引自蒋智由,《中国人种考》(上海:华通书局,1929),26-33。 拉克伯里,《支那太古文明公元论》(Western Origin the Early Chinese Civilization,1894)。转引自蒋智由,《中国人种考》,上海:华通书局,1929。 6. Thomas Torrance, China’s First Missionaires (London, 1937), 21; queted in David Crockett Graham, The Customs and Religion of the Ch’iang, 96-101 (City of Washington: Smithsonian Institute, 1958), 25-27. Torrance, Thomas. China’s First Missionaires. London, 1937. Queted in David Crockett Graham. The Customs and Religion of the Ch’iang, 96-101. City of Washington: Smithsonian Institute, 1958. 论文与文章 期刊中论文 1 张永年,〈关于湖熟文化的若干问题〉,《考古》 1 (1962):35。 2 中国社会科学院考古研究所,《新中国的考古发现和研究》,(北京:文物出版社,1984),149-53。 3 曾昭谲、尹焕章,〈试论湖熟文化〉,《考古学报》 4 (1959):47-50。 4 镇江市博物馆、丹徒县文物管理委员会,〈江苏丹阳出土的西周青铜 器〉,《文物》 8(1980):3-6。 已出版会议论文 王明珂,〈汉代中国的边疆民族意象与民族政策〉,国立台湾师范大学历史研究所、蒙藏委员会编,《中国边疆史学术研讨会论文集》(台北,1995),23-25。 未出版会议论文 多作者论文集中论文 3. David Middleton and Derek Edwards, “Introduction,” in Collective Remembering, ed. by David Middleton and Derek Edwards (Londen: Sage Publications, 1990), 1-22. Middleton, David and Derek Edwards. Introduction. In Collective Remembering, ed. by David Middleton and Derek Edwards. Londen: Sage Publications, 1990. 单一作者论文集中论文 多作者论文集中论文 5.许倬云,〈周人的兴起及周文化的基础〉,中央研究院历史语言研究所中国上古史编辑委员会编,《中国上古史待定稿第三本.两周篇之一.史实与演变》(台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1985),9-10。 许倬云,〈周人的兴起及周文化的基础〉,中央研究院历史语言研究所中国上古史编辑委员会编,《中国上古史待定稿第三本.两周篇之一.史实与演变》,台北:中央研究院历史语言研究所,1985。 期刊中的书评 学位论文 5. Ming-ke Wang, “The Ch’iang of Ancient China through the Han Dynasty: Ecological Frontiers and Ethnic Boundaries” (Ph. D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1992), 106. Wang, Ming-ke. “The Ch’iang of Ancient China through the Han Dynasty: Ecological Frontiers and Ethnic Boundaries”. Ph. D. dissertation. Harvard University, 1992. 报纸文章 转引自他处的论文 5.张筱衡,〈散盘考释〉,《人文杂志》2-4(1958);转引自,刘启益,〈西周大国铜器的新发现与有关的历史地理问题〉,《考古与文物》 2 (1982),43-44。 张筱衡,〈散盘考释〉,《人文杂志》2-4(1958);转引自,刘启益,〈西周大国铜器的新发现与有关的历史地理问题〉,43-44。
MLA是现代语言协会的缩写。它是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,也是北美大学英语论文写作最常用的参考格式。目前,它已在第8版中发布。与APA,CMS和其他格式相比,MLA纸张格式更加严格且更常用。MLA格式通常用于文学论文中。 MLA引用与哈佛文献和APA文献完全不同,MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+页码”的组合,举例来说: Wordsworth said that romantic poetry is characterized by"spontaneous spillover of strong emotions".”(263). 或者 Romantic poetry is characterized by"the natural manifestation of strong emotions”(Wordsworth 263) (一)如果引用的材料有多个作者(超过三个),MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的缩略写法: (1)引用作者人数超过三人: According to Eric et al,“Current agricultural policies in the contributing to the poor health of Americans”(327). 或者 The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies(Franck et ). (2)引用作者人数未超过三人:The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is“evident,perceptible,apprehensible in texts”(Best and Marcus 9). 或者 Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface,rather than looking for some hidden meaning(9). MLA Cition格式 (二)如果引用同一个作者的不同文献,则在文内引用中需要加上文献的名称。 (1)同一作者的两篇文章: Lightinor believes that computers are not a useful tool for young children("too early"38),although he also acknowledges elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does give children little motor skills in their second and third years Better development(“Hand-Eye Development”17). (2)同一作者的两本书: Murray said that writing is a"process that changes with our way of thinking"(writing is to learn 6).In addition,Murray believes that the purpose of writing is"to bring thoughts and information from one person's head to another's head."(A Writer Teaches Writing 3). 在MLA参考格式中,主要有两种类型的文档:印刷(书籍和期刊)和Web(网页参考),必须在本文结尾引用的作品中进行标记。此外,每个参考条目都需要缩进两次。 (三)书籍引用 Last Name,First of Date. 姓,名.书名:出版城市.出版者,出版日期. 范例: Gleick, a New . Wysocki,Anne Frances,et New Media:Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of State UP,2004. 注意:MLA版本8在引用书籍时省略了发布城市。仅当在不同国家/地区发行的版本不同时,才应在报价单中注明发行城市。 MLA 8th引用书籍 Jacobs, Pleasures of Reading in an Age of UP,2011. MLA 7th引用书籍 Jacobs, Pleasures of Reading in an Age of UP, writing service on repor et (四)期刊引用 引用期刊时,需要加上vol.和no.来表示期刊的期刊数和卷号。 Author(s).“Title of Article.”Title of Journal,Volume,Issue,Year,pages. MLA 8th引用期刊 Kincaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo, 2001,. MLA 7th引用期刊 Kinkaid,Jamaica.“In History.”Callaloo (Spring 2001):. 范例: Bagchi,Alaknanda.“Conflicting Nationalisms:The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.”Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature,. (五)网页引用 Editor,author,or compiler name(if available).Name of number,Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site(sponsor or publisher),date of resource creation(if available),URL,DOI or of access(if applicable). 编辑者,作者或编译器名称(如果有)。网站名称。版本号,与站点关联的机构/组织的名称(赞助者或发布者),资源创建日期(如果有),URL,DOI或永久链接。访问日期(如果适用)。 范例: Felluga, to Literary and Critical U,28 , 10 May 2006. Lundman,Susan.“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”eHow, 6 July 2015. 最后我再提出两点注意事项哦: 1.现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字; 2.现在MLA要求用print标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。
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