太阳能跟踪系统毕业论文外文翻译

太阳光照在半导体p-n结上，形成新的空穴-电子对，在p-n结电场的作用下，空穴由n区流向p区，电子由p区流向n区，接通电路后就形成电流。这就是光电效应太阳能电池的工作原理。 一、太阳能发电方式太阳能发电有两种方式，一种是光—热—电转换方式，另一种是光—电直接转换方式。 （1） 光—热—电转换方式通过利用太阳辐射产生的热能发电，一般是由太阳能集热器将所吸收的热能转换成工质的蒸气，再驱动汽轮机发电。前一个过程是光—热转换过程；后一个过程是热—电转换过程，与普通的火力发电一样.太阳能热发电的缺点是效率很低而成本很高，估计它的投资至少要比普通火电站贵5～10倍.一座1000MW的太阳能热电站需要投资20～25亿美元，平均1kW的投资为2000～2500美元。因此，目前只能小规模地应用于特殊的场合，而大规模利用在经济上很不合算，还不能与普通的火电站或核电站相竞争。 （2） 光—电直接转换方式该方式是利用光电效应，将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能，光—电转换的基本装置就是太阳能电池。太阳能电池是一种由于光生伏特效应而将太阳光能直接转化为电能的器件，是一个半导体光电二极管，当太阳光照到光电二极管上时，光电二极管就会把太阳的光能变成电能，产生电流。当许多个电池串联或并联起来就可以成为有比较大的输出功率的太阳能电池方阵了。太阳能电池是一种大有前途的新型电源，具有永久性、清洁性和灵活性三大优点.太阳能电池寿命长，只要太阳存在，太阳能电池就可以一次投资而长期使用；与火力发电、核能发电相比，太阳能电池不会引起环境污染；太阳能电池可以大中小并举，大到百万千瓦的中型电站，小到只供一户用的太阳能电池组，这是其它电源无法比拟的The sun light in the semiconductor pn junction, the formation of a new hole - electron pairs in the pn junction of the role of the electric field, the hole flow from the n area p areas, electronic flow n by p zone area, connected to the circuit after the current form. This is the photoelectric effect of the working principle of solar cells. First, the way solar power generation solar power in two ways, one is light - heat - electricity conversion mode, and the other is light - electric direct conversion approach. (1) light - heat - electricity conversion of solar radiation through the use of thermal energy generated by power generation, is normally provided by solar collectors to heat absorbed by refrigerant into steam, and steam turbine-driven power generation. A process before it is light - heat conversion process; after a process of heat - electricity conversion process, as with an ordinary power. Drawback of solar thermal power generation is highly inefficient and costly, it is estimated that at least its investment than the average fire Power your 5 to 10 times. a 1000MW of solar thermal power plants need to invest 20 to 25 billion . dollars, an average of 1kW of investment from 2000 to 2500 . dollars. Therefore, at present, can only be applied to small-scale special occasions, and large-scale use in the economy is very uneconomical, but also with ordinary competing power plant or nuclear power plants. (2) Optical - Electric direct conversion approach is the use of the photoelectric effect, solar radiation will be directly converted into electrical energy, light - the basic power conversion is the solar cell device. Solar cell is a kind of volts due to the effects of photovoltaic solar energy will be directly converted into electrical energy device is a semiconductor photodiode, when the sun's light to the photodiode, the photodiode will be the sun's light energy into power, resulting in current. When many cells are connected in series or parallel can be up to become a relatively large output power of a square solar cells. Solar cells is a promising new type of power supply, with a permanent, clean and flexibility of the three major advantages. Solar battery life long, as long as there is sun, solar cells can be an investment in long-term use; and thermal power, nuclear power generation compared to solar cells will not cause environmental pollution; Xinhuanet both solar cells can be as large as one million kilowatts of medium-sized power plants, small enough to only use a solar battery, which is unmatched by other power分给我吧 看Harnessing the Power of the SunWith rising fuel costs, climate change concerns and a growing demand for electricity, renewable energy resources such as solar power are becoming an increasingly valuable part of the world's energy mix. Around the globe, businesses and homeowners are harnessing the power of the earth's most abundant natural resource - sunlight - to provide energy using solar 's solar electric power systems and products offer high quality, reliable power generation for residential, commercial and industrial applications. By partnering with the sun, solar energy can supply local power for on-and off-grid applications with zero noise pollution and air emissions. 掌握太阳与不断上涨的燃料成本，气候变化的关注和对电力的需求日益增加，可再生能源资源，如太阳能发电正在成为越来越有价值的一部分，世界上能源结构。全球各地的企业和业主都掌握了地球上最丰富的天然资源-阳光-提供能源利用太阳能发电。 通用电气公司的太阳能电力系统和产品提供高品质，可靠发电的住宅，商业和工业应用。通过与太阳，太阳能可以提供当地的电力，供市民和离网应用与零噪音污染和废气排放。这个不行的话，你去这里看下，应该可以~ 参考资料： 分现在给我吧

在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。

要求如下：

1、前言

简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。

2、主体

主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。

可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。

主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。

总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。

如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。

3、总结

常见的方式有：

①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；

②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；

③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。

4、参考文献

通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。

在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。

扩展资料：

1、如何查询国内专利文献

可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。

可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。

2、如何查询国外专利文献

科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。

3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库

欧洲专利局专利数据库：

 （免费 文摘）

美国专利商标局专利数据库：

（免费 文摘、全文）

WTO知识产权组织：

（免费 文摘）

IBM专利数据库资源：

（免费 文摘、部分全文）

更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：

摘 要随着化石能源消耗的不断增长，世界性的能源危机和环境问题已经日益突出。在绿色可再生能源中，太阳能凭借其存储量无限、清洁安全以及易于获取等独特优点而受到了世界各国科研领域的普遍关注，太阳能光伏发电技术的应用更是普遍关注的焦点。我国化石能源相对贫乏而能源消耗量巨大，因此展开对太阳能光伏发电技术的研究和应用上的普及对我国未来的经济发展有着非常重要的战略意义。一套基本的光伏发电系统一般由太阳能电池板、蓄电池、直流控制系统和逆变器组成。其中，直流控制系统是光伏发电系统的核心部分。AbstractWith the costant growing consumption of fossil energy, global energy crisis and environmental problems have become more and more acute. Among various green renewable energy resources, solar energy has drawn the attention from the scientific circles of various countries due to its unique advantages such as bountless storage content, cleaness and safety, and easiness to obtain. In particular, the application of solar photovoltaic technology has become a universal focus. China has relatively scarce fossil energy resources while a huge energy consumption. Therefore, the research and application of solar photovoltaic technology has important strategic meaning for the future economic development of China. A basic solar photovoltaic system is generally composed of solar panels, storage batteries, DC (direct current) control system and inverters, among which, DC control system is the central part of the solar photovoltaic system.本课题的主要内容包括太阳能光伏发电系统的发展和应用，太阳能光伏发电系统的分类，太阳能光伏电池和蓄电池的选型，直流控制系统的设计，太阳能电池最大功率点的跟踪设置，逆变器容量的确定及电路设计，三相变压器及交流配电系统的设置。关键词：太阳能光伏发电；光伏电池；直流控制系统；交流配电系统The major content of this subject includes the development and application of the solar photovoltaic system, the classification of the solar photovoltaic system, solar photovoltaic cells, the design of DC (direct current) control system, settings of maximum power point tracking, circuit design and determination of the capacity of the inverter, and the settings of three-phase transformer and the AC (alternating current) distribution words: solar photovoltaic power, photovoltaic cells, DC (direct current) control system, AC (alternating current) distribution system

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去（见原文）（空一行，字体同正文）。

5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

外文翻译要求：

1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译

3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。

下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式

英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)

外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)

物流一词源于英文的”logistics”，原意是军事后勤保障，在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。物流由四个关键部分组成：实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用，主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务，中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。据统计，欧洲目前使用第三方物流服务的比例为76％，美国约为58％，且其需求仍在增长；欧洲24％和美国33％的非第三方物流服务用户正在积极考虑使用第三方物流服务。第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段，已经越来越引起人们的高度重视。一、使用第三方物流的优越性使用第三方物流产可以给企业带来众多益处，主要表现在：1、集中主业生产企业使用第三方物流可以使企业实现资源的优化配置，将有限的人力、财力集中于核心精力，进行重点研究，发展基本技术，开发新产品参与世界竞争，增强企业的核心竞争力。2、节省费用专业的第三方物流提供者利用规模生产的专业优势和成本优势，通过提供各环节能力的利用率实现费用节省，使企业能从分离费用结构中获益。生产企业随着规模的不断扩大，对营销服务的任何程度的深入参与，都会引起费用的大幅度增长，只有使用专业服务公司提供的公共服务，才能够减少额外损失。根据美国田纳西大学、英国EXEL公司和美国EMST&YOUNG咨询公司共同组织的一项调查显示：很多货主表示，使用第三方物流使他们的物流成本平均下降了％，货物周转期平均从天缩短到天，库存降低了％。3、减少库存第三方物流服务提供者借助精心策划的物流和适时的运送手段，最大限度地减少库存，改善了企业的现金流量，实现成本优势。4、提升企业形象第三方物流服务提供与顾客是一种战略伙伴关系，第三方物流提供者利用完备的设施和训练有素的员工对整个供应链实现完全的控制，减少物流的复杂性，通过自己的网络体系帮助顾客改进服务，不仅树立自己的品牌形象，而且使顾客在竞争中脱颖而出。二、我国企业在使用第三方物流方面存在的问题尽管与第三方物流公司合作有很多优势，但是很多企业并不是将更多的物流业务外包出去，原因归结为：1、抵制变化很多公司不愿意通过物流外包的方式来改变现在的精力模式。尤其是一些国有企业，物流业务外包还将意味着解雇大批员工，这对于国有企业的管理者来说意味着一个非常大的风险。2、缺乏认识企业对于第三方物流公司的认识程度普遍还很低，企业没有认识到供应链管理在企业竞争中的巨大作用。3、害怕失去控制由于供应链的实施在提高公司竞争力方面的重要作用，很多公司宁愿有一个小而全的物流部门，也不情愿将这些功能交给别人，主要原因是担心如果失去内部物流能力，会在客户交往和其他方面过度依赖第三方物流公司。4、物流业务外包本身有其复杂性供应链物流业务通常和公司其他业务，如财务、营销或生产集成在一起，物流业务外包本身就具有复杂性。对一些实际业务，包括运输和仓储的集成可能会带来组织上、行政上和实施上的一系列问题。此外，公司内部信息系统的集成性特点，使得把物流业务交给第三方物流公司来运作变得很困难。5、衡量物流外包的效果受诸多因素的影响准确地衡量物流成本对信息技术和人力资源的影响比较困难。很难确定物流业务外包到底能够给企业带来多少潜在的成本好外。另外，各个公司业务的独特性和公司供应链作业能力，通常被认为是不宜向外部公开的内部信息，很难准确地比较公司间的供应链作业能力。尽管有些生产企业已经意识到利用第三方物流可以给企业带来很多好外，但是在实际应用时往往分成几个步骤，同时选择数个物流服务提供商作为合作伙伴，以避免将业务交由一个物流服务提供商而带来的依赖性。三、我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题一个成功的物流企业，必须具备较大的运营规模，建立有效地地区覆盖区域，具有强大的指挥和控制中心，具备高水准的综合技术、财务资源和经营策略。我国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以归纳如下：1、运营模式问题目前世界大型物流公司大都采取总公司与分公司体制，总部采取集权式物流运作，以业务实行垂直管理。建立现代物流企业必须有一个能力很强、指挥灵活的调控中心对整个物流业务进行控制与协调。真正的现代物流必须是一个指挥中心、一个利润中心，企业的组织、框架、体制等形式都要与一个中心相匹配。我国的物流企业在运营模式上存在问题，国外物流企业的管理模式值得国内物流企业借鉴。2、仓储或运输能力欠缺物流的主要功能是创造时间盗用和空间效用。就目前中国的第三方物流企业而言，有些公司偏重于仓储，运输能力不足；另外一些公司则是运输车辆很多而在全国没有多少仓库，靠租用社会仓库来完成对客户的承诺。3、网络问题我国有几家大的物流企业拥有全车性的仓储网络或货运网络，但是这个网络的覆盖区域并不是十全十美的。客户在选择物流合作伙伴时，很关注网络的覆盖区域及网络网点的密度问题。有关网点的建设问题应引起物流企业的重视。4、信息技术世界大的物流企业都拥有”一流三网”，即订单信息流、全球供应链资源网络、全球用户资源网络和计算机信息网络。凭借先进的计算机管理技术，这些物流客户也是高附加值产品的生产企业，国内物流企业必须在信息系统上增加投入才可以改变自己的市场定位。集中与整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势。原因是：第一，大的公司有意将供应链的主要环节外包给尽可能少的几家物流公司；第二，建立一个高效的全球第三方物流企业所需资本的投入日益增加；第三，许多第三方物流供应商都通过兼并和联合的方式来扩大其服务能力。Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great , the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of , cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock , reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost , enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the , China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, wereFlow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great , lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the , fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics , the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to , to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by , China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business 's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics , the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to , network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics , information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.可以给我分了吧？ 嘿嘿

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