翻译策略论文开题报告

开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。

题 目：试论英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略 一、选题的背景与意义： (一)选题的背景： 英语和汉语均是世界上历史悠久的语言之一，它们在长期的发展中积淀了大量的习语，其中包括含数字的习语。数字习语是指含有基数词和序数词的习语，是习语中不可或缺的一部分。在英语和汉语中，含数字的习语都占据了重要地位。随着21世纪经济全球化的快速推进，各国间文化的交流与合作也空前的多了起来，英汉习语研究领域也相应地出现了新的气象。作为英汉习语的重要组成部分，含数字的习语也成了中外学者着力研究的对象之一。越来越多的专家学者对含数字习语的翻译进行了大量而广泛的探讨与研究。 1.国外研究现状 国外对含数字习语的研究相对较少，但对习语的研究大致可分为三个阶段。早期的习语研究通常以L. P. Smith于1925年发表的《词与习语》(Words and Idioms)一书作为开始。他探讨了习语的来源与结构，根据习语的意象进行分类，并指出习语的基本特征：习语的意义不是它组成词的意义的总和。他指出：“习语的含义是不透明的，可以用来表达决心，愤怒，谩骂的内心情感，体现了英语词汇在习语中的巧妙用处” 。 从20世纪30年代到50年代，以结构主义理论为基础，C. F. Hockett强调了语境在识别和解释习语中的重要地位，解释了习语的深层结构和语义特征，使得习语的定义开始走向规范化。到了20世纪60年代，具有整体性、凝固性的习语受到Chomsky 生产语法理论的影响，其研究陷入了僵局，但始终没有停止。直到以B. Fraser为代表的语言学家提出了习语固定性等级理论，承认习语的固定性，但认为习语仍具有转换潜力 ，习语的研究再次得到了关注。从20世纪80年代开始，习语的研究进入了一个新阶段。语言学家们开始探讨习语在交际活动中所起的作用，开辟了习语在交际环境里的功能研究，更具有现实意义。其中研究成果最为突出的是澳大利亚语言学家C. Fernando，她的代表作为《习语与习语特征》(Idioms and Idiomaticity)。近年来，越来越多的学者从语言的文化背景角度来研究 习语的形成，Nida(1993)曾说过：“文化对习语、习语的意义的影响是非常深远的，如果没有认真地研究背景，就难以透彻理解习语的深刻含义” 。所以，要研究含数字的习语，首先要了解其数字的文化内涵。 在翻译方面，研究成绩最为卓著的应属美国的翻译理论家E. A. Nida和英国杰出的翻译理论家Peter Newmark。20世纪60年代，E. A. Nida 出版了《翻译的科学探讨》和《翻译理论与实践》，把语言学理论引入翻译研究，提出了“形式对等”和“动态对等”的概念。在2003年出版的《语言与文化——翻译中的语境》一书中，E. A. Nida从多学科角度研究翻译。他指出：“要想成为优秀的翻译者，仅仅会说两种语言是不够的，还要了解语言背后的文化” 。1981年，Peter Newmark在第一部著作《翻译问题探讨》中，提出了交际翻译(communicative translation)和语义翻译(semantic translation)的新概念。1999年，在其论著的《论翻译》一书中，他提出了全新概念的“翻译关联法” 。 翻译是一项艰巨而复杂的工作，习语的翻译更是翻译中的难点。Mona Baker在《换言之：翻译教程》(In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation)中指出了一种语言中的习语与其所处的文化背景息息相关，习语的翻译难点在于，用不同的文化背景的习语翻译，所引起的联想是不同的。书中列出了其翻译的难点：(a)没有对等的习语。(b)有相似的习语，但使用的情景不同，两个成语的内涵也不同。(c)译出语中字面意义和含义同时有效，有双重含义，而到了译入语中只能选择其一。也就是说，两者并不是形式和内容都能做到对等。Mona Baker在本书中还指出了习语翻译的策略：(a)使用意义对等、形式相似的习语。(b)使用意思相近但形式不同的习语。(c)使用释译。(d)略去不译 。 2.国内研究现状 在数字文化研究方面，刘明阁认为：“数字不独属于数字王国，还应用于成语或词组中，在不同民族、宗教、历史、社会习俗等因素作用下，被赋予特殊的联想意义，蒙上了神秘的文化色彩” 。他在《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》一书中具体阐述了英汉语中的偏好数字以及汉英数字文化差异的成因。 包惠南在其所著的《文化语境与语言翻译》中，分析了数字“四”、“六”、“七”、“八”、“九”的文化内涵，特别提到了西方人对数字“十三”的忌讳，反映了东西文化中不同的数字观念 。成昭伟在其所著的《英语语言文化导论》一书中对英语数字的表义功能和文化色彩进行了简要剖析，对中西方的数字文化提出了自己的见解 。李丽在“数字习语的文化根源”中重点研究英语数字的文化背景，对其中的“3”和“13”，“6”和“7”，“5”和单数崇拜进行了分析，并提出宗教文化，古希腊罗马神话和文化思维方式影响了英语数字习语的形成 。 在含数字习语的翻译方面，从20世纪90年代开始，国内对英汉语中含数字习语翻译的研究呈蓬勃发展之势。早在1989年，由邓炎昌和刘润清先生所著的《语言与文化》一书中对数字习语就有所提及 。刘明阁认为：“东西方语言文字、习语表达、风俗习惯等方面都含有许多数字词以及与数字有关的知识” 。在其2003年出版的《英语文化翻译学教程》一书中，用一个章节的内容描写了数字在习语中的应用和翻译，并将它们按数字进行分类研究。此外，全国各级报刊相继刊登了不少与此有关的研究文章。1998年，陈琳霞在“英汉数字习语互译方法中”一文中提出了7中翻译方法——对应直译、不等值翻译、习语套用法、夸张数字略译法、译特定含义、删略重复词义、采用引申义 。唐丽在2008年发表的“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”一文中探讨了数字与习语的关系及其翻译策略，提出了五种翻译方法——等值译法或直译法、注释法、借代法、意译法、归化译法 。 (二)选题的意义： 1.理论意义： 习语是从语言中提炼出来的短语或短句，是语言的核心和精华。习语作为一种特殊的语言形式，它与一个民族的地理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、心理状态、价值观念等方面息息相关，能够清楚地反映出一个民族的文化特色。研究英汉语中含数字习语的翻译时，学者可以从中获取大量的有关中西方数字文化的知识，了解中西方的文化差异，增强文化意识。其次，对英汉含数字习语互译的研究有利于语言的发展，促进国际间的交流与合作。此外，研究含数字习语的翻译对英汉语的教学与学习也有一定的参考价值和启示作用。 2.实践意义： 实践证明，研究英汉语中含数字的习语有利于学者积累大量的习语词汇，提高学者的语言应用能力，在不同的语境中能够有效、得体、恰当地运用习语。在实际生活中，能够正确表达习语，消除误会，避免分歧。其次，有效地对其翻译策略进行研究有利于促进学者掌握正确的翻译方法，懂得将直译、意译、归化、异化等的翻译方法具体地应用于含数字习语的互译中。在平时的学习中，能够快速地辨别出文章中的习语及其含义，有助于正确翻译全文。掌握含数字习语的翻译策略，能够提高学者的整体水平，不仅包括语言水平，还包括文化素养。由于目前对含数字习语的研究大部分集中在理论方面，实际应用方面还不是很多，所以，笔者应该更侧重于实例研究，同时结合数字文化的理论知识，从两方面对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略进行分析和总结，从而提高学者的语言水平。 二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题： (一)研究的基本内容 1.含数字习语的介绍 .数与数字习语的关系 .含数字习语的定义：回顾学者以往对含数字习语的研究，探讨他们提出的定义 2.含数字习语的文化因素 .中国数字的文化内涵 .西方数字的文化内涵 .英汉含数字习语的文化内涵差异分析 3.含数字习语的翻译理论 .含数字习语的直译法 .含数字习语的意译法 4.含数字习语的具体翻译策略 .含数字的汉语习语的英译探讨 .列举一些含数字的汉语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 .含数字的英语习语的汉译探讨 .列举一些含数字的英语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 5.结论 (二)拟解决的主要问题 习语是文化的积淀，是语言的精华。整个学习语言的过程都离不开对习语的学习。要想真正掌握对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译，首先就应该了解两种语言中的数字文化内涵，包括数字的特点及其在不同语境中的用法，译者必须努力提升自身的跨文化敏感度。其次，译者要跳出仅局限于了解数字语言与文化的关系，应该具体到在含数字习语中针对数字的文化根源和对比翻译进行探讨和研究，同时要注意语境对其翻译的影响。此外，学者要多积累英汉含数字的习语，多度相关读物，试着比较出英汉两种语言语中含数字习语的表达差异，探讨出可行的翻译策略。 三、研究的方法与技术路线： 1.研究的方法 1)参考文献法：对相关文献等理论依据进行详实地参考，为论文奠定坚实的理论基础。 2)比较与对照法：通过比较和对照，分析不同翻译方法对含数字习语翻译的优缺点。 3)理论思辨法：在现有理论基础上，针对现状做出自己的分析，提出适合本课题研究的理论框架。 4)调查法：调查不同的翻译方法所得出的不同译文对读者的接受度和欣赏效果。 5)归纳法：通过一系列的实例分析概括总结英汉含数字习语的翻译策略。 2. 技术路线 1)利用学校图书馆和网络资源，收集本课题研究的相关书籍、文献资料。 2)对搜集到的文献资料进行分类、分析、对比、归纳，提出自己的理论框架和解决问题的办法。 3)经常与导师联系和交流，接受导师的帮助和指导。 四、研究的总体安排与进度： 日期 毕业论文各阶段名称 备注 — 搜集相关资料、选题并完成开题报告。 — 认真撰写，完成论文初稿。 .— 完成论文二稿和三稿。开展中期检查 — 完成论文修改与定稿，将论文装订成册上交 — 审查验收，评阅教师给出成绩毕业论文答辩和成绩评定(含优秀论文的评定) 五、主要参考文献： Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Fernando, Chitra. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, (accessed November 14, 2011) Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 包惠南，《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001。 常润芳，“英汉数字习语的文化根源及对比、翻译探析”，《河南大学学报》，1(2008)：155。 陈琳霞，“英汉数字习语互译方法”，《浙江师大学报》，2(1998)：66-69。 成昭伟，周丽红，《英语语言文化导论》。北京：国防工业出版社，2011。 李丽，王成，“英语数字习语的文化根源”，《西安欧亚学院学报》，4(2005)：55-57。 刘明阁，《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》。开封：河南大学出版社，2009。 骆世平，《英语习语研究》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005。 唐丽，“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”，《南宁技术学院学报》，4(2008)88-90。 张镇华，《英语习语的文化内涵及其语用研究》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社2007。

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标