harvesting论文范文

英语专业八级写作范文的阅读量的增加，对于面临2018年八级考试的同学来说，是一个提分的点。下面是我给大家整理的2018英语专业八级写作，供大家参阅! 2018英语专业八级写作1 My Views on the Sharing Economy The sharing economy refers to the economic pattern in which people share access to resources, such as goods, services and data. This newly emerging trend would be impossible without the development of technology. It is the Internet that makes the sharing cheaper and easier and helps to strike a balance between supply and demand. Time magazine has listed the sharing economy as one of the 10 ideas that will change the world. As far as the comment is concerned, I cannot agree with Time more非常同意. As one of the greatest benefits of the digital age, the sharing economy arises from our oldest instinct as human beings. There is always an urge for us to connect with others, especially in an era when families are scattered and we do not really know the people who live nearby. It has been said that Joys shared with others are more enjoyed. However, in my eyes, the resources shared with others are more beneficial to our society. On the one hand, sharing economy leads to a more efficient use of resources. Some items are expensive to buy but widely owned by people who do not make the best use of them. Occasional sharing may provide extra income for the owners and can be less costly for the borrowers. If managed well, a win-win situation is achieved for both parties in the process. Besides, sharing economy contributes to environmental protection. Take accommodation for example. The more hotels are built, the more resources are required, which might in turn result in a decrease in arable land and public green space. On the other hand, the transaction 交易cost is reduced due to the use of Internet and various apps. With a smart phone in your hand, it is not difficult to find a potential host in the neighboring area. People are meeting increasingly on screens, discussing online and purchasing goods domestic and overseas, paying through Internet payment system. To summarize, although the sharing economy is not perfect at present because of concerns in insurance, legal liability, safety and the like, I believe, quite firmly, that it represents the future trend and has the power to change the world for the convenience and flexibility it brings to us. Just as the old Chinese saying goes, the defects cannot obscure掩盖 the virtues of a splendid jade瑕不掩瑜, and I assume it also applies to the sharing economy.(400 words) 2018英语专业八级写作2 Nowadays with the development of economy, existing cities are growing bigger and new cities are appearing. What do you think is ONE of the major problems that may result from this process of urbanization? Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic given below. One Major Problem in the Process of Urbanization Since the ancient time, economic power has always been regarded as the foundation of all other matters. Nowadays, it is easier for one to sense the urgency of economic development. As a result, existing cities are growing bigger and bigger and new cities are appearing. Obviously, the development of economy brings people a big profit, and meanwhile a lot of trouble. In my opinion, pollution is a major problem resulting from urbanization . Every day people go through cars, buses, trucks and other vehicles which give out a lot of poisonous gases. In the office building, people are nearly closed in a tin day and night because they are surrounded by central air-conditioners. Fresh air is not allowed in. What's more, there appear a lot of factories with large chimneys in big cities. Some chemical gases are released into the air constantly; they further worsens the air quality. In the past, bird chirpping, bee humming and other pleasant sound could be heard everywhere in towns. Nowadays trees are cut down, fields are occupied，and animals have no home land. On the contrary, machines howl, vehicles horn and crowded people quarrel. One hears nothing but noises which bother people's minds and interrupt the harmonious living space. With the development of economy, people's life tempo is growing faster and faster with the rapid going of the big city. People have no more time to think of others, and they only care about themselves. They can discard rubbish anywhere. They turn the radio up enough to be unbearable to others. They can fight against others violently in order to relax their busy nerves. Therefore, pollution of this unique kind occurs To sum up, the urbanization has a lot of negative effects including pollution caused by air, noise and fast life pace mentioned above. Besides, other elements such as living environment should be taken into consideration for the sake of a long-time development of big cities. 2018英语专业八级写作3 Some people hold the view that a student’s success in university study follows the same pattern as that of fanning, which is characterized by the sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards’ process. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic given below to support this view with your own experience as a university student.? Sowing the Seeds, Nurturing Growth and Harvesting the Rewards? Some people hold a view that a student’s success in university study follows the same pattern as that of farming, which is characterized by sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvest the rewards’ process. I approve of this statement. No pains, no gains, like that the saying goes. A person could only succeed through his own arduous efforts. No easy access to success existed in this world. The main task of students is to study. Studying at regular time can be compared to sowing the seeds, nurturing growth; then successto harvesting the rewards. Take me as a live example. Before I entered the university, friends surrounding me all said that the university was the paradise. After I was enrolled in, I thought that it was right time for me to relax. So I never worked hard as before, only spent most leisure time on shopping and surfing the Internet. Time flied fast, and the final exams came. I supposed that I could manage them smoothly depending on my cleverness. At last, I suffered great failure without saying. From that time on, I comprehended the true meaning of sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards. I was determined to nurture growth through my diligent study. And during that period, I realized that I could adapte to university life well. I spent less time on shopping, but emerged in the ocean of books. I browsed books like a hungry tiger to broaden my horizon. And finally the fact proved that it brought a profound meaning and directed a more bright future to me. The above best illustrates the essense of sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards. Everyone has to be diligent to advance toward his or her own goal. Sowing the seeds and nurturing growth is an arduous process, but harvesting the rewards is always cheerful.

Full mechanization of rice production technologyAbstract The Application of plasma from the seeds and simple plastic tray nursery, paddy rotary mechanized and mechanized planting site preparation, field management, mechanical harvesting, the introduction of the full mechanization of rice production technologies that increase production of rice provided for reference. Keywords: Rice; full mechanization; production technology Rice is one of China's major food crops. To stabilize and increase rice production capacity, promote rice yield, income and efficiency of the section, should vigorously promote the use of full mechanization of rice production technology. A plasma seed treatment technology Plasma seed treatment technology, is the national "863" scientific research, for domestic initiative, an original innovation, reached the international advanced level in the same area. DL-2-based plasma seed processor, using high-pressure arc plasma and the combination of alternating electromagnetic field , the formation of the universe in the plasma environment inside the machine, vertical seed flow through the free fall machine, receiving light radiation, electromagnetic radiation and the combined effect of ozone, the vitality of seeds is activated, the virus is killed, ion exchange capacity increased, the enzyme conversion speed, soluble sugar and soluble protein increases, increase seed germination potential, germination rate, seedling ahead 1 ~ 3 d, increase drought resistance of crops, disease resistance. rhizobia increased the effective promotion of the late crop growth. Plant stout, growth strong increase effective tillering, promote early, improve quality, can increase the yield of 8 to 12%. Rice seeds with DL-2-based plasma seed processor treatment, current intensity should be A, continuous processing 2. Processing within 5 ~ 12 d after sowing. Plasma can not do the descendants of the seed crop seeds. Treatment Sowing the seeds can not be repeated more than treatment, can not handle the seeds have germinated. 2 simple plastic tray seedling technology Chuangtu prepared The best selection of mountain peat, followed by paddy field soil and dry soil; with soil quantity: the number of breeding decisions based on the amount of use of land, generally each plate Chuangtu 4 kg; paddy soil and upland soil should be added to amount to do Chuangtu peat, soil and peat were mixed with a 4:1 ratio [1]. Chuangtu preparation Added nutritive soil, according to the proportion of requests are mixed, each plate Chuangtu nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bed all ~ g. of acid, pH value of to is appropriate. Chuangtu with water disinfection, with Nixon 1 500 times the enemy poured per plate kg, the number of enemy Eriksson must not exceed g. per plate promote the use of "mother agent of rice seedling nutrition soil", follow the instructions to mix well. mechanized planting 2SB-500 automatic with a planter, or 2BD-840 push-type seeder mechanized planting, ensure the bud seed / m2; subsoil thickness is ~ cm, Futuhoudu is ~ cm. Seedling Management Leaf emergence to , should ensure that the day temperature 28 , can not exceed 30 , the night is not lower than 5 , 1 ~ 2 d 1 permeable water; to leaves, the daytime temperature should be guaranteed shed 22 , anti-high temperature leggy; to leaves, the day the greenhouse temperature 20 , the night of not less than 10 , day and night ventilation can be hardened; to leaves, the 2 times a day pouring water. respectively , leaves and planting early, combined with water to recover pure N lg per plate after washing. reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 3 mechanical rotary technology of paddy field Paddy paddy rotary machine can be turned off to complete, machine rake, reducing mechanical operating costs, reduce operational links, labor, save time, fuel, and water saving bulb fields can be saving 30% to 50%. Its rotary operation pulverizer capacity, the surface smooth. mulching rice tight, high efficiency, low fuel consumption, a rotary plow to achieve normal operating times and the harrowing effects of the pulverizer, topsoil breathable, good water permeability, is conducive to root Development [2]. the technical requirements: First, Rotary paddy fields, generally in the local planting before (May) 20 d or so, pour fields until after the planting can be formed; Second, farming, the tail wheel tube extension Source tube length can not exceed 100 mm, while the operation should be standing hand rails frame, so coulter or too off the ground over the ridge groove, so as not to bend the inner tube; third operation, without rendering the rotary knife wound weed too much, otherwise it will consume Power and increase tractor parts wear; Fourth, removing weeds, the need to turn down the throttle, the clutch, brake handle on the "off" position, the variable speed operation of the handle and the rotary blade the handle on the neutral position, and then clear the weeds 4 mechanized planting site preparation techniques Plots to Baping, rake thin, water depth 2 ~ 4 cm, the general precipitation 1 ~ 2 d, depending on the soil may be. Rake the soil to fine, leveling, mud rotten, no debris, depth of 2 ~ 4 cm, rake take some time after the deposition, usually 1 ~ 2 d; planting a row spacing of 30 cm, spacing according to species debugging. inserted 2 to 4 / hole, 5 to 7 post-plug / hole. planting depth of 2 ~ 3 cm for the should not be too deep, so as not to affect the tiller. 5 mechanization of field management Eastern red card throwing machine can be a machine, can throwing, but also fertilizer and spraying, to prevent disease, insects, weeds and other effects [4]. 6 mechanized harvest technology of rice Mechanization of rice paddy harvest is to achieve an important element of full mechanization. Harvested by combine harvester, a complete harvesting, threshing, cleaning and other processes. Compared with the manual harvesting, mechanized harvesting of rice. Can improve productivity, reduce harvest losses to save costs, reduce labor intensity and improve production conditions of farmers. 7 References [1] Yang, Wang Chunsheng, Su Hoon Lee, et al. Alpine region mechanized cultivation of rice seeding rate on rice in different disk seedling quality and yield [J]. RICE, 2006 (5) :27-29. [2] Xia item. On the mechanization of rice cultivation techniques [J]. Agricultural Equipment & Technology, 2006,32 (4): 14. [3] Wang Zhongyou, Xu Lianxi. Friendship Farm Mechanization of Rice Cultivation Experience [J]. Modernization of agriculture, 2001 (1) :37-39. [4] Zhong-ping, cabbage, Chen Chuan, et al. City of Rice Development serve organization of [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2007,35 (7) :2104-2105. 水稻机械抛秧栽培技术摘要主要论述了水稻机械抛秧栽培技术,包括整地、育苗、抛秧密度与时间、抛秧前准备、抛秧机操作、抛秧后田间管理等内容,对推广和普及水稻机械抛秧技术、解决当前水稻旱育苗人工插秧工效低、成本高等问题具有一定的指导作用。 关键词水稻;机械抛秧;整地;育苗;抛秧机操作;抛后管理 水稻机械抛秧是实现水稻秧苗移栽的主要方法之一,具有生产成本低、效率高、灵活简单、适应范围广和分蘖早、返青快、低节位分蘖、根系发达、生长旺盛、通风透光好、有效成穗数多、产量高、经济效益显著等特点。另外,小型风力水稻抛秧机可一机多用,既能抛秧又能喷洒农药,可作为一个理想的植保机械使用,机械利用率高。为了使广大农民更好地掌握水稻机械抛秧技术,现将笔者多年来的实践经验及理论探讨加以总结,以期为该技术的更好发展奠定基础。 1整地 采用机械旋耕或机械翻耙的方法进行整地,要求耙透、磨细、整平,并深埋秸草(秆),做到田平、泥活、泥细,呈瓜皮水状态,田表面成泥浆状[1]。同一地块要达到高低不过寸,寸水不露泥,地表干净无杂物。将耕整好的秧田沉淀10～48 h,一般砂壤田沉淀10～24 h,黑黏土沉淀30～48 h。如果不经过沉淀,秧苗抛入田里后,秧苗会随活泥被吸入泥里,影响秧苗生长和低位分蘖。沉淀要始终保持田面有水,抛秧是以寸水为宜,过深容易漂秧,过浅或无水,不利于秧苗定植,之后始终保持寸水,切勿晒干田。 2育苗 水稻机械抛秧必须使用钵盘育苗,钵盘以434孔为最佳。配制好营养土,除加入保证秧苗生长的氮、磷、钾肥外,还要添加适量的矮壮素;育苗土配置要有一定黏度,最好加入20%左右黄土,以防止抛秧时秧苗土团散落[2]。播种后秧盘表面覆土要刮净,避免连根。抛秧前一天苗床浇水即增加土坨重量,又不会使秧苗过湿,有利抛秧,拔苗时将连根苗分开[3],拔下秧苗后装入丝带,每带装盘数做到心中有数,以便按大田面积抛秧。要求秧苗高度8～15 cm,一般为3叶1心,秧龄在20～25 d较为适宜。秧苗土钵含水率应为40%～60%,手指挤压不散碎为宜。秧苗根部带泥,泥要有一定的黏性,形成泥坨,便于抛出和秧苗着泥直立。秧苗质量要达到叶色深绿、健壮、长势均匀,白根缠绕,无病害、并且有弹性[4]。 3抛秧密度与时间 水稻靠有效分蘖增产,不能过多增加穴数,栽植过密容易造成通风透光不好,影响分蘖率,茎秆细软,遇风容易倒伏,造成减产。机械抛秧时要注意将定量秧苗抛撒均匀,稻田畦埂周边可适当加密。以434孔钵体盘为例,按水田行株距9 cm×4 cm计算,应抛入550盘/hm2为宜;按水田行株距9 cm×6 cm计算,应抛入400盘/hm2为宜。根据作物品种和各地实际情况确定。适时抛秧是抛秧成败的关键,不同土壤耕地后沉淀时间不同,过软过硬,都不利抛秧,一般是耙后沉淀10～24 h即可抛秧。简易确定抛秧时间就是将秧苗举过头顶,松手落下秧苗,秧苗土坨入土2/3部分为最佳时间。抛秧宁早勿晚,根据各地土壤条件灵活掌握。 4抛秧前准备 背负式气流水稻抛秧机的抛秧原理是利用发动机高速旋转时产生的强大风力气流,经通风管连接在储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽上,靠强劲风动气流将秧苗抛出,然后按抛物线飞行,当秧苗飞到最高点时,往下作自由落体运动。由于秧苗根部带有泥坨较重,秧苗着泥后,自由定植直立。抛秧前先检查发动机与储秧盘的连接支承架、通风管是否连接可靠,按规定比例将汽油和机油进行均匀混合,比例为20∶1;然后加入油箱,在加油时必须保持加油用具干净卫生,并远离火源。严禁操作人员打火吸烟,以防止火灾发生。启动发动机待运转正常后,进行试抛,根据实际需要调整好储秧盘抛射仰角度。大风天不能抛,原则上在三级风即应停止抛秧;下雨天不能抛秧;水层过深不能抛,应立即排水,到寸水不漏泥方可抛秧;沉淀时间过长,地板结不能抛秧;秧苗过高不抛秧。一般秧苗控制在10 cm最佳,超过12 cm时应将苗尖切除一部分,然后再抛秧。 5抛秧机操作 抛秧机作业时,一般采用梭形行走法。在无风的天气,应根据田块形状决定行走方向;如遇有风天气,应尽量顺风向平行作业,以便提高抛秧的均匀度。启动发动机时,先将风门打开1/2,待启动后再全部打开。严禁猛轰油门,以防造成拉缸事故。在开始抛秧作业前,尽量将储秧盘装足,然后根据田块大小调整好抛射距离和高度,加大油门,两手相互配合连续不断地将秧苗输送到储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽内。在一般情况下将储秧盘仰角调整为45°左右较为适宜。近距离抛秧或田块较小时,可采用减小油门的方法进行抛秧作业。操作手也可适当加大或减少喂入量来调整秧苗稀密程度。随时注意观察秧苗飞行方向和着落点,尽量达到稀密均匀,合乎农艺高产技术要求。有风天,应顺风抛秧,逆风补秧;利用油门控制先抛远处,然后再抛近处;少拨快送,就是每次拨苗要少,拨动速度要快,这样会使抛秧更加均匀;抛秧时要求第1遍抛秧稍稀,然后再补抛1次,这样会更均匀。 6抛秧后田间管理 抛秧后倾斜苗无需扶正,人工扶秧反而会影响秧苗扎根,尤其是抛秧后2～3 d,人工扶秧苗则会加重损伤秧苗,造成新生根折断。抛秧后始终保持田面寸水即可,7～10 d为扎根立苗期,要特别注意田间水层管理,以瓜皮水为宜;如遇降雨,田面水层过深要及时排放[5]。扎根立苗后喷施封地农药,其他田间管理按常规进行即可。 7参考文献 [1] 王振洪,张丽辉.水稻软盘育秧及抛秧技术[J].中国农村小康科技,2008(5):28-29. [2] 周丽芳,毛盛河,王小明,等.水稻免耕抛秧技术[J].内蒙古农业科技,2007(6):115-117. [3] 乔长虹,王彬.水稻机械抛秧技术[J].农机使用与维修,2008(5):89. [4] 栾静,张雪保,杨平,等.郑州沿黄稻区水稻盘育抛秧栽培技术[J].河南农业科学,2006(7):30-31. [5] 吴勇贤.有机水稻栽培技术[J].北方水稻,2010(1):41-43.

How can we not gone through wind and rain Xiancai Hong In the vast firmament flying eagle, the mother must be going through numerous eagle cliff fall of pain, only to temper the air out of a pair of wings. A shining pearl of great, who is bound by the clam's flesh creep, as well as numerous waves of countless polished to shiny. By the same token, there is a real achievement, and certainly many times in the back on its feet after the fall, because "going through trials and tribulations, how can Xiancai Hong? No one can casual success." Shi Tiesheng a bad fall, no legs, which no one is a heavy blow. However, he did not lose faith in life, but his brain and his hands to express their life's infinite love. Beethoven blind and deaf, but he still wrote, "Hero" "fate" and so on a large number of music in life, unfortunately, he doggedly Ezhu "the fate of the throat." These are people who have Shuaiguo wrestle, but they are strong and none stood up, and the fate of the unfortunate resistance and eventually was a great success. So each of us, wrestling is not terrible, terrible thing is that you lose confidence from this life and courage. Bing Xin said: "The success of the flower, it is only now that it's scared Mu Ming-yan! However, had its Yaer, soak up the struggle Leiquan, at the expense of the Sabian Xueyu." So each of us the face of misfortune can not be devastated, because we have the potential to change the mentality, took the life of any one chain. Because life is our own destiny is in our own hands, our mentality, our choice to decide the direction in life. Is the frustration of a life of wealth, you have to be a panacea for the success, not the flowers gone through wind and rain, will be how gorgeous? Do not experience the hardships of life, how will be issued by the dazzling brilliance? Just like in 2005 moved to the Chinese people - war Hung-fai said: difficulties, we have a responsibility to face it and solve it. As a new generation of young people, we should understand that wrestling is not terrible, just like we always have the courage to sing this song: do not experience trials and tribulations, how can Xiancai Hong? No one can casual success! I want to say that wrestling is not undergoing a second time and then stood up and fall, how people can grow up? Wrestling is also a kind of well-being, the storm is the precursor of the rainbow after the rain!

在英语写作中，常见的一种题型就是观点类作文。作文要求就是表达你的看法，进而展开论述。下面两个方面给你解决这个问题~

一、观点类作文写作技巧

二、成功意味着什么英语范文

一、观点类作文写作技巧

成功意味着什么？这个英语作文题目，可以属于观点看法类的作文。一般来说，观点看法类文章的内在逻辑关系十分清晰，它除了考查考生的英文基础，还考查考生的逻辑能力。具体来说就是上下文的衔接过渡和文章层次的体现。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡性的词和短语来完成，在修辞中称为＂启、承、转、合＂。＂启＂就是开头，＂承＂就是承接，＂转＂是转折，＂合＂是综合或总结。

二、成功意味着什么英语范文

What is Success?

What is the definition of success? I believe different people will have different opinions about it. If anyone asks me what is success for me， I will tell him progress is success for me. I can have small goal or great aim in my whole life. If the goal what I set is too large for me， I will not taste the feeling of success. Or I always set small goals， so I will feel success all the time， which may make me become autophilia and without ambitions. Therefore， I think if I can be better than yesterday or last time， then I am successful.

成功的定义是什么?我相信不同的人会有不同的看法。如果有人问我对我来说成功是什么，我会告诉他进步就是成功。在我的一生中我可以设定很多小的或者大的目标。如果我定的目标对我来说太大了，我就尝不到成功的滋味。或者我设的目标太小了，这样我一直都会处于成功中，这也许会使我变得自恋没有雄心壮志。因此，我觉得要是我能够比昨天或者上一次好，这样我就算成功了。

Success in Life

Success means different things for different people. Some may equate it with money, some with work and still some with ohter. For me, it means fulfilling one's dreams. Whatever your dreams are, you have a goal there and then focus all your attention on it. Dreams bring you hope and happiness. May be you cry, sweat, complain or even curse, but the joy of harvesting makes you forget all the pains and troubles you have gone through. So an old proverb says that the sweetest fruit is one that has undergone the bitterest are several keys to success. First, your goal must be practical and practicable. If you set your goal too high, maybe that you will never attain it. Next, you have to make a plan of doing it. Since the dream is quite tough, you need to be hard, Even if you meet with some difficulties, just take them in your stride. You can always tell yourself that there is nothing about. With this will and determination, success is sure to wait for you at the end of the tunnel!

成功对于不同的人来说意味着不同的东西。有些人可能把它等同于钱、工作和一些其他。对我来说,这意味着实现你的梦想。无论你的梦想,你有一个目标,然后集中所有你的注意力。梦想为你带来希望和快乐。而努力奋斗的过程中,你哭泣,汗水,抱怨,但收获的快乐使你忘记所有的痛苦和麻烦您已经办完。所以一个老有句谚语说,最甜的`果是经历了最苦的折磨有几个钥匙成功。首先,你的目标必须是现实的,是可行的。如果你把你的目标过高,很有可能让你永远无法实现它。接下来,你有制订一个计划做到这一点。”你可以采取一定的措施来实现它。由于过程非常困难,你需要勤奋,耐心和坚持就是胜利。即使你遇到一些困难和挫折,就把它们在你前进的动力。你总是可以告诉你自己,没有什么逾越。这个的意愿和决心,成功一定会等着你在隧道的尽头!

Success to me means completing

"Success to me means completing a task and when looking back, thinking I couldn't have done it better. To succeed is to complete a task or assignment on time in an excellent manner. But that's only half of it. The results should be good and the people involved should gain a valuable lesson or experience. For example, if it was a group project, and only two people out of four really did the work, I wouldn't call that success. If everyone participated and worked together providing a valuable deliverable then it's a success. So I think both the result and the process should be great to call something a success."

成功对我来说是完成一件任务，当回头看，认为自己的工作完成得再完美不过。成功就是以极致的态度按时完成一件任务或工作。但这只是仅仅其中一部分，因为结果也应该是完美的，同事们在当中能够学习和得到宝贵经验。比如，如果有一个集体的项目，4人团队只有2人真正用心在工作，我不认为这是成功。如果每个人参与到项目中，一起工作交付有价值的产品，那我就认为这是一个成功。所以我认为结果和过程一样完美才能称之为成功。

A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including:Import duties Import licenses Export licenses Import quotas Tariffs Subsidies Non-tariff barriers to trade Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage. In theory, free trade involves the removal of all such barriers, except perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security. In practice, however, even those countries promoting free trade heavily subsidize certain industries, such as agriculture and steel. Examples of free trade areas are: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), South Asia Free Trade Agreement(SAFTA), European Free Trade Association, European Union (EU), Union of South American trade barriers include differences in culture, customs, traditions, laws, language and barriers to trade are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a are criticized as a means to evade free trade rules such as those of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU), or North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that restrict tariffs. Some of the common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties, which, although they are called "non-tariff" barriers, have the effect of tariffs but are only imposed under certain conditions. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff barriers may also be in the form of manufacturing or production requirements of goods, such as how an animal is caught or a plant is grown, with an import ban imposed on products that don't meet the requirements. Examples are the European Union restrictions on genetically-modified organisms or beef treated with growth non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect depletable natural barriers to trade can be:State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership Occupational safety and health regulation Employment law Import licenses Export subsidies Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange controls and multiplicity Over-elaborate or inadequate infrastructure "Buy national" policy. Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights) Bribery and corruption Unfair customs procedures Restrictive licences Import bans Seasonal import regimes Trade BarriersExamples of Trade BarriersWhile trade barriers and unfair practices take many forms, the most common examples are listed below:Intellectual property infringement - including copyright, patent and trademarks. Customs procedures that are not uniformly applied Lack of competitive bidding for foreign government tenders. The application of direct or indirect subsidies by a foreign government in favor of domestic suppliers. Burdensome certification and testing requirements that are not required by domestic manufacturers. Influence pedaling - A corporate entity or country is interfering with fair trade practices at your expense. Bribery, corruption and requests for payoffs - When foreign bribery prevents you from competing fairly on the basis of price, quality or a Trade BarrierIf you feel your company’s exports or foreign bids have been, or may be adversely affected by a trade barrier or unfair business practice, you may file a complaint electronically with the Trade Compliance Center within the International Trade Intellectual Property Rights AbroadLearn what constitutes intellectual property and how to protect your rights domestically and internationally. Receive guidance on how to file patents, trademarks and/or copyrights in the . and Access to Foreign ContractsHow can I insure a fair bidding process on a foreign contract? If your company is bidding on a foreign contract the Advocacy Center can help level the playing Technical Barriers to TradeMember countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) to report to the WTO all proposed technical regulations that could affect trade with other Member . is a free, web-based e-mail subscription service that offers an opportunity to review and comment on proposed foreign technical regulations that can affect your access to international Trade Agreements (FTA)Learn how Free Trade Agreements can benefit you and your business. Take advantage of our user guides sorted by title, service/goods industry, issue or country on the Free Trade Agreements website.