汽车英语专业毕业论文

汽车，即本身具有动力得以驱动，不须依轨道或电力架设，得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说，具有四轮行驶的车辆，普遍多称为汽车。虽然，长久以来学术各界对“谁是第一位汽车发明者”皆有不同的看法及论述，未有完全一致性的看法，但是，绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔·本茨视为第一位发明者。美国人亨利·福特首先大量生产平价汽车，是使汽车得以普及化的人。汽车（Car，卡尔·本茨发明）是一种现代交通工具，英文原译为“自动车”，在日本也称“自动车”（日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车），其他文种也多称为“自动车”，只有在中国例外。由动力驱动，具有四个或四个以上车轮的非轨道承载的车辆，主要用于：——载运人员和/或货物（物品）；——牵引载运货物（物品）的车辆或特殊用途的车辆；——专项作业。本术语还包括：a）与电力线相联的车辆，如无轨电车；b) 整车整备质量超过 400kg的不带驾驶室的三轮车辆；c) 整车整备质量超过 600kg的带驾驶室的三轮车辆。

汽车毕业论文，一定是不能抄袭，抄了，过不了，要原创的，我发现很多同学想抄袭，但最后很惨过不了，还给老师骂！难受啊。

有汽车连杆的设计，还有汽车发动机连杆大小头孔中心线平行度自动检测装置设计，选个合适的课题吧！

汽车ABS技术的发展趋势研究 在汽车防抱死制动系统出现之前，汽车所用的都是开环制动系统。其特点是制动器制动力矩的大小仅与驾驶员的操纵力、制动力的分配调节以及制动器的尺寸和型式有关。由于没有车轮运动状态的反馈信号，无法测知制动过程中车轮的速度和抱死情况，汽车就不可能据此调节轮缸或气室制动压力的大小。因此在紧急制动时，不可避免地出现车轮在地面上抱死拖滑的现象。当车轮抱死时，地面的侧向附着性能很差，所能提供的侧向附着力很小，汽车在受到任何微小外力的作用下就会出现方向失稳问题，极易发生交通事故。在潮湿路面或冰雪路面上制动时，这种方向失稳的现象会更加严重。汽车防抱死制动系统（Anti-lock Braking System简称ABS）的出现从根本上解决了汽车在制动过程中的车轮抱死问题。它的基本功能就是通过传感器感知车轮每一瞬时的运动状态，并根据其运动状态相应地调节制动器制动力矩的大小以避免出现车轮的抱死现象，因而是一个闭环制动系统。 它是电子控制技术在汽车上最有成就的应用项目之一，汽车制动防抱死系统可使汽车在制动时维持方向稳定性和缩短制动距离，有效提高行车的安全性。 一、ABS的工作原理 汽车制动时由于车轮速度与汽车速度之间存在着差异，因而会导致车轮与路面之间产生滑移，当车轮以纯滚动方式与路面接触时，其滑移率为零；当车轮抱死时其滑移率为100％。当滑移率在8％～35％之间时，能传递最大的制动力。制动防抱死的基本原理就是依据上述的研究成果，通过控制调节制动力，使制动过程中车轮滑移率控制在合适的范围内，以取得最佳的制动效果。ABS系统硬件构成主要由传感器（包括轮速传感器、减速度传感器和车速传感器）、电子控制装置、制动压力调节器三大部分组成，形成一个以滑移率为目标的自动控制系统。传感器测量车轮转速并将这一数据传送至电子控制装置上，控制装置是一个微处理器，它根据车轮转速传感器信号来计算车速。在制动过程中，车轮转速可与控制装置中预先编制的理想减速度的特性曲线相比较。如果控制装置判断出车轮减速度太快和车轮即将抱死时，它就发出信号给液压调节器，液压调节器可根据来自控制装置的信号对制动器的卡钳或轮泵的油压进行控制（作用、保持、释放、重新作用）。这一动作，每秒钟能出现10次以上。 二、ABS技术的发展及应用现状 基于制动防抱理论的制动系统首先是应用于火车和飞机上。1936年，德国博世公司（BOSCH）申请一项电液控制的ABS装置专利，促进了ABS技术在汽车上的应用。汽车上开始使用ABS始于1950年代中期福特汽车公司，1954年福特汽车公司在林肯车上装用法国航空公司的ABS装置，这种ABS装置控制部分采用机械式，结构复杂，功能相对单一，只有在特定车辆和工况下防抱死才有效，因此制动效果并不理想。机械结构复杂使ABS装置的可靠性差、控制精度低、价格偏高。ABS技术在汽车上的推广应用举步艰难。直到70年代后期，由于电子技术迅猛发展，为ABS技术在汽车上应用提供了可靠的技术支持。ABS控制部分采用了电子控制，其反应速度、控制精度和可靠性都显著提高，制动效果也明显改善，同时其体积逐步变小，质量逐步减轻，控制与诊断功能不断增强，价格也逐渐降低。这段时期许多家公司都相继研制了形式多样的ABS装置。 进入90年代后，ABS技术不断发展成熟，控制精度、控制功能不断完善。现在发达国家已广泛采用ABS技术，ABS装置已成为汽车的必要装备。北美和西欧的各类客车和轻型货车ABS的装备率已达90％以上，轿车ABS的装备率在60％左右，运送危险品的货车ABS的装备率为100％。ABS装置制造商主要有：德国博世公司（BOSCH），欧、美、日、韩国车采用最多；美国德科公司（DELCO），美国通用及韩国大宇汽车采用；美国本迪克斯公司（BENDIX），美国克莱斯勒汽车采用；还有德国戴维斯公司（TEVES）、德国瓦布科（WABCO）、美国凯尔西海斯公（KELSEYHAYES）等，这些公司的ABS产品都在广泛地应用，而且还在不断发展、更新和换代。 近年来，ABS技术在我国也正在推广和应用，1999年我国制定的国家强制性标准GB12676-1999《汽车制动系统结构、性能和试验方法》中已把装用ABS作为强制性法规。此后一汽大众、二汽富康、上海大众、重庆长安、上海通用等均开始采用ABS技术，但这些ABS装置我国均没有自主的知识产权。 国内研究ABS主要有东风汽车公司、交通部重庆公路研究所、济南捷特汽车电子研究所、清华大学、西安交通大学、吉林大学、华南理工大学、合肥工业大学等单位，虽然起步较晚，也取得了一些成果。在气压ABS方面，国内企业包括东风电子科技股份有限公司、重庆聚能、广东科密等都已形成了一定的生产规模。液压ABS由于技术难度大，国外技术封锁严密，国内企业暂时不能独立生产，但在液压ABS方面也在做自主研发，力图突破国外跨国公司的技术壁垒，已经取得了一些新的进展和突破。如清华大学和浙江亚太等承担的汽车液压防抱死制动系统（ABS）“九五”国家科技攻关课题，在ABS控制理论与方法、电子控制单元、液压控制单元、开发装置和匹配方法等关键技术方面均取得了重大成果。采用的耗散功率理论，避免了传统的逻辑门限值研究方法的局限性，取得了理论上的突破，研发ABS成功且进入产业化、批量生产阶段。其试样在南京IVECO轻型客车上匹配使用全面达到了国家标准GB12676-1999和欧洲法规EECR13的要求。这对振兴我国汽车工业与汽车零部件业具有划时代意义，标志着我国汽车液压ABS国产化已迈出坚实的一步。同时合肥工业大学也研制出国内具有自主知识产权的液压制动电子防抱系统，率先在HF6700轻型汽车上匹配使用获得成功。国内液压ABS技术含量与国外虽有一定的差距，但在政府的大力支持和国内丰富的人力资源配合下，相信国内可以在较短的时间内在ABS技术某些领域赶超国际水平

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very poor. WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design . Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new car. There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept cars. Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough attention. It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto industry. Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design. 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new models. Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept cars. It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also unbearable. Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile industry. Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on display. It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the car. But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the matter. 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of development. Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider space. Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of time. Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological level. human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human body. Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment system. Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, etc.) position and dimensions of the relationship between layout. Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human comfort. Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of fatigue. Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving information. Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and size. According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and layout. Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the environment. virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept car. Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and development. Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to 14. Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and manufacturing. Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming modifications. Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development time. If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new car. Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the past. the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 million. People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the essential. Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control system. The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen fuel. In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment green. Green car recycling manufacturers. Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has overlooked. Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design predictability. Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious factors. Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new car. At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers thinking. Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept car. Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change cars. Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "feelings." Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for you. Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the world. At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical problems. With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept cars. Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems developed. The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the problem. The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage performance. From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds design. 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider choice. Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and needs. Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing forward. References 1尹定邦. Introduction to Study Design [M]. Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣. Auto Design [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had denitrification. --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002

3000字的，不多，但要原创的，专业的，这点关键！