汽轮机运行论文范文参考文献

Steam turbineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia• Learn more about citing Wikipedia •Jump to: navigation, search A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plantA steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine (invented by Thomas Newcomen and greatly improved by James Watt) primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Also, because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator, about 80% of all electric generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. — it doesn't require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam (as opposed to the one stage in the Watt engine), which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible [hide]1 History 2 Types Steam Supply and Exhaust Conditions Casing or Shaft Arrangements 3 Principle of Operation and Design Turbine Efficiency Impulse Turbines Reaction Turbines Operation and Maintenance Speed regulation 4 Direct drive 5 Speed reduction [edit] HistoryThe first steam engine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile described by Heron of Alexandria. Another steam turbine device was created by Italian Giovanni Branca in year 1629. The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by an Anglo Irishman, Charles A. Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated kW of electricity. His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled up shortly after by an American, George Westinghouse. A number of other variations of turbines have been developed that work effectively with steam. The de Laval turbine (invented by Gustaf de Laval) accelerated the steam to full speed before running it against a turbine blade. This was good, because the turbine is simpler, less expensive and does not need to be pressure-proof. It can operate with any pressure of steam. It is also, however, considerably less efficient. The Parson's turbine also turned out to be relatively easy to scale up. Within Parson's lifetime the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 turbine from the Polish destroyer ORP Wicher II[edit] TypesSteam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small 1 hp ( kW) units (rare) used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 2,000,000 hp (1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several classifications for modern steam turbines.[edit] Steam Supply and Exhaust ConditionsThese types include condensing, noncondensing, reheat, extraction and or backpressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications. The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure. These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam is turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. These turbines exhaust steam in a partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%, at a pressure well below atmospheric to a turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its type turbines are common in all applications. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or left uncontrolled. Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power.[edit] Casing or Shaft ArrangementsThese arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines. Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator. Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications.[edit] Principle of Operation and DesignAn ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly “isentropic”, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20%-90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine is comprised of several sets of blades, or “buckets” as they are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.[edit] Turbine Efficiency Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a reaction turbineTo maximize turbine efficiency, the steam is expanded, generating work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as impulse or reaction turbines. Most modern steam turbines are a combination of the reaction and impulse design. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type. [edit] Impulse TurbinesAn impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere pressure). Due to this relatively higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".[edit] Reaction TurbinesIn the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.[edit] Operation and MaintenanceWhen warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also a turning gear is engaged when there is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10 to 15 RPM to slowly warm the with turbines are now rare and maintenance requirements are relatively small. Any imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting go and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be turned with dry steam. If water gets into the steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover) rapid impingement and erosion of the blades can occur, possibly leading to imbalance and catastrophic failure. Also, water entering the blades will likely result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.[edit] Speed regulationThe control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity) require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often spectacularly. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special quality materials.[edit] Direct driveElectrical power stations use large steam turbines driving electric generators to produce most ( about 80%) of the world's electricity. These centralised stations are of two types: fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants. The turbines used for electric power generation are most often directly coupled to their generators. As the generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power system, the most common speeds are 3000 r/min for 50 Hz systems, and 3600 r/min for 60 Hz systems. All large nuclear sets rotate at half those speeds, and have a 4-pole generator rather than the more common 2-pole one.[edit] Speed reduction The Turbinia - the first steam turbine-powered shipAnother use of steam turbines is in ships; their small size, low maintenance, light weight, and low vibration are compelling advantages. (Steam turbine locomotives were also tested, but with limited success.) A steam turbine is only efficient when operating in the thousands of RPM range while application of the power in propulsion applications may be only in the hundreds of RPM and so requiring that expensive and precise reduction gears must be used, although several ships, such as Turbinia, had direct drive from the steam turbine to the propeller shafts. This purchase cost is offset by much lower fuel and maintenance requirements and the small size of a turbine when compared to a reciprocating engine having an equivalent power.

轮机工程技术论文范文篇二 燃气轮机在热电联产工程中的应用状况分析 摘要： 燃气轮机是21世纪乃至更长时间内能源高效转换与洁净利用系统的核心动力装备.介绍了燃气轮机的发展现状及其在热电联产工程中的应用，简述了联合循环和简单循环燃气轮机电厂的基本组合方式，并列举了目前应用在热电联产工程中的几种主要的燃气轮机.阐述了燃气轮机相对于常规火电机组的优点，分析了影响燃气轮机在热电联产工程中推广的因素，并对我国燃气轮机的发展前景进行了展望. 关键词： 燃气轮机; 联合循环电厂; 热电联产 中图分类号： TK 479文献标志码： A Analysis of the application of gas turbines in heat and power cogeneration projects SUN Peifeng， JIANG Zhiqiang (1. China United Engineering Corporation， Hangzhou 310022， China; 2. China Huadian Corporation， Beijing 100031， China) Abstract： The gas turbine is the core equipment of highefficiency clean energy systems in the 21st century and even longer period of time. The current situation of gas turbine development and its application in heat and power cogeneration projects were showed in this paper. Two types of application of gas turbines in heat and power cogeneration projects were briefly introduced， namely， the simple cycle gas turbine power plant and the combined cycle power plant， and gas turbines widely used at present in heat and power cogeneration plants were enumerated. The advantages of the gas turbine plant compared with conventional coalfired power units were described and factors which could influence the application of the gas turbine were analyzed. In addition， the prospects for the development of gas turbines in China were evaluated. Key words： gas turbine; combined cycle power plant; heat and power cogeneration 燃气轮机由压气机、燃烧室、透平、控制系统和辅助设备组成.燃气轮机的设计是基于布莱顿循环.压气机(即压缩机)连续地从大气中吸入空气并将其压缩;压缩后的空气送入燃烧室，与喷入的天然气混合，并点火燃烧;燃烧后产生的高温烟气随即流入燃气透平中膨胀做功，推动透平带动压气机叶轮一起旋转.加热后的高温燃气的做功能力显著提高，因此，透平在带动压气机的同时，还有余功作为燃气轮机的输出功输出. 由于燃气轮机的工质是高温烟气而不是水蒸气，故可省去锅炉、冷凝器、给水处理等大型设备.因此，燃气轮机电厂附属设备较少，系统简单，占地面积较少. 燃气轮机可分为重型燃气轮机、工业型燃气轮机和航改型燃气轮机三类.重型燃气轮机的零件较为厚重，大修周期长，寿命可在10万h以上，主要用于满足城市公用电网需求，例如日立的H25和H80系列燃气轮机、通用电气的F级燃气轮机、西门子的SGT-8000系列燃气轮机、三菱的M701系列燃气轮机和阿尔斯通的GT系列重型燃气轮机等.工业型燃气轮机的结构紧凑，所用材料一般较好，燃气轮机的效率较高，例如索拉的T130燃气轮机和西门子SGT-800燃气轮机，常用于热电联产工程.航改型燃气轮机是由航空发动机改装而成的燃气轮机，在航空领域运用较多，但也有应用于发电及相关工业领域，例如通用电气的 LM 系列航改型燃气轮机等.航改型燃气轮机的结构最紧凑，最轻巧，效率最高，但寿命较短[1-2]. 燃气轮机自上世纪30年代诞生以来发展迅速.当今国际上最新型的G型燃气轮机和H型燃气轮机，单机功率已达到292～334 MW，发电热效率已达到.其中，由G型燃气轮机组成的联合循环单机功率可达489 MW，发电热效率可达;由H型燃气轮机组成的联合循环机组的发电热效率可达60%[3-5].H型燃气轮机组成的联合循环机组是目前已掌握的热-功循环效率最高的大规模商业化发电方式.不仅如此，燃气轮机与以煤为燃料的蒸汽轮机相比，它具有重量轻、体积小、效率高、污染少、启停灵活等优点.燃气轮机发电机组能在无外界电源的情况下迅速启动，机动性好.在电网中用它带动尖峰负荷和作为紧急备用电源，还能携带中间负荷，能较好地保障电网的安全运行，所以得到广泛应用[6]. 国内外科技界与产业界已经认识到燃气轮机将是21世纪乃至更长时期内能源高效转换与洁净利用系统的核心动力装备. 1燃气轮机在热电联产工程中的应用方式 燃气轮机在热电联产工程中的应用形式主要有两种：一种是燃气轮机联合循环热电厂;另一种是燃气轮机简单循环热电厂. 燃气轮机联合循环热电厂由燃气轮机、余热锅炉、蒸汽轮机(背压式、抽背式或者抽凝式)和发电机共同组成.燃气轮机排出的做功后的高温烟气通过余热锅炉回收烟气中的热量而得到高温水蒸气，水蒸气注入蒸汽轮机发电.蒸汽轮机的排汽或者部分在蒸汽轮机中做功后的抽汽用于供热，形式有：燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机同轴推动一台发电机的单轴联合循环;燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机推动各自的发电机的多轴联合循环.单轴的燃气轮机联合循环电厂规模较大，例如通用电气的9F系列机组.而多轴的联合循环机组常见于中小型的燃气轮机联合循环电厂.因此，对于电厂规模相对较小的热电联产工程来说，常选择多轴的燃气轮机联合循环机组. 燃气轮机简单循环热电厂由燃气轮机和余热锅炉组成.该类型燃气轮机热电厂不配置蒸汽轮机，通过余热锅炉直接对外供热.因此该类型燃气轮机热电厂发电热效率相对联合循环燃气轮机热电厂较低，约为30%～35%之间;热电比和供热成本的指标方面，简单循环燃气轮机热电厂也低于联合循环燃气轮机热电厂[7]. 由此可见，燃气轮机联合循环可大大提高发电厂整体发电热效率.即使只有燃气轮机和余热锅炉组成的不配置蒸汽轮机的简单循环燃气轮机发电厂，其发电效率也高于常规的小型燃煤热电厂. 2热电联产工程中燃气轮机机型选择 热电联产工程遵循“以热定电”原则，首先满足外界对蒸汽负荷的需求，一般对发电量的需求相对较少.因此，对于热电联产工程来说，大功率的重型燃气轮机使用相对较少，常配置一些中小型的燃气轮机. 世界主要的中小型燃气轮机有：索拉的T130燃气轮机;日立的H25和H80燃气轮机;通用电气的6F和LM系列的航改型燃气轮机;西门子的SGT-800燃气轮机.各机型的主要技术参数如表1(见下页)所示(表中数据来自各个燃气轮机厂家产品宣传手册，且会因计算的天然气热值等参数变化而发生微小的变化). 表1各中小型燃气轮机相关性能参数 Performance parameters of some gas turbines 表1中，H25，H80 和6F为重型燃气轮机;SGT-800和T130为工业型燃气轮机;LM6000为航改型燃气轮机.从表1可知，工业型和航改型燃气轮机单机发电热效率相对重型燃气轮机的单机发电效率明显更高，但燃气轮机的排烟温度相对较低.由于排到余热锅炉的高温烟气所包含的热量相对较少，因此对于整个联合循环热电厂，工业型和航改型燃气轮机联合循环热电厂的整体发电热效率反而低些[8-9].简单循环的燃气轮机热电厂若选择工业型燃气轮机及航改型燃气轮机，其热电厂发电热效率会较高. 对于配置蒸汽轮机的燃气轮机联合循环，重型燃气轮机因其排烟温度较工业型燃气轮机和航改型燃气轮机高，排到余热锅炉的高温烟气所包含的热量相对较多，余热锅炉产出的供蒸汽轮机发电用的高温高压的蒸汽也更多.因此，重型燃气轮机联合循环整体发电热效率比工业型燃气轮机和航改型燃气轮机联合循环的发电热效率高.燃气轮机联合循环热电厂中大多选择重型燃气轮机. 从能量的充分利用和逐级利用角度讲，相比于燃气轮机简单循环热电厂，燃气轮机联合循环热电厂更具有优势.目前我国燃气轮机热电联产工程中，大多选择重型燃气轮机组成的联合循环燃气轮机热电厂，如浙江省的某热电厂，采用6F级燃气轮机匹配余热锅炉和蒸汽轮机组成燃气轮机联合循环机组对外供热供电，燃气轮机联合循环热电厂整体发电热效率约60%. 但是对于某些对占地面积有严格要求的场合，如海上油气平台井等，一般可选择结构紧凑、效率高的工业型燃气轮机或者航改型燃气轮机机. 具体燃气轮机机型的选择可根据各工程的实际情况进行分析、计算、确定，如热电厂的对外供热参数和供热量、装机容量、机组数量、占地面积、整体热效率等. 3燃气轮机联合循环热电联产工程相对于常规火力发电热电联产的优势[10] 相对于常规燃煤的小型火力发电的热电联产电厂，燃气轮机联合循环热电厂的优势主要有： (1) 高效：燃气轮机联合循环的发电热效率已经达到甚至突破60%，这是一般常规火电机组无法比拟的，甚至高于目前最先进的超超临界机组而稳居各类火电机组之首. (2) 单位造价低：燃气轮机联合循环机组单位容量造价约400美元·kW-1，而常规火电机组造价为600～1 000美元·kW-1;若我国国产燃气轮机的制造加工水平进一步提升，燃气轮机联合循环机组单位容量造价还有非常大的下降空间. (3) 低排放：燃气轮机联合循环不排放SO2以及飞灰和灰渣;NOx的排放量也非常低，一般都可以达到 mg·m-3以下，甚至可以根据需要达到小于 mg·m-3的水平，CO2的排放量可以做到 mg·m-3;环保性能居于现有各种火电机组之上. (4) 节水：燃气轮机联合循环机组以燃气轮机发电为主，燃气轮机发电机功率占总容量的70%，联合循环机组所需用水量约为常规燃煤机组的1/3.这在某些缺水的地区显得尤为重要.若选择燃气轮机和余热锅炉配置的简单循环，整个电厂对机组冷却水量的需求相对于常规火电厂的冷却水量更是大幅度减少. (5) 省地：燃气轮机联合循环机组因附属设备较少，无需储煤场、输煤设施，占地面积仅为加脱硫装置的常规火电厂的1/3.这在城市边缘及城区的供热电厂显得尤为重要. (6) 建设工期短：燃气轮机联合循环机组最适合模块化设计，燃气轮机各部件模块可工厂化生产，运至现场吊装，因而大大缩短了燃气轮机电厂的建设工期. (7) 调峰性能好：通过余热锅炉的旁路烟囱，不运行蒸汽轮机及发电机组的情况下，一般在20 min 内就能达到燃气轮机及发电机组的100%负荷，而燃气轮机及其发电机组负荷占整个燃气轮机联合循环电厂额定负荷的70%左右，这保证了燃气轮机联合循环的良好调控性能，实现机组的日启夜停和调峰功能. (8) 操作运行和维护人员少：因为燃气轮机联合循环电厂自动化程度高，采用先进的控制系统，电厂对员工数量的需求大幅下降.一般情况下占同容量常规燃煤电厂人员的20%～25%就足够了. 4影响燃气轮机在热电联产工程中推广的主要因素 燃气轮机联合循环电厂在国外已经得到了普遍发展，近几年已占据美国电力市场的重要地位，欧洲的燃气轮机联合循环电厂也获得了长足的发展.目前我国燃气轮机联合循环电厂能否获得大力推广和发展，主要受制于如下三个因素： (1) 我国能提供多少天然气资源供燃气轮机发电工业使用;当前国内已有部分燃气轮机联合循环电厂因受制于燃料供应，每年运行的时间远远少于常规燃煤机组. 2012年，随着“西气东输”二线最后几条干线的建成投产，整个输气管道实现每年输气300亿m3.未来中国甚至有可能规划修建“四线”或者“五线”，进一步便于西部地区的天然气输送到东部地区开发利用. 另外，海上(东海、南海)天然气的开发、沿海港口城市液化天然气(LNG)的进口，也为联合循环发电扩充了气源供应条件.国内已经探明了华北、东北、西北三大煤层气资源储量，并将逐步开采. 随着天然气来源渠道的扩大，燃气轮机联合循环电厂的应用范围将大大突破西气东输管网和海上天然气所能影响的地区. (2) 如何合理确定天然气价格，使燃气轮机联合循环发电成本能够与严重污染的以煤为燃料的常规火电相竞争. 必须指出，天然气的价格对燃气轮机及联合循环的运行成本有着决定性的影响.在燃气轮机三项发电成本的组成中(设备折旧成本、机组运行维护成本、燃料成本)，燃料成本的比例高达60%～65%，即使在天然气的产地，运输过程费用大为降低，天然气价格相对东南沿海地区更加便宜，其成本占燃气轮机发电成本的比例仍然是非常高的[4].在天然气价格居高不下的今天，燃料成本高已经成为制约燃气轮机发电大力推广的一个关键性因素. 当前，作为工业企业及城市基础设施的重要组成部分的许多中小型燃煤热电厂，通常地处城市之中或者城市郊区，因此不可避免地会对当地大气环境质量产生很大影响.中小型燃煤热电厂改造为燃气轮机联合循环热电厂，对当地环境质量的改善效果非常明显，也最容易得到人民群众的接受和支持. 热电厂的燃料从煤炭改造为天然气，虽然合理调整了能源结构，提高了能源利用效率，减少了煤炭运输环节的损失和浪费，但是对燃气轮机联合循环热电厂来说，燃料成本必然要增加，能源代价必然会提高，因此争取群众和企业的理解和参与，合理分担部分天然气成本因素，是解决天然气市场和成本关系的一条合理途径. 政府在制定燃气轮机联合循环热电厂上网电价和外供蒸汽价格时，应考虑到燃气轮机的环境效益，适当提高上网电价和外供蒸汽价格，这也是对天然气成本过高的一种消化. (3) 从长远的角度看，我国燃气轮机整体行业水平的提高是决定我国燃气轮机及联合循环电厂能否大力推广的一个重要因素. 燃气轮机的发展水平代表着一个国家的重大装备制造业的总体水平.当前我国的燃气轮机技术水平与世界先进水平之间的差距还很大，燃气轮机的核心部件依赖于进口，燃气轮机的每次大修花费很大.若某些燃气轮机的大修只能运回美国等发达国家进行，则其费用更大. 近年来，为了推动燃气轮机工业的发展，按照“市场换技术”的原则，我国对规划批量建设的燃气轮机发电站工程项目采取“打捆”式招标采购模式，由国外先进燃气轮机制造企业与国内制造企业相互结合组成联合体，进行燃气轮机联合循环电站工程项目的竞争投标，以吸收和引进国外先进技术.在这一过程中，我国同时引进了世界三大动力集团(通用电气、西门子、三菱)的F级重型燃气轮机.在实现燃气轮机设备制造本土化和国产燃气轮机技术开发方面都取得了良好的成果.在吸收和引进国外先进燃气轮机技术的基础上，逐步实现了燃气轮机联合循环电站设备研发和制造的国产化、本地化和知识产权自主化[11-12]. 2008年，我国具有完全自主知识产权的110 MW级R0110燃气轮机进行了点火及实验验证，其性能已经接近于目前国际上先进的F级燃气轮机，对我国的燃气轮机设计、制造和加工的整体水平是一个巨大的提升[13-14]. 目前，我国燃气轮机技术水平与国际先进水平之间的差距正在不断缩小，我国的燃气轮机自主研发、生产制造等方面取得了重大进展.2012年9月12日，上海市科委重大专项课题“高温合金叶片制造技术研究”通过专家验收，这标志着我国在燃气轮机核心部件国产化、自主化生产的道路上迈出了坚实的一步. 从制约燃气轮机联合循环电厂发展的三个因素及我国目前的相应情况可知，我国大力发展燃气轮机联合循环的条件已经具备，燃气轮机联合循环电厂的快速发展在近期将成为可能. 5总结 实现节能减排，提高能源利用率是我国能源结构调整的目标.随着我国天然气资源的开发、利用及液化天然气资源的引进，我国燃气轮机联合循环机组将不断增加.燃气轮机联合循环以其高效、清洁和灵活的特点，必将成为我国未来大力发展的电厂类型. 目前可用于热电联产的中小型燃气轮机容量和整个热电厂供热能力与我国广泛使用的蒸汽轮机热电机组的规格十分接近，因而可在不改变外部系统，不增加发电容量和不间断供热、发电的前提下，以较短的时间、较低的投资和较合理的电、热成本实现对热电厂以气代煤的改造.这也是燃气轮机联合循环热电厂可获得大力推广的现实条件. 总之，燃气轮机联合循环机组在我国电力工业中的作用将逐渐增强，发展燃气轮机联合循环热电厂任重而道远，但是前景是非常光明的. 参考文献： [1]李孝堂.燃气轮机的发展及中国的困局[J]，航空发动机，2011，37(3)：1-7. [2]马悦，纪锦锋.燃气-蒸汽联合循环电站机组配置及选型分析[J].能源工程，2011(6)：52-57. [3]蒋洪德.重型燃气轮机的现状和发展趋势[J].热力透平，2012，41(2)：83-88. [4]清华大学热能工程系动力机械与工程研究所，深圳南山热电股份有限公司.燃气轮机与燃气-蒸汽联合循环装置[M].北京：中国电力出版社，2007. [5]刘红，蔡宁生.重型燃气轮机技术进展分析[J].燃气轮机技术，2012，25(3)：1-5. [6]张荣刚，李文强.浅析燃气轮机在电力行业中的应用[J].企业技术开发，2011，30(10)：122-123. [7]徐迎超，阎波，樊泳，等.燃气-蒸汽联合循环(CCPP)发电在首钢迁钢公司中的应用[J].冶金动力，2012(1)：27-29. [8]刘祖仁，李达，张阳.海上燃气轮机余热资源计算[J].中外能源，2012，17(5)：99-103. [9]李达，张阳，孙毅.海上冷、热、电、惰气四联供护技术探讨[J].石油和化工节能，2012(5)：11-14. [10]黄勇.我国发展联合循环机组的背景和条件[J].中国科技博览，2011(29)：372. [11]刘华强，汪晨晖.燃气轮机在我国应用情况分析[J].中国新技术新产品，2012，(6)：149. [12]杨连海，沈邱农.大型燃气轮机的自主化制造[J].燃气轮机技术，2006，19(1)：11-14. [13]崔荣繁，陈克杰，郭宝亭.R0110重型燃气轮机的研制[J].航空发动机，2011，37(3)：8-11. [14]包大陆.R0110重型燃气轮机气缸结构研究[J].中国新技术新产品，2012(9)：109. 看了“轮机工程技术论文范文”的人还看： 1. 轮机工程技术个人简历免费模板 2. 船舶轮机管理论文 3. 船舶最新技术论文 4. 农业机械技术论文 5. 电厂工程技术管理论文

汽轮机汽缸变形量测量技术分析论文

摘要：大型火力发电厂汽轮机组的热效率（尤其是各个缸的热效率）高低，对机组的安全生产、经济运行和安全文明生产所起的作用是决定性的，直接关系到发电厂的经济效益和机组的安全运行。对此，各个电厂对机组的大修尤为重视，对汽轮机检修的质量控制要求很高，尤其是在汽轮机检修中对通汽部分间隙的调整要更加谨慎，通流间隙调整的好坏决定了检修质量，提高了运行效率。

关键词：汽轮机；变形量测量技术；洼窝变形

由于结构原因、制造原因、热应力原因，机组运行后汽缸存在很大的变形，机组大修时，首先要对变形量进行测量和分析，根据分析结果来判断汽封碰摩的原因，在检修时缩小并修正间隙。洼窝变形量技术是通过积累大量整机改造工作的经验，我们注意到国内机组普遍存在汽缸变形以及隔板变形，由此导致机组全缸与半缸状态隔板洼窝中心不同，这不但影响了机组检修时汽封间隙调整工作的效率，而且影响了运行时隔板静叶栅与转子动叶栅的同心度，影响蒸汽流动，降低了机组热效率。针对这一现状，我们开发了隔板洼窝变形测量仪，现已成功运用到上百家电厂中，取得了显著的效果。测量出半缸状态相对于全实缸的洼窝变化量，是我们真实调整汽封间隙最关键的环节，真实地掌握变形量，才能优化调整汽封间隙。测量高压进汽平衡环套体的解体洼窝、套体椭圆度，再测量安装汽封后的汽封椭圆度，结合上次大修的间隙标准，确定转子在运行后最大的椭圆轨迹，是我们判断最大挠度处到底按照多大的间隙安装和优化汽封间隙的依据。

1洼窝变形量的测量

该工作一般在扣空缸测结合面间隙后进行，若结合面存在较大张口，需要进行修理时，则需要在修理之后再测量洼窝变形量。在大修机组中，全实缸中心合格后，应进行静止部分的中心静态找正。包含持环、隔板套、隔板、轴封套等部件的中心静态找正。一般情况下是以下半实缸动静中心为准。实际上，运行过的机组高中压、低压外缸变形量很大，在一般情况下，下半实缸的动静洼窝中心与全实缸下的动静洼窝中心差距很大，不考虑全实缸下的动静同心度，往往大修后的机组开机有动静摩擦声，开机到满速不顺利，等摩擦音小了，机组也到了满速，带负荷效率（热耗、汽耗、煤耗）没有提高。为了提高效率，认为：

1）假轴以转子中心合格后的油挡洼窝为准，找中下半实缸动静中心并记录，包含持环、隔板套、隔板、轴封套等。然后开始测量出下半实缸（持环、隔板套、隔板、轴封套等）动静中心并记录。全实缸下的动静洼窝中心与半实缸下的动静洼窝中心有差距。在大修过程中，要把全实缸下的实际动静洼窝中心修正到半实缸动静洼窝中心中。再在全实缸上调整汽封间隙，汽封间隙调整合格后，开机就一定顺利，没有动静摩擦声，带负荷效率会大大提高（汽轮机安装、大修），实际上就是调整全实缸下动静中心的过程。特别是运行过的机组。设备金属材料经过长时间应力失效，已经定型。

2）高中、低压外缸是不可调整的，所以大修机组更应该实实在在地考虑全实缸下的动静中心。

2洼窝变形测量仪探头布置

测量前应在每个洼窝的测量点（测量3点，即左a、右b和下部c）上做好标记，以便每一次都在同一个位置上进行测量，以提高测量的准确性。扣上半持环隔板、内缸，复测自然状态下汽缸平面间隙。如果是首次检修，建议在拧紧螺栓前在这个状态下再测量一次各部位洼窝中心，（仍旧测量下三点）我们都知道在半缸状态下，汽缸的刚度要比全缸低。尤其是合缸机其刚度较差，在上半持环、内层缸吊入后，在其上半部件重量的作用下，汽缸将向下变形。这个数字应当是一个衡量，测量结果对于以后的检修一直可以借鉴。根据平面间隙分布情况紧1/3螺栓，螺栓拧紧后法兰平面的最大间隙应小于。如间隙超标应拧紧全部螺栓；如拧紧全部螺栓后间隙仍超标热紧螺栓，直至法兰平面的最大间隙应小于。（个别边缘紧不掉例外）测量持环、内层缸在紧螺栓后的洼窝中心。在进行内缸测量的时候，我们要求测量技术以及测量要求完全与外缸的测量一致。当我们将内外缸扣好以后，我们就通过上测量点、下测量点、左测量点以及右测量点进行洼窝中心的测量。在这测量过程中，我们要根据内缸以及外缸测量的中心变化进行分析。通常情况下，内缸以及外缸的中心变化是由于张口法兰以及螺栓紧固件问题造成的。因此我们在进行处理的时候，要对螺栓紧固件的刚度以及垂直度进行检查，因为一旦螺栓紧固件出现了强度以及垂直度问题，就会对内缸以及外缸的支点标高造成影响。通过本次缸体的测量，我们能够从测量结果中分析出：气缸的内外环以及隔板之间的真实中心是洼窝的真实中心位置。同前面的测量操作一样，我们在测量过程中还要将外缸扣上，但是这一过程中我们不能够连接螺栓以及法兰，这样我们就能够通过外缸自身的重力进行持环中心以及内缸中心的变化测量。在气缸开缸之后，我们要对各种中心变化数据进行复核，然后通过复核的结果同上一次的测量数据进行对比，如果2次测量数据变化不大，我们认为气缸的变形较为稳定，如果2次的测量数据变化较大，就说明气缸的中心变化较大，我们需要针对这一变化进行分析，找出中心变化的原因，确保测量结果可靠。对测量结果进行比较，计算出汽缸螺栓拧紧后各汽封漥窝中心的变化量。在开缸状态下，根据实际偏差和变化量对持环、隔板洼窝中心进行调整，使其在合缸后处于与转子同心的位置上。即保证全实缸状态下的洼窝左等于右，上等于下。

考虑到现场的实际情况，有些通流部分内径较小，大部分情况下，上半持环、内缸扣上后，人无法进入，合外缸后只能测量下3点。所以还需分别测量出各持环、内缸在自然状态下和拧紧法兰螺栓后的椭圆度，在计算汽缸螺栓拧紧后各汽封洼窝中心的变化量时，纳入这部分影响。通过准确的变形量测量，能够更好地掌握缸体半缸与全实缸的实际变化情况，能够更准确地掌握汽封调整间隙的数值，保证调整后的汽封间隙更真实可靠，做到汽封间隙的最优化调整。汽轮机在应用的过程中，应用效率对于整个机组的影响非常巨大，直接关系到机组的`正常运行以及产生的经济效益。正是由于这一原因，在机组正常运行的过程中，我们要对汽轮机进行全面的检查，尤其是气缸的变形问题更要给予高度的重视。在进行气缸变形检测的过程中，我们要重点对气缸的间隙进行检查，只有这样才能够有效地检查出气缸的使用效果以及气缸的性能指标，为了有效地降低气缸检查过程中带来的巨大的工作量，我们在正常检查的时候，要尽量的调整气缸的径向间隙，保证气缸间隙达到应用标准。

3结语

通过该项技术的应用，为检修中的汽封间隙调整和阻汽片随缸修刮技术提供了数据上的基础数据，从而达到优化汽轮机通流间隙的最终目的，为提高汽轮机缸效和机组热效率提供了有力的技术保证，从而减小机组的煤耗值，电厂发电成本可靠降低提供了切实可行的解决办法。

参考文献

[1]国家能源局.DL/T869—2012DL/T753—2001，火力发电厂焊接技术规程[S].北京：中国电力出版社，2012.

[2]国家经济贸易委员会.DL/T753—2001，汽轮机铸钢件补焊技术条件[S].北京：中国电力出版社，2001.

[3]国家能源局.DL/T819—2010，火力发电厂焊接热处理技术规程[S].北京：中国电力出版社，2010.