论文etc模板

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

大学本科毕业论文格式范文

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种比较正规的、比较重要的检验大学学习成果的形式，我们该怎么去写毕业论文呢？下面是我为大家整理的大学本科毕业论文格式范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

一、纸张和页面要求

A4纸，纵向单面打印。页边距要求如下：页边距上下各为厘米，左边距为，右边距为厘米。

二、论文装订页码顺序

1、封面（按标准格式装订）

2、论文摘要、关键词（中、英文单独成页，不标页码）

3、目录（要求至少有两个层次，各层次需注明其在论文中的页码）

4、论文

①引言或绪论（单独成页。页码从1开始标注，连续标注页码，至参考文献止）②正文

③结论（单独成页）

④参考文献（单独成页）

三、章节目序号

章节目序号的级序规定如下：一、（一）1（1）①

四、排版格式

1、封面题目用三号楷体，居中；专业、学生姓名及指导教师姓名等用三号楷体，居中。、“摘要”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行。摘要内容小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。“关键词”小四号黑体，加粗。

3、“目录”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行。目录下的各章节标题（前面无空格（顶格）），小四号宋体。行间距为“固定值”3磅。

4、“引言”，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下不空行。内容小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。

5、正文内容，小四号宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。所有段落和标题前均空两格。第一级标题字体加粗。

6、结论，两字中间空两格，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下不空行。内文小四号，宋体，行间距为“固定值”3磅。

7、“参考文献”，三号黑体，居中，加粗，上下各空一行；内文小四号，宋体，每段前面空两格。

一、纸型、页面设置、版式和用字。

毕业论文一律用国际标准a4型纸（297mmx210mm）打印。

页面分图文区与白边区两部分，所有的文字、图形、其他符号只能出现在图文区内。白边区的尺寸（页边距）为：天头（上）25mm，地脚（下）20mm，订口（左）25mm，翻口（右）20mm。

文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。

使用规范的简化汉字。除非必要，不使用繁体字。忌用异体字、复合字及其他不规范的汉字。

二、论文封面

封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目组成。

文头：封面顶部居中，占两行。上一行内容为“河南广播电视大学”用小三号宋体；下一行内容为“汉语言文学专业（本科）毕业论文”，3号宋体加粗。文头上下各空一行。

论文标题：2号黑体加粗，文头下居中，上下各空两行。

论文副题：小2号黑体加粗，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。

作者、学校（市级电大）、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目名称用3号黑体，内容用3号楷体，在正副标题下适当居中左对齐依次排列。占行格式为：

作者：xxx

学校：xxx年级：xxx学号：xxx

指导教师：xxx职称：xxx

答辩组成员：

xxx（主持人）职称：xxx

xxx职称：xxx

答辩日期：x年x月x日

申请学位：学士（不申请可省略此项）

大学本科论文格式要求：

一、论文的结构与要求

毕业设计(论文)包括以下内容(按顺序)：

本科论文包括封面、目录、标题、内容摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献等部分。如果需要，可以在正文前加“引言”，在参考文献后加“后记”。论文一律要求打印，不得手写。

1.目录

目录应独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节和主要级次的标题和所在页码。本科论文格式要求

2.论文标题

论文标题应当简短、明确，有概括性。论文标题应能体现论文的核心内容、法学专业的特点。论文标题不得超过25个汉字，不得设置副标题，不得使用标点符号，可以分二行书写。论文标题用词必须规范，不得使用缩略语或外文缩写词(通用缩写除外，比如wto等)。

3.内容摘要

内容摘要应扼要叙述论文的主要内容、特点，文字精练，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，包括主要成果和结论性意见。摘要中不应使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号，并应避免将摘要撰写成目录式的内容介绍。内容摘要一般为200个汉字左右。

4.关键词

关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能够覆盖论文主要内容的通用专业术语(参照相应的专业术语标准)，一般列举3——5个，按照词条的外延层次从大到小排列，并应出现在内容摘要中。

5.正文

正文一般包括绪论(引论)、本论和结论等部分。正文字数本科不少于6000字，专科一般不少于5000字，正文必须从页首开始。

*绪论(引论)全文的开始部分，不编写章节号。一般包括对写作目的、意义的说明，对所研究问题的认识并提出问题。

*本论是全文的核心部分，应结构合理，层次清晰，重点突出，文字通顺简练。

*结论是对主要成果的归纳，要突出创新点，以简练的文字对所做的主要工作进行评价。结论一般不超过500个汉字。

正文一级及以下子标题格式如下：一、;(一);1.;(1);①。

6.注释

注释是对所创造的名词术语的解释或对引文出处的说明。注释采用脚注形式，用带圈数字表示序号，如注①、注②等，数量不少于10个。

7.参考文献

参考文献是论文的不可缺少的组成部分,是作者在写作过程中使用过的文章、著作名录。参考文献应以近期发表或出版的'与法学专业密切相关的学术著作和学术期刊文献为主，数量不少于6篇。

产品说明、技术标准、未公开出版或发表的研究论文等不列为参考文献，有确需说明的可以在后记中予以说明。

二、打印装订要求

论文必须使用标准a4打印纸打印，一律左侧装订，并至少印制3份。页面上、下边距各厘米，左右边距各厘米，并按论文装订顺序要求如下：

1.封面

封面包括《广西广播电视大学关于毕业设计(论文)评审表》(封面、附录4)、《学生毕业设计(论文)评审表》(封2)、《广西广播电视大学关于毕业设计(论文)答辩申报表》(封3、附录5)。

2.目录

目录列至论文正文的三级及以上标题所在页码，内容打印要求与正文相同。目录页不设页码。

3.内容摘要

摘要标题按照正文一级子标题要求处理，摘要内容按照正文要求处理。

4.关键词

索引关键词与内容摘要同处一页，位于内容摘要之后，另起一行并以“关键词：”开头(采用黑体)，后跟3~5个关键词(采用宋体)，词间空1字，即两个字节，其他要求同正文。

5.正文

正文必须从内容提要页开始，并设置为第1页。页码在页末居中打印，其他要求同正文(如正文第5页格式为“―5―”)。

论文标题为标准三号黑体字，居中，单倍行间距;

论文一级子标题为标准四号黑体字，居中，20磅行间距;

正文一律使用标准小四号宋体字，段落开头空两个字，行间距为固定值20磅;

正文中的插图应与文字紧密配合，文图相符，内容正确，绘制规范。插图按章编号并置于插图的正下方，插图不命名，如第二章的第三个插图序号为“图2—3”，插图序号使用标准五号宋体字;

正文中的插表不加左右边线。插表按章编号并置于插表的左上方，插表不命名，如第二章的第三个插表序号为“表2—3”，插表序号使用标准五号宋体字。

6、 参考文献

按照gb7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》规定的格式打印，内容打印要求与论文正文相同。参考文献从页首开始，格式如下：

(1)著作图书文献

序号 作者 《书名》，出版地：出版者，出版年份及版次(第一版省略)

如：[4] 劳凯声 《教育法论》，南京：江苏教育出版社，xx

(2)译著图书文献

序号 作者 《书名》，出版地：出版者，出版年份及版次(第一版省略)

(3)学术刊物文献

序号 作者 《文章名》，《学术刊物名》，年卷(期)

如：[5]周汉华 《变法模式与中国立法法》，《中国社会科学》，xx(1)

(4)学术会议文献

序号 作者 《文章名》，编者名，会议名称，会议地址，年份，出版地，出版者，出版年

(5)学位论文类参考文献

序号 作者 《学位论文题目》，学校和学位论文级别，答辩年份

(6)西文文献

著录格式同中文，实词的首字母大写，其余小写。

参考文献作者人数较多者只列前三名，中间用逗号分隔，多于三人的后面加“等”字(西文加“etc.”)。

学术会议若出版论文集者，在会议名称后加“论文集”字样;未出版论文集者省去“出版者”、“出版年”项;会议地址与出版地相同的省略“出版地”，会议年份与出版年相同的省略“出版年”。

三、毕业设计(论文)装袋要求

毕业设计(论文)是专业教学的重要内容，必须规范管理，统一毕业设计(论文)材料装袋要求：

1、论文稿本。经指导的提纲，一稿、二稿和装订好的正稿。

2、过程记录表。包括指导教师指导记录表，学生毕业设计(论文)评审表(答辩过程记录表)等;

3、相关材料。法专业要求的其他材料，如法学社会调查报告等。

英文论文参考文献格式如下：

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式

按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。

这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码著录;英文文献用印刷体；英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体；所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出；忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：

专著、论文集、学位论文、报告主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码。示例：Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research, policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章：主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。示例：Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review, Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994, 20(3)：365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例：Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.

二、关于英文人名的标注

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。

其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术著作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson，前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢？

1. 在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2. 在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。

3. 表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术著作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。