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1、 什么是cover letter？指的是投稿信2、cover letter的内容主要包括那些？应该简述所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊，对稿件处理有无特殊要求等（如“not to review” list）。另外，请附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e-mail地址。此外有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁已经阅读过该文（当然是牛人）。我投的那个杂志是要求说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性，另外还有的可能要写明你没有一搞多投等。此外临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。3、 如何写cover letter？各个杂志的具体要求是不一样的，在杂志的guide for authors一般会有要求。如果没有具体的要求，大家可按照通用要求处理。4、常用模板：（1）Cover letterDear Mr. **1. The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is . I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to sincerely,通讯作者（2）Dear Dr. 主编name:We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章title" to 杂志名for publication.接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your you very much for your attention and yours,通讯作者（3）Dear Dr. 主编name:We submit our manuscript entitled " 文章title" to 杂志名for publication.接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。All authors have seen the manuscript and approved to submit to your you very much for your attention and yours,通讯作者（4）Dr. ***Editor-in-Chief, ***(add address) January 22, 2003Dear Dr. **,Enclosed herewith please find 3 copies of a MS by: ‘***. *** and ***’ entitled: “**********”, which we would like to submit for publication in the ‘******'.Looking forward to your decision,With kind personal regards,Sincerely yours,*****Professor of ***（5）Dear Prof. Gil:This is a manuscript by**and **entitled “.......”. It is submitted to be considered for publication as a “...” in your journal. This paper is new. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your journal as it ........Correspondence should be addressed to **at the following address, phone and fax number, and email address:...Thanks very much for your attention to our yours,**5、 例文：下面例文都来自丁香园战友，在此一并感谢。（一）Date: Sep 15, 2003Dear Editors:On behalf of my co-authors, I am submitting the enclosed material “ TITLE ” for possible publication in certify that we have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the appropriateness of the experimental design and method, and the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approve it for publication. To the best of our knowledge and belief, this manuscript has not been published in whole or in part nor is it being considered for publication Sincerely,NAME,ADRESS,EMAIL,FAX（二）Dear Dr Regino Perez-Polo：Enclosed are a manuscript by su jian, yang kun, chen zhihua．Su jian titled“Hypothermia after Acute Ischemic Stroke”．It is submitted to be considered for publication as a“review" in your journal．This paper is～"Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere ．It is not being submitted to any other journal．We believe the paper may be of particular interest to the readers of your and phone calls about the paper should be directed to Su jian at the following address，phone and fax number，and e-mail address：Su jianInstitute:,Adress:Tel：Fax:E-mail：Thanks very much for your attention to our paper．Sincerely yours，Su jian（三）Dear Editor,We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassium Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons", which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium channels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices. Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNF as a long-term survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of GDNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinson’s to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I amSincerely yours,（四）Dear **.We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled " *** ", which we wish to be considered for publication in ** believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of **journal. First, ***. Second, ***. Further, ***.Thank you very much your considering our manuscript for potential publication. I'm looking forward to hearing from you wishes.（五）To: SOLA Chief EditorDivision of Geoenvironmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANE-Mail: Sirs,I am sending herewith a copy of the manuscript, which I would like to submit to SOLA, the Electronic Journal of the Meteorological Society of paper is entitled:Energy Spectrum Proportional to the Squared Phase Speed ofRossby Modes in the General Circulation of the Atmosphereby H. L. Tanaka, Yasushi Watarai, and Takahiro of the Abstract:In this study, energy spectrum of the large-scale atmospheric motions is examined in the framework of the 3D normal mode decomposition. The horizontal scale of disturbance is measured by the phase speed of a Rossby mode c. According to the analysis result for the barotropic component of the atmosphere, we obtain a characteristic energy spectrum with distinct slopes for the turbulence and wave regimes separated by the spherical Rhines speed. In order to explain the observational finding that the energy spectrum is proportional to c^2, we put forward a hypothesis based on the criterion of Rossby wave breaking such that the local meridional gradient of potential vorticity becomes negative, dq/dy < 0, somewhere in the domain. With a constant m describing a total mass of the atmosphere for unit area, we have shown that the barotropic energy spectrum of the general circulation E can be represented as E=mc^ Author:Dr. Hiroshi L. TanakaDivision of Geoenvironmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba 305-8572, JAPANTel: +81-29-853-4502Fax: +81-29-853-6879E-Mail: hereby certify that this paper consists of original, unpublished work which is not under consideration for publication Editors in Charge:Kimoto, Masahide University of TokyoMak, Mankin University of IllinoisFive Potential Reviewers:Name-1, e-mail address-1Name-2, e-mail address-2Name-3, e-mail address-3Name-4, e-mail address-4Name-5, e-mail address-5The original manuscript and figures will be transferred, following the instruction by the Editorial Committee when the paper is accepted. I hope your favorable consideration for publication to L. TanakaAttachment: PDF file of the manuscript.

音频定义，指人说话的声音频率，通常指300Hz-3400Hz的频带。2.指存储声音内容的文件。3.在某些方面能指作为波滤的振动。音频这个专业术语，人类能够听到的所有声音都称之为音频，它可能包括噪音、 声音被录制下来以后，无论是说话声、歌声、乐器都可以通过数字音乐软件处理。把它制作成CD，这时候所有的声音没有改变，因为CD本来就是音频文件的一种类型。而音频只是储存在计算机里的声音。 演讲和音乐，如果有计算机加上相应的音频卡 -- 就是我们经常说的声卡，我们可以把所有的声音录制下来，声音的声学特性，音的高低都可以用计算机硬盘文件的方式储存下来。反过来，我们也可以把储存下来的音频文件通过一定的音频程序播放，还原以前录下的声音。解读音频属性大家都承认现在是一个数码时代，为了追求优良的音质很多人不懈地努力。随着数码时代的来临，谁都承认数码音频比模拟信号优越。什么是模拟信号？其实任何我们可以听见的声音经过音频线或话筒的传输都是一系列的模拟信号。模拟信号是我们可以听见的。而数字信号就是用一堆数字记号来记录声音，而不是用物理手段来保存信号。（用普通磁带录音就是一种物理方式）数字信号我们实际上是听不到的。这样我们可以简略地比较一下模拟时代的录音制作与数码时代的区别：模拟时代是把原始信号以物理方式录制到磁带上（当然在录音棚里完成了），然后加工，剪接，修改，最后录制到磁带，LP等广大听众可以欣赏的载体上。这一系列过程全是模拟的，每一步都要损失一些信号，到了听众手里自然是差了好远，更不用说什么HI-FI了。数码时代是第一步就把原始信号录成数码音频资料，然后用硬件或软件进行加工处理，这个过程相比模拟方法有无比的优越性，因为它几乎不会有任何损耗。对于机器来说只是处理一下数字而已，当然丢码的可能性也有，但只要操作合理就不会发生。最后把这堆数字信号传输给数字记录设备如CD等，损耗自然小很多了！如果我们注意一下身边的CD片就会看到很多CD都有如：ADD，AAD，DDD等标记。三个字母各代表该片在录音，编辑，成品三个过程中所使用的方法是模拟(Analog)的还是数字(Digital)的。当然A代表模拟，D代表数字。AAD就说明其录音和编辑是用模拟方式的，而最后灌片是用数字方式的，这类唱片多是将过去录制的音乐转成CD片而不做任何修改。ADD则是有一个修改过程，许多古典音乐大师的演奏或指挥多录制于模拟时代，我们现在听到的CD是经过修改后罐录的，很多这类唱片都有标记ADD。而DDD的唱片必然是较现代的录音品。自然，CD片必然以D结尾，而磁带可以姑且认为是AAA，虽然好像并没有这种说法。所以说，数码音频是我们保存声音信号，传输声音信号的一种方式，它的特点是信号不容易损失。而模拟信号是我们最后可以听到的东西。不过模拟信号的修改简直是一场灾难，损失太大了。有此僻好的格伦•古尔德若活到现在也会瞠目结舌的。而数码音频复制100遍也不会有损耗，不信大家COPY一个WAVE文件试试？数码录音最关键一步就是要把模拟信号转换为数码信号。就电脑而言是把模拟声音信号录制成为Wave文件，这个工作Windows自带的录音机也可以做到，但是它的功能十分有限，不能满足我们的需求，所以我们用其他专业音频软件代替，如Sound Forge等。录制出来的文件就是Wave文件，描述Wave文件主要有两个指标，一个是采样精度，另一个是比特率。这是数字音频制作中十分重要的两个概念，下面就来看一下吧。什么是采样精度？因为Wave是数码信号，它是用一堆数字来描述原来的模拟信号，所以它要对原来的模拟信号进行分析，我们知道所有的声音都有其波形，数码信号就是在原有的模拟信号波形上每隔一段时间进行一次“取点”，赋予每一个点以一个数值，这就是“采样”，然后把所有的“点”连起来就可以描述模拟信号了，很明显，在一定时间内取的点越多，描述出来的波形就越精确，这个尺度我们就称为“采样精度”。我们最常用的采样精度是。它的意思是每秒取样44100次，之所以使用这个数值是因为经过了反复实验，人们发现这个采样精度最合适，低于这个值就会有较明显的损失，而高于这个值人的耳朵已经很难分辨，而且增大了数字音频所占用的空间。一般为了达到“万分精确”，我们还会使用48k甚至96k的采样精度，实际上，96k采样精度和采样精度的区别绝对不会象和22k那样区别如此之大，我们所使用的CD的采样标准就是，目前还是一个最通行的标准，有些人认为96k将是未来录音界的趋势。采样精度提高应该是一件好事，可有时我也想，我们真的能听出96k采样精度制作的音乐与采样精度制作的音乐的区别吗？普通老百姓家里的音响能放出他们的区别吗？比特率是大家常听说的一个名词，数码录音一般使用16比特，20比特，24比特制作音乐，什么是“比特”？我们知道声音有轻有响，影响轻响的物理要素是振幅，作为数码录音，必须也要能精确表示乐曲的轻响，所以一定要对波形的振幅有一个精确的描述，“比特”就是这样一个单位，16比特就是指把波形的振幅划为216即65536个等级，根据模拟信号的轻响把它划分到某个等级中去，就可以用数字来表示了。和采样精度一样，比特率越高，越能细致地反映乐曲的轻响变化。20比特就可以产生1048576个等级，表现交响乐这类动态十分大的音乐已经没有什么问题了。刚才提到了一个名词“动态”，它其实指的是一首乐曲最响和最轻的对比能达到多少，我们也常说“动态范围”，单位是dB，而动态范围和我们录音时采用的比特率是紧密结合在一起的，如果我们使用了一个很低的比特率，那么我们就只有很少的等级可以用来描述音响的强弱，我们当然就不能听到大幅度的强弱对比了。动态范围和比特率的关系是；比特率每增加1比特，动态范围就增加6dB。所以假如我们使用1比特录音，那么我们的动态范围就只有6dB，这样的音乐是不可能听的。16比特时，动态范围是96dB。这可以满足一般的需求了。20比特时，动态范围是120dB，对比再强烈的交响乐都可以应付自如了，表现音乐的强弱是绰绰有余了。发烧级的录音师还使用24比特，但是和采样精度一样，它不会比20比特有很明显的变化，理论上24比特可以做到144 dB的动态范围，但实际上是很难达到的，因为任何设备都不可避免会产生噪音，至少在现阶段24比特很难达到其预期效果。音频格式以下是常见音频文件格式的特点。要在计算机内播放或是处理音频文件，也就是要对声音文件进行数、模转换，这个过程同样由采样和量化构成，人耳所能听到的声音，最低的频率是从20Hz起一直到最高频率20KHZ，20KHz以上人耳是听不到的，因此音频的最大带宽是20KHZ，故而采样速率需要介于40~50KHZ之间，而且对每个样本需要更多的量化比特数。音频数字化的标准是每个样本16位-96dB的信噪比，采用线性脉冲编码调制PCM，每一量化步长都具有相等的长度。在音频文件的制作中，正是采用这一标准。CD格式：天簌当今世界上音质最好的音频格式是什么？当然是CD了。因此要讲音频格式，CD自然是打头阵的先锋。在大多数播放软件的“打开文件类型”中，都可以看到＊.cda格式，这就是CD音轨了。标准CD格式也就是的采样频率，速率88K/秒，16位量化位数，因为CD音轨可以说是近似无损的，因此它的声音基本上是忠于原声的，因此如果你如果是一个音响发烧友的话，CD是你的首选。它会让你感受到天籁之音。CD光盘可以在CD唱机中播放，也能用电脑里的各种播放软件来重放。一个CD音频文件是一个＊.cda文件，这只是一个索引信息，并不是真正的包含声音信息，所以不论CD音乐的长短，在电脑上看到的“＊.cda文件”都是44字节长。注意：不能直接的复制CD格式的＊.cda文件到硬盘上播放，需要使用象EAC这样的抓音轨软件把CD格式的文件转换成WAV，这个转换过程如果光盘驱动器质量过关而且EAC的参数设置得当的话，可以说是基本上无损抓音频。推荐大家使用这种方法。WAV：无损是微软公司开发的一种声音文件格式，它符合 PIFFResource Interchange File Format 文件规范，用于保存WINDOWS平台的音频信息资源，被WINDOWS平台及其应用程序所支持。“*.WAV”格式支持MSADPCM、CCITT A LAW等多种压缩算法，支持多种音频位数、采样频率和声道，标准格式的WAV文件和CD格式一样，也是的采样频率，速率88K/秒，16位量化位数，看到了吧，WAV格式的声音文件质量和CD相差无几，也是目前PC机上广为流行的声音文件格式，几乎所有的音频编辑软件都“认识”WAV格式。这里顺便提一下由苹果公司开发的AIFF（Audio Interchange File Format）格式和为UNIX系统开发的AU格式，它们都和和WAV非常相像，在大多数的音频编辑软件中也都支持它们这几种常见的音乐格式。MP3：流行MP3格式诞生于八十年代的德国，所谓的MP3也就是指的是MPEG标准中的音频部分，也就是MPEG音频层。根据压缩质量和编码处理的不同分为3层，分别对应“*.mp1"/“*.mp2”/“*.mp3”这3种声音文件。需要提醒大家注意的地方是：MPEG音频文件的压缩是一种有损压缩，MPEG3音频编码具有10：1~12：1的高压缩率，同时基本保持低音频部分不失真，但是牺牲了声音文件中12KHz到16KHz高音频这部分的质量来换取文件的尺寸，相同长度的音乐文件，用＊.mp3格式来储存，一般只有＊.wav文件的1/10，而音质要次于CD格式或WAV格式的声音文件。由于其文件尺寸小，音质好；所以在它问世之初还没有什么别的音频格式可以与之匹敌，因而为＊.mp3格式的发展提供了良好的条件。直到现在，这种格式还是风靡一时，作为主流音频格式的地位难以被撼动。但是树大招风，MP3音乐的版权问题也一直是找不到办法解决，因为MP3没有版权保护技术，说白了也就是谁都可以用。MP3格式压缩音乐的采样频率有很多种，可以用64Kbps或更低的采样频率节省空间，也可以用320Kbps的标准达到极高的音质。我们用装有Fraunhofer IIS Mpeg Lyaer3的 MP3编码器（现在效果最好的编码器）MusicMatch Jukebox 在128Kbps的频率下编码一首3分钟的歌曲，得到的MP3文件。采用缺省的CBR（固定采样频率）技术可以以固定的频率采样一首歌曲，而VBR（可变采样频率）则可以在音乐“忙”的时候加大采样的频率获取更高的音质，不过产生的MP3文件可能在某些播放器上无法播放。我们把VBR的级别设定成为与前面的CBR文件的音质基本一样，生成的VBR MP3文件为。MIDI：作曲家最爱经常玩音乐的人应该常听到MIDI（Musical Instrument Digital Interface）这个词，MIDI允许数字合成器和其他设备交换数据。MID文件格式由MIDI继承而来。MID文件并不是一段录制好的声音，而是记录声音的信息，然后在告诉声卡如何再现音乐的一组指令。这样一个MIDI文件每存1分钟的音乐只用大约5～10KB。今天，MID文件主要用于原始乐器作品，流行歌曲的业余表演，游戏音轨以及电子贺卡等。＊.mid文件重放的效果完全依赖声卡的档次。＊.mid格式的最大用处是在电脑作曲领域。＊.mid文件可以用作曲软件写出，也可以通过声卡的MIDI口把外接音序器演奏的乐曲输入电脑里，制成＊.mid文件。WMA：最具实力WMA (Windows Media Audio) 格式是来自于微软的重量级选手，后台强硬，音质要强于MP3格式，更远胜于RA格式，它和日本YAMAHA公司开发的VQF格式一样，是以减少数据流量但保持音质的方法来达到比MP3压缩率更高的目的，WMA的压缩率一般都可以达到1：18左右，WMA的另一个优点是内容提供商可以通过DRM（Digital Rights Management）方案如Windows Media Rights Manager 7加入防拷贝保护。这种内置了版权保护技术可以限制播放时间和播放次数甚至于播放的机器等等，这对被盗版搅得焦头乱额的音乐公司来说可是一个福音，另外WMA还支持音频流(Stream)技术，适合在网络上在线播放，作为微软抢占网络音乐的开路先锋可以说是技术领先、风头强劲，更方便的是不用象MP3那样需要安装额外的播放器，而Windows操作系统和Windows Media Player的无缝捆绑让你只要安装了windows操作系统就可以直接播放WMA音乐，新版本的Windows Media 更是增加了直接把CD光盘转换为WMA声音格式的功能，在新出品的操作系统Windows XP中，WMA是默认的编码格式，大家知道Netscape的遭遇，现在“狼”又来了。WMA这种格式在录制时可以对音质进行调节。同一格式，音质好的可与CD媲美，压缩率较高的可用于网络广播。虽然现在网络上还不是很流行，但是在微软的大规模推广下已经是得到了越来越多站点的承认和大力支持，在网络音乐领域中直逼＊.mp3，在网络广播方面，也正在瓜分Real打下的天下。因此，几乎所有的音频格式都感受到了WMA格式的压力。RealAudio：流动旋律RealAudio主要适用于在网络上的在线音乐欣赏，现在大多数的用户仍然在使用56Kbps或更低速率的Modem，所以典型的回放并非最好的音质。有的下载站点会提示你根据你的Modem速率选择最佳的Real文件。现在real的的文件格式主要有这么几种：有RA（RealAudio）、RM（RealMedia，RealAudio G2）、RMX（RealAudio Secured），还有更多。这些格式的特点是可以随网络带宽的不同而改变声音的质量，在保证大多数人听到流畅声音的前提下，令带宽较富裕的听众获得较好的音质。近来随着网络带宽的普遍改善，Real公司正推出用于网络广播的、达到CD音质的格式。如果你的RealPlayer软件不能处理这种格式，它就会提醒你下载一个免费的升级包。许多音乐网站如 提供了歌曲的Real格式的试听版本。现在最新的版本是RealPlayer 。VQF：无人问津雅马哈公司另一种格式是＊.vqf，它的核心是减少数据流量但保持音质的方法来达到更高的压缩比，可以说技术上也是很先进的，但是由于宣传不力，这种格式难有用武之地。＊.vqf可以用雅马哈的播放器播放。同时雅马哈也提供从＊.wav文件转换到＊.vqf文件的软件。 此文件缺少特点外加缺乏宣传，现在几乎已经宣布死刑了。OGG：新生代音频格式ogg格式完全开源，完全免费， 和mp3不相上下的新格式。前途无量时下的MP3支持格式最常见的是MP3和WMA。MP3由于是有损压缩，因此讲求采样率，一般是。另外，还有比特率，即数据流，一般为8---320KBPS。在MP3编码时，还看看它是否支持可变比特率（VBR），现在出的MP3机大部分都支持，这样可以减小有效文件的体积。WMA则是微软力推的一种音频格式，相对来说要比MP3体积更小。音频处理一、音频媒体的数字化处理随着计算机技术的发展，特别是海量存储设备和大容量内存在PC机上的实现，对音频媒体进行数字化处理便成为可能。数字化处理的核心是对音频信息的采样，通过对采集到的样本进行加工，达成各种效果，这是音频媒体数字化处理的基本含义。二、音频媒体的基本处理基本的音频数字化处理包括以下几种：不同采样率、频率、通道数之间的变换和转换。其中变换只是简单地将其视为另一种格式，而转换通过重采样来进行，其中还可以根据需要采用插值算法以补偿失真。针对音频数据本身进行的各种变换，如淡入、淡出、音量调节等。通过数字滤波算法进行的变换，如高通、低通滤波器。三、音频媒体的三维化处理长期以来，计算机的研究者们一直低估了声音对人类在信息处理中的作用。当虚拟技术不断发展之时，人们就不再满足单调平面的声音，而更催向于具有空间感的三维声音效果。听觉通道可以与视觉通道同时工作，所以声音的三维化处理不仅可以表达出声音的空间信息，而且与视觉信息的多通道的结合可以创造出极为逼真的虚拟空间，这在未来的多媒体系统中是极为重要的。这也是在媒体处理方面的重要措施。人类感知声源的位置的最基本的理论是双工理论，这种理论基于两种因素：两耳间声音的到达时间差和两耳间声音的强度差。时间差是由于距离的原因造成，当声音从正面传来，距离相等，所以没有时间差，但若偏右三度则到达右耳的时间就要比左耳约少三十微秒，而正是这三十微秒，使得我们辨别出了声源的位置。强度差是由于信号的衰减造成，信号的衰减是因为距离而自然产生的，或是因为人的头部遮挡，使声音衰减，产生了强度的差别，使得靠近声源一侧的耳朵听到的声音强度要大于另一耳。基于双工理论，同样地，只要把一个普通的双声道音频在两个声道之间进行相互混合，便可以使普通双声道声音听起来具有三维音场的效果。这涉及到以下有关音场的两个概念：音场的宽度和深度。音场的宽度利用时间差的原理完成，由于现在是对普通立体声音频进行扩展，所以音源的位置始终在音场的中间不变，这样就简化了我们的工作。要处理的就只有把两个声道的声音进行适当的延时和强度减弱后相互混合。由于这样的扩展是有局限性的，即延时不能太长，否则就会变为回音。音场的深度利用强度差的原理完成，具体的表现形式是回声．音场越深，则回音的延时就越长．所以在回音的设置中应至少提供三个参数：回音的衰减率、回音的深度和回音之间的延时。同时，还应该提供用于设置另一通道混进来的声音深度的多少的选项。

1、打印图片；2、打印时选择“Microsoft Office Document Image Writer”虚拟打印机（安装OFFICE2003时自带）；3、保存为“mid”文件后，双击打开，使用“发送到word”工具即可。

论文投稿时一般要求附带一篇“Cover Letter”，好的“Cover Letter”不仅可以使文章锦上添花，更有可能直接决定论文是否被录用。本人切身体会，以已发表论文为例，现将其写法经验归纳如下：Dear Editor,We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "论文题目", which we wish to be considered for publication in 期刊名.The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of yourjournal. First, 论文亮点, 论文亮点 you very much for your time and yours,作者名注意点：论文亮点一定要简洁明了，一定要有创新，突出你的文章与其它已发表论文的区别。这是 Cover Letter 的主要内容。

关于“Modern Architecture”的 Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building. 1. Origins Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions. Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland. Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau. Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. 2. Modernism as Dominant Style By the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology. Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture. In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style. This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984. Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles. Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism. Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.