学术论文result写在开头

每一篇实验研究性文章的结果部分，都会有不同的Results，也会有不同的Figures，每一个figure里面又会有不同的picture。本文就将对Result的常用句式进行总结。 首先是英文时态： 结果部分的写作是 SCI论文写作的第一步，单从英文写作的角度讲这部分很容易写，我们要做的只是要去 描述实验结果 ，这一部分只需要一种时态—— 过去时 。 在结果描述的过程中，我们还需要 分段总结 实验结果，使每段内容的含义更好的被理解，这些总结的语句一般用 一般现在时 。 结果部分还需要一些 承上启下的连接语句 ，或者补充 introduction中没讲完全的内容时，其时态需要 单独分析 。 此外，将常用句式主要分为9个部分： 一.做这个result的最初目的，为什么要做这个实验？二.对result中的图表进行描述和解释三.强调某一结果的重要性四.开始讨论一个阳性的结果五.开始讨论一个阴性的结果六.报告阳性or阴性的相互作用七.强调这个发现是一个有趣的、令人惊讶的结果八.过渡语句九.对Result进行分段总结The standard approach to this section of a research article or dissertation is to present and describe the results in a systematic and detailed way.  When reporting qualitative results , the researcher will highlight and comment on the themes that emerge from the analysis. These comments will often be illustrated with excerpts from the raw data. In text based studies, this may comprise quotations from primary sources. 即首先要点明这个这一部分的Result的主题，得到了一个什么样的结论，再用一些原始数据或者引用参考的数据来支持这一结果。 In quantitative studies, the results section is likely to consist of tables and figures , and writers comment on the significant data shown in these . This often takes the form of the location or summary statement, which identifies the table or figure and indicates its content, and a highlighting statement or statements, which point out and describe the relevant or significant data. Result部分里面应该包含图片和表格，文中应该对这一部分的数据进行解释。对每一个图表都应该有其对应的称述或解释，并且文字要有指向性，指向某一个具体的小picture。 All figures and tables should be numbered and given a title . 每个图表都需要编号，并且有一个title。 More elaborate commentary on the results is normally restricted to the Discussion section. In research articles, however, authors may comment extensively on their results as they are presented, and it is not uncommon for the Results section to be combined with the Discussion section under the heading: Results and Discussion.有些文章的result里只是对结果进行描述，但是具体的讨论会放到一个专门的Discussion部分；而有些文章会将Result和Discussion放在一起。这个要具体对待。 接下来是一些常用句式： The first set of questions aimed to … xxx experiment  was performed to identify/demonstrate xxx. To explore the function of xxx, we did compare the difference between … The purpose of Experiment 3 was to … Simple statistical analysis was used to … The next question asked the informants … To assess X, the Y questionnaire was used. Changes in X and Y were compared using … Regression analysis was used to predict the … To distinguish between these two possibilities, … The first set of analyses examined the impact of … The correlation between X and Y was tested using … T-tests were used to analyse the relationship between … The average scores of X and Y were compared in order to … In order to assess Z, repeated-measures ANOVAs were used... Nine items on the questionnaire measured the extent to which … 下面给了一些万能句式：涵盖了不同的主谓宾形式，可根据句子的长短以及具体的内容进行选择。 Decreased mRNA/protein levels  of xxx were observed in xxx mRNA analysis of xxx, showed significant increases of  xxx. RT-PCR analysis showed a higher expression level of xxx mRNA in xxx than in xxx. xxx treatment affected something, indicating the role for xxx. Drug A application increased xxx We purified total RNA from U2OS cells and added increasing concentrations of this RNA to G3BP1 protein in vitro in the absence of Ficoll and found that this RNA strongly promoted LLPS of G3BP1 This finding was consistent with the previous finding that xxx. Our data demonstrated that xxx plays a role in xxx Ligation and puncture in mice resulted in xxx. The number of cells surrounding the xxx was increased. The increase in the expression of xxx was abrogated upon xxx treatment. The elevation in the expression of xxx was decreased upon xxx treatment. What stands out in the table is … Closer inspection of the table shows … It is apparent from this table that very few … The most interesting aspect of this graph is … In there is a clear trend of decreasing … What is striking about the figures in this table is … What is interesting about the data in this table is that … The differences between X and Y are highlighted in Table 4. From the chart, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for … From this data, we can see that Study 2 resulted in the lowest value of … This table is quite revealing in several ways. First, unlike the other tables … From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that the length of time left between … Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table which shows … As Table III shows, there is a significant difference (t = , p = ) between the two groups. The mean score for X was … Further analysis showed that … Further statistical tests revealed … A two-way ANOVA revealed that … On average, Xs were shown to have … Strong evidence of X was found when … This result is significant at the p = level. The results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that … A positive correlation was found between X and Y. There was a significant positive correlation between … The difference between the X and Y groups was significant. There was a significant difference in X, t(11) = , p< There was a significant difference between the two conditions … Respondents who reported low levels of X also reported significantly lower levels of Y. No increase in X was detected. No difference greater than X was observed. No significant differences were found between … None of these differences were statistically significant. No significant difference between the two groups was evident. No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo. No evidence was found for non-linear associations between X and Y. No significant correlation was found between X scores and the Y scores (p = .274) X appeared to be unaffected by Y. Only trace amounts of X were detected in … There was no evidence that X has an influence on … The Chi-square test did not show any significant differences between … Overall, X did not affect males and females differently in these measures. A clear benefit of X in the prevention of Y could not be identified in this analysis. T-tests found no significant differences in mean scores on the X and Y subscales. Stimulation of X cells with Y did not increase the … With successive increases in intensity of the X, the Y moved further to … Following the addition of X, a significant increase ( P <) in the Y was recorded. When X cells were stimulated with Y, no significant difference in the number of Z was detected. Interestingly, the X was observed to … This result is somewhat counterintuitive . Interestingly, this correlation is related to … The more surprising correlation is with the … Surprisingly, only a minority of respondent s … The most surprising aspect of the data is in the … The correlation between X and Y is interesting because … The most striking result to emerge from the data is that … Interestingly, there were also differences in the ratios of … The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was …除了描述结果和总结结果，在结果部分还需要用一些承上启下的语句，其目的就是把各个 部分的结果连接起来，让整个结果部分变成一个连贯的整体，就好像在讲一个完整的故事 一样，这样才方便读者阅读理解。常用的句式和段落承接方法有： If we now turn to … A comparison of the two results reveals … Turning now to the experimental evidence on … Comparing the two results, it can be seen that … The next section of the survey was concerned with … In the final part of the survey, respondents were asked … Previous report that xxx, led us to assess the effect of xxx on xxx. We next asked whether xxx was required for xxx process. Having shown that xxx, we thus speculate that xxx. According to the finding that xxx, one may note that xxx, so we performed xxx experiment. Having demonstrated that, we investigated that xxx. To discover additional xxx, we conducted xxx experiment. 为了让我们的结果更容易被理解，最好每一小段文字的结尾都有一句总结的文字，顺便还 可以解释一下实验结果说明了什么 对一小段文字进行总结： Therefore, the goal of this study is to demonstrate xxx. Thus, xxx signaling pathway could be a novel target for the treatment of xxx These results suggest that xxx mediates xxx and the subsequent downstream signaling events. Taken together, our data indicate that xxx. These results suggest that … Overall, these results indicate that … In summary, these results show that … In summary, for the informants in this study, … Together these results provide important insights into … Taken together, these results suggest that there is an association between … The results in this chapter indicate that … The next chapter, therefore, moves on to discuss the …

一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。④参考文献：1、英语论文中，参考书目里作者的名字该按什么名字写？比如说Christine（教名） Anne（自取名） Alexander（姓）该怎么写答案：我的论文指导手册里是这样说的，英文作者跟中文作者一样，姓在前，名在后。而且，名字用首字母缩写的方法。像你说的那个名字，Alexander C. 、期刊以时间分为卷和期。卷是在期之上的一个时间分类。这里“期”为1个年度中依时间顺序发行的期数的编号；而“卷”是此刊物从创刊年度开始按年度顺序逐年累加的编年号。

本科生一般到了大三的下半年或大四，就应该准备论文了，论文编写一般分为4个阶段，即准备阶段、写作阶段、修改阶段、校对阶段。1. 查找、阅读文献，用文献管理软件管理。一般一个完整的研究都是从查找和阅读文献开始的，通过阅读大量的文献，你才有关于做什么研究（主题）、怎么做研究（方法）和研究假设的想法。找文献，国内学校基本上是百链2. 写proposal. 就是把1里提到的成文，包括intro (含假设)、method和data analysis (预计要怎么分析数据)。如果这个写得好，那正式的文章会稍微省一点力。至于intro怎么写，请看答案最后的图3. 伦理委员会审批。不是所有学科都要，而且这个在中国尤其儿戏，约等于无，所以我见过违反研究伦理的研究。4. 做预研究。对小样本（小样本有多小不同学科不同、不同研究主题也不同）收集数据，并按照之前的想法进行数据预分析。如果趋势和假设一致，继续进行正式研究。如果没趋势或者趋势和假设反了，或者重新找文献，看是不是有自己漏了的因素没考虑；或者改善研究方法（数据收集方法）5. 正式研究，收集数据。在过程中或许也可以进行阶段性的数据分析6. 数据分析。先用proposal里设想的方法来分析，如果比较容易得出符合假设或者部分符合假设的结果，就可以开始写。如果没啥结果，就慢慢数据挖掘吧..试用各种各样方法来分析，有可能有新发现，也有可能没有7. 根据数据结果完善intro。如果之前写了proposal，这个时候就是完善。如果没写，就是重头开始写。一般而言，更为重要的是研究里用到的变量之间的关系（而不是这些变量本身），在此前有什么研究涉及到。题主在这一步，可能很多时候在导师手里接到项目也是从收集数据开始到这一步开始写。同时，去找拟投稿杂志的格式要求和文章来看，模仿格式、风格之余，按照格式要求来写。8. 按method、result、discussion、abstract的顺序完成文章。method和result是最好写的。result按照假设的结构来写；discussion以result为基础同时看着intro来写，但是和intro结构倒置，具体还是看答案最后的图。9. 初稿完成，然后做好起码改5次的准备。至于英语，没有想象的那么困难。初稿的时候就想着把东西写出来，是完整的句子，前一句和后一句接得上就行了。初稿之后慢慢改吧..特别是第一次写如果真的觉得很难开始，就先写method、result，然后再写intro，然后discussion.但是熟练之后不推荐这么做，一来其实有点不符合伦理，二来其实这样写出来的文章质量可能会比按顺序写的稍差期间最好还要不断征求一下老师意见，最好也听听导员有什么想法。