英语论文学术表达有哪些

据学术堂了解，英文表达有16种时态,论文中要用到的时态主要有一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时.一般现在时：主要用于不受时间限制的客观存在事实的描述,或发生或存在于写论文之时的感觉、状态、关系等的描述或致谢的表述等.值得 注意的是,出于尊重,凡是他人已经发表的研究成果作为previously established knowledge,在引述时普遍都用一般现在时.一般过去时：用于写论文中作者自己所做工作的描述.例如描述自己的材料、方法和结果.现在完成时：完成时少用.现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来.比如在介绍研究方法、分析某个问题或提出某个论证时,使用一般现在时.在叙述对本人或他人近期的工作或认识时,采用一般过去时或过去完成时.叙述结论或提出建议时,可使用一般现在时以及使用may,should,could等助动词.例如,当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时,而不用一般过去时.This paper describes The focus of this paper is Figure 1 shows Most of the mon condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.结论部分可以使用过去时强调过去的研究成果,采用现在时或将来时表达未来的研究方向或研究前景.Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area,from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets andrelated concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature ofthe problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membershipfunctions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem,various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, anentirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service timewith stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzyservice rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx andxxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given withspecial regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodologyof action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity ofsystems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for itsimportance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decisionmaking logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includesxxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can beexpressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that areused in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way,including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory inthe analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of humandecision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing offuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 whileSection 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying theproposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach tocost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model ofmemory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of theresults of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xxand illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzyset model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas forfurther work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for theirchoice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of awhole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptionswhich a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation anduniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when thedomain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empiricalstudy currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to constructmembership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through thetwo kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment underwhich MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies andnotations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into thecomputer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practicalapplications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in thenext section. 4. The three components will be described in the next twosection, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system willthen illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in thefollowing sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that isuseful for arguments based on xx查尔斯沃思论文润色提供公 众号：lunwen64