primates期刊最新论文

Primary colors are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors. For human applications, three primary colors are usually used, since human color vision is additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in CRT displays, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. For subtractive combination of colors, as in mixing of pigments or dyes, such as in printing, the primaries normally used are cyan, magenta, and yellow,[1] though the set of red, yellow, blue is popular among artists.[2] See RGB color model, CMYK color model, and RYB color model for more on these popular sets of primary choice of primary colors is essentially arbitrary; for example, an early color photographic process, autochrome, typically used orange, green, and violet primaries.[3]The most commonly used additive color primaries are the secondary colors of the most commonly used subtractive color primaries, and vice colors are not a fundamental property of light but are often related to the physiological response of the eye to light. Fundamentally, light is a continuous spectrum of the wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye, an infinite-dimensional stimulus space.[4] However, the human eye normally contains only three types of color receptors, called cone cells. Each color receptor responds to different ranges of the color spectrum. Humans and other species with three such types of color receptors are known as trichromats. These species respond to the light stimulus via a three-dimensional sensation, which generally can be modeled as a mixture of three primary colors.[4]Before the nature of colorimetry and visual physiology were well understood, scientists such as Thomas Young, James Clark Maxwell, and Hermann von Helmholtz expressed various opinions about what should be the three primary colors to describe the three primary color sensations of the eye.[5] Young originally proposed red, green, and violet, and Maxwell changed violet to blue; Helmholtz proposed "a slightly purplish red, a vegetation-green, slightly yellowish (wave-length about 5600 tenth-metres), and an ultramarine-blue (about 4820)".[6] In modern understanding, the human cone cells do not correspond to any real primary with different numbers of receptor cell types would have color vision requiring a different number of primaries. For example, for species known as tetrachromats, with four different color receptors, one would use four primary colors. Since humans can only see to 400 nanometers (violet), but tetrachromats can see into the ultraviolet to about 300 nanometers, this fourth primary color might be located in the shorter-wavelength birds and marsupials are tetrachromats, and it has been suggested that some human females are tetrachromats as well[7][8], having an extra variant version of the long-wave (L) cone type.[9] The peak response of human color receptors varies, even among individuals with "normal" color vision[10]; in non-human species this polymorphic variation is even greater, and it may well be adaptive[11]. Most mammals other than primates have only two types of color receptors and are therefore dichromats; to them, there are only two primary would be incorrect to assume that the world "looks tinted" to an animal (or human) with anything other than the human standard of three color receptors. To an animal (or human) born that way, the world would look normal to it, but the animal's ability to detect and discriminate colors would be different from that of a human with normal color vision. If a human and an animal both look at a natural color, they see it as natural; however, if both look at a color reproduced via primary colors, such as on a color television screen, the human may see it as matching the natural color, while the animal does not; in this sense, reproduction of color via primaries must be "tuned" to the color vision system of the that combine emitted lights to create the sensation of a range of colors are using the additive color system. Typically, the primary colors used are red, green, and blue.[12]Television and other computer and video displays are a common example of the use of additive primaries and the RGB color model. The exact colors chosen for the primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors (including considerations such as cost and power usage) and the need for large color triangle to allow a large gamut of colors. The ITU-R primaries are 1931 RGB color triangle with monochromatic primariesAdditive mixing of red and green light produces shades of yellow, orange, or brown.[13] Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple, including magenta. Mixing nominally equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey or white; the color space that is generated is called an RGB color CIE 1931 color space defines monochromatic primary colors with wavelengths of nm (violet), nm (green) and 700 nm (red). The corners of the color triangle are therefore on the spectral locus, and the triangle is about as big as it can be. No real display device uses such primaries, as the extreme wavelengths used for violet and red result in a very low luminous article: RYB color modelRYB (red, yellow, and blue) is a historical set of subtractive primary colors. It is primarily used in art and art education, particularly painting.[14] It predates modern scientific color RYB Color WheelRYB make up the primary color triad in a standard color wheel; the secondary colors VOG (violet, orange, and green) make up another triad. Triads are formed by 3 equidistant colors on a particular color wheel; neither RYB nor VOG is equidistant on a perceptually uniform color wheel, but rather have been defined to be equidistant in the RYB wheel.[15]Painters have long used more than three "primary" colors in their palettes—and at one point considered red, yellow, blue, and green to be the four primaries[16]. Red, yellow, blue, and green are still widely considered the four psychological primary colors,[17] though red, yellow, and blue are sometimes listed as the three psychological primaries [18], with black and white occasionally added as a fourth and fifth [19].During the 18th century, as theorists became aware of Isaac Newton’s scientific experiments with light and prisms, red, yellow, and blue became the canonical primary colors—supposedly the fundamental sensory qualities that are blended in the perception of all physical colors and equally in the physical mixture of pigments or dyes. This theory became dogma, despite abundant evidence that red, yellow, and blue primaries cannot mix all other colors, and has survived in color theory to the present day.[20]Using red, yellow, and blue as primaries yields a relatively small gamut, in which, among other problems, colorful greens, cyans, and magentas are impossible to mix, because red, yellow, and blue are not well-spaced around a perceptually uniform color wheel. For this reason, modern three- or four-color printing processes, as well as color photography, use cyan, yellow, and magenta as primaries instead.[21] Most painters include colors in their palettes which cannot be mixed from yellow, red, and blue paints, and thus do not fit within the RYB color model. Some who do use a three-color palette opt for the more evenly spaced cyan, yellow, and magenta used by printers, and others paint with 6 or more colors to widen their gamuts.[22] The cyan, magenta, and yellow used in printing are sometimes known as "process blue," "process red," "process yellow."[23][edit] CMYK color model, or four-color printingMain article: CMYK color modelIn the printing industry, to produce the varying colors the subtractive primaries cyan, magenta, and yellow are applied together in varying amounts. Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use, these primaries were often known as blue-green and purple, or in some circles as blue and red, respectively, and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies.[24]Subtractive color mixing – the magenta and cyan primaries are sometimes called purple and blue-green, or red and blueMixing yellow and cyan produces green colors; mixing yellow with magenta produces reds, and mixing magenta with cyan produces blues. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should produce grey, resulting in black when all three are applied in sufficient density, but in practice they tend to produce muddy brown colors. For this reason, and to save ink and decrease drying times, a fourth pigment, black, is often used in addition to cyan, magenta, and resulting model is the so-called CMYK color model. The abbreviation stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, and key—black is referred to as the key color, a shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image, usually in black ink.[25]In practice, colorant mixtures in actual materials such as paint tend to be more complex. Brighter or more saturated colors can be created using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic creates a dark cyan—something which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly the subtractive model, adding white to a color, whether by using less colorant or by mixing in a reflective white pigment such as zinc oxide, does not change the color’s hue but does reduce its saturation. Subtractive color printing works best when the surface or paper is white, or close to system of subtractive color does not have a simple chromaticity gamut analogous to the RGB color triangle, but a gamut that must be described in three dimensions. There are many ways to visualize such models, using various 2D chromaticity spaces or in 3D color spacesNotes and references^ Matthew Luckiesh (1915). Color and Its Applications. D. Van Nostrand company. pp. 58, 221. . ^ Chris Grimley and Mimi Love (2007). Color, space, and style: all the details interior designers need to know but can never find. Rockport Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 9781592532278. . ^ Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page (1908). The World's Work: Volume XV: A History of Our Time. Doubleday, Page & Company. . ^ a b Michael I. Sobel (1989). Light. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–62. ISBN 0226767515. . ^ Edward Albert Sharpey-Schäfer (1900). Text-book of physiology. 2. Y. J. Pentland. p. 1107. . ^ Alfred Daniell (1904). A text book of the principles of physics. Macmillan and Co. p. 575. . ^ Backhaus, Kliegl & Werner "Color vision, perspectives from different disciplines" (De Gruyter, 1998), , section . ^ Pr. Mollon (Cambridge university), Pr. Jordan (Newcastle university) "Study of women heterozygote for colour difficiency" (Vision Research, 1993) ^ M. Neitz, T. W. Kraft, and J. Neitz (1998). "Expression of L cone pigment gene subtypes in females". Vision Research 38: 3221–3225. doi:(98)00076-5. ^ Neitz, Jay & Jacobs, Gerald H. (1986). "Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision." Nature. 323, 623-625. ^ Jacobs, Gerald H. (1996). "Primate photopigments and primate color vision." PNAS. 93 (2), 577–581. ^ Thomas D. Rossing and Christopher J. Chiaverina (1999). Light science: physics and the visual arts. Birkhäuser. p. 178. ISBN 9780387988276. . ^ "Some Experiments on Color", Nature 111, 1871, in John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). Scientific Papers. University Press. . ^ Tom Fraser and Adam Banks (2004). Designer’s Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Color Theory and Application. Chronicle Books. ISBN 081184210X. . ^ Stephen Quiller (2002). Color Choices. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0823006972. . ^ For instance Leonardo da Vinci wrote of these four simple colors in his notebook circa 1500. See Rolf Kuenhi. “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007. ^ Resultby Leslie D. Stroebel, Ira B. Current (2000). Basic Photographic Materials and Processes. Focal Press. ISBN 0240803450. . ^ MS Sharon Ross , Elise Kinkead (2004). Decorative Painting & Faux Finishes. Creative Homeowner. ISBN 1580111793. . ^ Swirnoff, Lois (2003). Dimensional Color. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393731022. . ^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Do ‘Primary’ Colors Exist?” (Material Trichromacy section). Handprint. Accessed 10 August 2007. ^ “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007. ^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Secondary Palette.” Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007. For general discussion see Bruce MacEvoy. “Mixing With a Color Wheel” (Saturation Costs section). Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007. ^ Cheap Brochure Printing - Process Blue / Process Red / Process Yellow / Process Black ^ Ervin Sidney Ferry (1921). General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. . ^ Frank S. Henry (1917). Printing for School and Shop: A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation Classes, and for General use in Schools. John Wiley & Sons. . ^ See the google image results for “cmyk gamut” for examples. 不知这个可不可以当做论文

Zoos are an unsuitable environment for wild animals and should, therefore, be abolished. Firstly, zoo animals are kept in a very confined area compared with their vast natural habitat. Secondly, breeding programmes are far less successful than zoos claim. Thirdly, zoo animals are exposed to many diseases and other dangers. Zoo animals are usually kept in very cramped enclosures and do not behave like their wild counterparts. Polar bears, for example, are given about 10 metres of walking space whereas in their Arctic home they roam for many hundreds of kilometres. Similarly, primates, big cats and birds are often confined in cages where they lack exercise and stimulation. Many animals develop unnatural habits such as pacing back and forth or swaying from side to side. Supporters of zoos argue that they help to conserve endangered species, but in fact they are not very good at this. Even the world famous panda breeding programme has been very costly and unsuccessful. Also, zoo life does not prepare animals for the challenges of life in the wild. For example, two rare lynxes released into the wild in Colorado died from starvation even though the area was full of hares, which are a lynx’s natural prey. The zoo is an unnatural environment that exposes animals to numerous dangers. Diseases often spread between species that would never live together naturally. For example, many Asian elephants have died in US zoos after catching herpes from African elephants. Furthermore, zoo animals are often exposed to chemicals, solvents and other toxic substances. Finally, it is common for visitors to tease and provoke caged animals. In conclusion, therefore, it is not true to say that zoos are educational or that they help to protect endangered species. In reality, they only teach us how wild animals behave when they are confined in small spaces. Breeding programmes provide zoos with good publicity, but in fact most of them are failures. Finally, zoo animals are probably more at risk of dying from disease or poisoning than their wild counterparts. It is time that we abolished these cruel institutions!

千寻君来回答。

奇幻影视剧中经常可以看到跨越种族的爱恋，比如人与神、人与鬼甚至地球人与外星人。现实生活中，神鬼外星人都不无踪影，能和人类跨种群产生友情的只有动物，尤其是一些宠物，像猫狗马鸟等。

在自然界中，动物们为了生存而拼尽全力，但在残酷的战场之下，仍有一些温情的光辉，动物们只要吃饱了，感到安全了就不会进行无谓的搏杀，因此，动物之间也不乏跨越种族的友谊，但多数出现在动物园里。

2001年，美国警察在缉毒时从一个毒枭的地下室了发现了三只动物，分别是美洲黑熊、孟加拉虎和非洲狮，它们在两个月大的时候就被从黑市上买来，身体状况很差。

它们被送到佐治亚州一家营救中心里， 美洲黑熊取名为巴洛，孟加拉虎取名为shere khan（可能取自《丛林之书》中的谢利可汗），雌非洲狮取名为里奥，三者一直形影不离，关系很好，共同生活了十几年，至今还生活在一起。

从体型来看，巴洛是雄性，老虎是雌性，狮子自然不用说，如果狮子老虎是性别不同的话，巴洛就要成电灯泡了。 美洲黑熊的寿命比狮子老虎长很多，可能再过几年就只剩下巴洛了。

前几天看到一篇文章让我非常吃惊，一只和东北虎成为好朋友的山羊于11月5日死亡，它叫蒂穆尔， 在2015年俄罗斯滨海野生动物园里，被当做活食投喂给一头东北虎，但是东北虎却没有杀死它。 这只东北虎此前吃过不少山羊，但不知它为何放过了蒂穆尔，这一幕让饲养员都大吃一惊，从此之后，他们不再给这头东北虎喂食山羊。 蒂穆尔也成为大明星，被誉为“世界上第一只驯服老虎的山羊”。

东北虎和蒂穆尔都是雄性，动物园也给他们各自安排了配偶，他们之间也发生过几次冲突，有一次老虎把山羊打成重伤，山羊被治好后动物园又让它们生活在一起，两者在一起生活了足足四年。

美国佛州坦帕一家动物园为猎豹Kasi和拉布拉多犬Mtani成为好朋友。

澳大利亚考夫斯港的海豚Jet和海狮Miri成为好朋友。

一只花豹在舔舐一只美洲狮。

雌性孟加拉虎和雌性美洲豹成了一对姐妹花

薮猫和狞猫

美洲豹和花豹

动物界的“交际花”水豚，可以和除美洲豹、鳄鱼、水蚺之外的其它动物和平共处。

一只躺在河滩上睡觉的斑鬣狗遭一头河马“强吻”

一只表情失落的母狮和一只眼神充满爱意的公鬣狗。

斑鬣狗名声很差，实则是一种性格温和的动物，它们在食物充足或者感到没有威胁时是不会发起攻击的。动物学家多次发现鬣狗群和落单的年老母狮一起进食。

由此可见，动物之间的关系就如人类 社会 一样，是非常复杂的。

在我们印象中，似乎不同物种之间，很难有友谊，而且类似于犀牛和犀鸟之类的关系也被认为是 利益驱动 。

在食物充沛、环境舒适的前提下，捕食者与被捕食者之间也能建立起深厚的友谊！

在美国俄克拉荷马州的一个动物园内，有一头狮子，它的后肢是残疾的，性格上就很孤僻，它也无法融入其它狮群。为了解决它日益消瘦的问题，饲养员破天荒想出了用狗狗来陪伴它的办法。

让人惊讶的是：狮子与小狗Milo一见如故，一起生活，一起吃饭，它们一直相处得非常融洽。

另外，像是猫和小鸡、鹿和鹅、大象和羊等和谐相处的关系，在世界各地屡见不鲜——

跨物种不仅有友谊，甚至还能发展出“爱情”？

在日本，麋鹿和猕猴可以说是网红级的动物，很多地方鹿和猕猴也相处十分融洽，尤其是猕猴帮麋鹿捉身上的虱子，可以说是互惠互利的典型。

但，在日本屋久岛，曾多次发现公猕猴骑到雌麋鹿身上的情况。这种跨物种交配案例，相关论文刊登在《灵长类》(Primates)期刊。

人类最忠实的朋友:犬。

经过几千年的细心训化，犬终于成为人类的贴心奴仆。

警犬，看着凶恶无比，正义的守护神，坏人的克星。

搜救犬，总是在危险中，不顾生命危险，冲锋险阵，在废墟中搜救遇难人员。

缉毒犬，凭着灵敏的嗅觉，把毒犯揭穿，使毒品消灭在路间。

牧羊犬，每天都在看护着羊群，不受野狼侵犯。

看家犬，为了家园，酷暑严寒，昼夜值班。

更有义犬，终生为主人陪伴。

现在的城市农村，也有宠物爱犬，为孤独老人作伴共度晚年。

犬，人类的忠实朋友，受到人们称赞。但也有不齿人言的鹰犬，走狗总是受世人责难。

世界那么大，很神秘且奇妙，无其不有！

有些神奇已变为现实，有些依然在未发现中！

物种！物可指植物，动物两大类。

在生活过程中，我们发现一些不同物种的动物，的确关系很亲密，不但一起同食，也一起同宿，恋情如同类。

这些动物如牛羊马，猪鸡鸭及狗猫等等。

我们想一下，不同物种起源或许真实不同，但在长期生活中，因生活方式或生活的需要，长期以来接近，形成一个共同生活目标的同类心态，和不同物之间语言共识，造成了互不伤害，相互依赖生活兴趣部落基源和人类训教收养有不可分割关系。

我们仔细观察，不同物种具有亲密关系的一个最大动态，就是食欲相同，与人类生活近身。是否是人类生活的和谐高级信号赋予了这些切近人类生活的家禽家畜低级动物呢。

不知道，人类把狗还有蛇(少数，不是常态，大型无毒蛇)，当成宠物或朋友，是不是沟通，或互动。

当然，人是高级动物。是有道德等级心理功能的，美丑标准认知制约行动。

大型哺乳动物之间，是没有 情感 ，这是少数现象，自然生存与生命生存法则。

性行为是有的，比喻一只猴子与一只母鹿，(有摄影图片见证过的)，这是沟通吗？人不是动物，只能用现象去表达本质，是否确定？

和诣，是一种时间的心理默契理解，也许，这就是 情感 态度，融合的反映。长时间相处，时光会和心灵犀的。性的的行动，有时也不定是感情。感情是一种长时间的心理互动与认知。

有些冲动的行为，是兽性的需求。这并不是 情感 沟通的生活，是一种心理或生理需求。

情感 是长期的，而性只是偶尔的一瞬间。

不同物种只见成为朋友的有，但是不多，最多的还是人类和各种动物之间的友谊，我们见得最多的就是人与狗了。

动物界里面的跨物种的友谊有没有就不知道了，但是跨物种的母爱是有的，比如失去孩子的猫给小狗喂奶，但是对于自然界中的动物来说跨物种的友谊估计是没有的，当然，人为干预的就不算了，在自然界里面的动物，不是群居生活就是独自生活，群居生活的动物都是同一个种类或者以家族为单位生活在一起的，他们是比较排外的，一切企图接近他们的其他物种都会被排斥的。而独居的动物就更不用说了他们都是独行侠，他们一般不是胆小就是很凶猛，几乎不存在友情的问题。

从另外一个方面来说，就是能成为朋友的动物体型应该是相当的，至少差别不大。因为一只老虎如何和一只蚂蚁成为朋友？其次就是他们的生活环境差不多，一只生活在陆地上的兔子和生活在水里的鱼怎么会成为朋友？那么问题来了，符合这两个条件的动物们就会存在的各种关系，唯独除了友谊。生活在同一区域的动物也就意味着他们的餐桌也都在同一个区域，那么，体型相当的食肉动物互成为争夺食物的对手，甚至互相成为食物，食肉的跟食草的会是狩猎关系，食草的跟食草的之间可能在食物充沛的时节不会有冲突但是也不会成为朋友。

当然，有的动物之间会存在合作关系，比如沙漠蜥蜴与蝎子，犀牛与犀鸟等等，这也不是友谊，而是为了生存，各取所需。

当然在人类眼里的人狗情在狗的眼里是不是友谊就只有狗知道了！

人和汪星人的故事，太多的就是对主人的忠实。汪星人是主人最可靠的朋友，主人有难冲在前面的第一就是汪星人。用生命保护着主人的安危还是汪星人，这是用实事验证了的。我们的中华田园犬首当期例，因它是我们的先人用了上千年培育出来的优良犬种。不要把它们抛弃要用心对待这样懂事的汪星朋友吧，因它们也跟随我们走到了今天。

冥蛉收养其他昆虫的幼虫作为它的儿子，古书上说的。

人和狗，一方面是相互利用，这个很容易理解；另一方面是人的变态。

你和你的宠物就是朋友，你的宠物依赖你，你宠爱你的宠物。

别用翻译软件冒充高手。我就是做翻译的。现在把我的翻译给你。保证满意。完了给我加分。1政府应当资助文化项目 government is supposed to fund the cultural 警察不应该带枪 the policeman should be not allowed to take 注册会计师的数量增加了 the registered accountants numbers rose by 4骑自行车的人稳定在1千万左右 people taking the bicyclesmaintain 10 millions on 本图表明了世界人口按照大陆分别于的分布 the charter shows the distribution of world population in 1800,1900,在不远的将来,智能机器人会取代操作工人 in the near future, the workers will be replaced by the intelligence robots .7动物园是残忍的监狱 zoos are the cruel jails 8高薪让工作具有吸引力 high salaries make job attractive9很多体育明星的收入真的是让人瞠目结舌 it's astounding to see the incomes of many sports stars. 10运动象征着和平和公正sports symbolizes peace and fair 11动物园给疲惫的城市居民提供一个娱乐的场所 zoo provides a place for guelling city residents to 教师教给学生的不仅仅是知识 what teachers teach is not just 整天学习不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻 study all day long make jack a dull boy这句话是英国谚语。14截至日期十月一日 the deadline is October 115玩电脑游戏很耗费时间 playing computer game is waste of time.参考资料：原创