论文的proposal范文

Proposal写好了，等于整个research就成功了一半。Proposal Title(研究标题):在这里把即将进行的研究及时书面报告的完整标题呈现，表明研究的主题和内容。Abstract(摘要):万字左右的论文，200词左右的摘要差不多了，简要介绍研究的目的，主题，方法，可能的研究发现等Introduction(引言):和abstract有点类似，不过这部分通常交代一下研究topic的背景和本proposal的主要内容和目的。Research Significance(研究意义):这部分主要是表明即将开展的研究是有意义的，或是弥补了前人尚未研究完善或未研究彻底的课题，或是出现了新的问题需要本研究来解决等，总之不管在理论还是实践上都必须有价值，否则研究毫无意义。Research Background(研究背景):这里可以交代一下这个研究问题、目前学术界的研究进展，研究条件等。Research Objectives and Research Question(研究目标和研究问题):这部分尤为关键，是整个研究的核心，没有研究目标和亟待回答的研究问题，研究就会没了方向，好比一艘船没了掌舵的，这样的研究是难以进行的。Literature Review(文献综述): 这个部分的作用是对所研究领域或专业的课题，问题或研究专题大量相关资料；通过分析，阅读，整理，提炼当前课题，问题或研究专题的最新进展，学术见解或建议，做出综合性介绍和阐述。自己的研究需要相对于前人的研究有所补充或发展。Methodology(方法论):这部分包括研究设计(research design)，具体研究方法(research methods)，数据收集(data collection)，抽样(sampling)和数据分析(data analysis)。methodology简单规划了研究是以何种方式进行的。Timescale(时间规划):这部分相当于是对研究的每个部分所花时间，每个时间段做什么，整体进度，整体截止日期等的一个计划。Budget(预算):一些研究步骤是需要花费一定金钱才能完成的，预算一般包含personnel services，travel expenses，technology cost等。另外，有些研究还需要做访谈，问卷调查等来获取数据，这个时候，proposal里面还需要以appendix(附录)形式附上访谈的问题或者问卷的items，加上这些，才能算是一份完整的研究计划。

Procedure The procedure or the methodology is the heart of the proposal because it must tell the reader how you propose to carry out your project. It must convince your advisor (or in industry your manager or potential client) that you clearly understand your task, have a logical time plan for solving your problems, and have identified all the resources you need. If your proposal is for an IQP, you must take special care to explain HOW you plan to relate some aspect of science or technology to society. Note that "technology" need not be defined narrowly here: "technology" can mean the techniques used to manage or evaluate any resource efficiently, not just "nuts and bolts" hardware. But you must explain clearly how your procedure insures that the WPI IQP degree requirement will be satisfied by completing a project which defines, investigates, and reports on a topic relating science or technology to a social need or issue. In short, why is your topic an IQP? Some of the other questions the reader will expect you to answer in this section are: 1. What are the tasks and sub-tasks identified to achieve your objectives? 2. What materials will you need to carry out your project: equipment? computer support? typing? graphics? others? 3. What data are needed for the project and how will they be collected? If the project requires a survey or interviews, the design of this instrument (especially the selection of participants) must be explained and justified. 4. What method or process will be used to analyze this data and where else (if anywhere) has this method or process been used? 5. What time frame do you think you will need to accomplish identified tasks or subtasks? Should schedules be presented in standard forms like PERT or Task Charts? (see Figures 1 and 2.) 6。 If you are working on a team, which teammates will accomplish which sections? 7. What costs do you anticipate the project will incur -- in other words, your budget? (A Budget Summary Request Form must be submitted to the Interdisciplinary Studies Division Office as shown in Appendix 1 for IQP Proposals. A Budget summary for an MQP Proposal should be submitted to the individual department.)

简单来说，proposal就是论文写作的预演，具体包含以下部分：● Introduction（简介）● Problem Statement（问题陈述）● Objective（目的）● Literature Review（文献综述）● Methodology（研究方法）● References（参考文献）

英语专业毕业论文范文(1) english paper A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high school Abstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. Section One------ How to teach reading I. Why teach reading There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons.

首先来看一篇好的Proposal需要有哪些内容 :•清楚的定义主题，展示你感兴趣的研究领域和目的；•展示你已经确定并开始对Topic和Aims的研究；•证明你了解研究该如何进行；•流利的英文，清晰的结构和适当的标题，使文章看起来更加专业；•Reference格式必须严格按照学校的要求，并且记录下所有文中用到的引用。Proposal和Dissertation有什么关系?如果你在英国、美国和澳大利亚这些西方教育体系国家留学的话，那么你在大二或毕业论文之前，你就会被要求写Proposal，这可能会用于Dissertation的大纲，甚至有些学校还会将Proposal的成绩记录到毕业论文的总分。这时一篇好的Proposal就非常重要，这直接会影响到您毕业论文的最终成绩。接下来为大家分析为什么需要写完成的质量直接能够证明你对某个领域的深层研究，并有助于导师了解你的兴趣所在.下面这四点是要求写proposal的原因:•提升对一个调查的设计和思考的能力•了解如何对文献综述进行全面的审查，以确保要研究的问题没有明确的答案(因为有明确答案的研究问题，就没有进行研究的必要了)•提高研究和写作能力•训练逻辑能力，在一个复杂的调查项目中，达到最后的目标不是件容易的事情最后再给大家说说Proposal写作的大纲.一般情况下，大学要求Proposal的字数在2000-3000字之间，包含总共7个部分:1、Title (Proposal标题)标题需要简明, 准确的解释你提出的研究重点.2、Introduction (介绍部分)开头部分需要包括对文章大体的介绍，研究的方向，目标等来吸引导师的兴趣。3、Justification/Rationale (研究理由)•对以前该方面研究的概述•这个研究是否值得花时间和金钱•研究问题的说明4、Aims (研究目标)•简短的说明你的研究目标•Aims应该是对Topic的缩小，可以集中去实现和管理5、Literature review (文献综述)在这个部分需要展现你对Topic和相关话题的熟悉，从而来说服导师，建议：•不要选择已经研究过的Topic, 确保研究的话题是未知的，有研究意义的•与现存在的知识保持一致的立场6、Methodology (方法论)此章节需详细介绍你打算如何展开研究•你将在这篇文章中使用什么技术或方法，为什么使用它？为什么不是别的方法？•对研究和分析方法的讨论7、References (引用)所有正文里引用的资料的列表，同学们需要注意References格式的正确，这点已经不用多做强调，任何形式的论文都是如此。