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Half-way from rags to richesApr 24th 2008From The Economist print editionVietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?EyevineCorrection to this articleKNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries. These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”. Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged . Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll. An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open. All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable. Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council. Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $ billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them. Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten. The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket. Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic. But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to stench of corruptionThe Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly. Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay. What could go wrongAll this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks: • Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development. Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

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