英文小说文献综述论文

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英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210～231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京：商务印书馆，2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京： 语文 出版社，2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报，

2004，(6)：160～164

[13]郭 熙，中国社会语言学. 南京：南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2007,

(3)：181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊)，

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版)，

2005，(11)：108～112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22～26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报，2007-06,9(3)：35～[39]赵丽薇，袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

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References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京： 清华大学出版社， 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大学出版社.

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刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京： 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

文学太宽泛了，你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小，不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料，甚至是原文读本序言之类，也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室，搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论，找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条，如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文，看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例，首先是开头，小说介绍性文字：Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). （可以写个一两段）然后，就你找到的文献，归类一下，分别说说他们讲了什么论点（顺便记下人名，书名，年份，页数）最后，说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点，The paper will mainly focus on 。。。

《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的文献综述！:又译作《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》，作者是美国女作家比彻·斯托夫人（1811—1896）。比彻·斯托出生在一个牧师家庭，曾经做过教师。她在辛辛拉提市住了18年，与南部蓄奴的村镇仅一河之隔，这使她有机会接触到一些逃亡的黑奴。奴隶们的悲惨遭遇引起了她深深的同情。她本人也去过南方，亲自了解了那里的情况，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》便是在这样的背景下写出来的。此书于1852年首次在《民族时代》刊物上连载，立即引起了强烈的反响，受到了人们无与伦比的欢迎，仅第一年就在国内印了100多版，销了30多万册，后来被译为20多种文字在世界各地出版。评论界认为本书在启发民众的反奴隶制情绪上起了重大作用，被视为美国内战的起因之一。林肯总统后来接见斯托夫人时戏谑地称她是“写了一本书，酿成了一场大战的小妇人”，这一句玩笑话充分反映了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部长篇小说的巨大影响。故事从一个奴隶主与一个奴隶贩子的讨价还价中开始。美国肯塔基州的奴隶主谢尔比在股票市场上投机失败，为了还债，决定把两个奴隶卖掉。一个是汤姆，他是在谢尔比的种植场出生的，童年时就当伺候主人的小家权，颇得主人欢心，成年后当上了家奴总管，忠心耿耿，全身心维护主人利益。另一个要卖掉的奴隶是黑白混血种女奴伊丽莎的儿子哈利，伊丽莎不是一个俯首贴耳死心塌地听主人摆布的奴隶，当她偶然听到主人要卖掉汤姆和自己的儿子哈利后，就连夜带着儿子在奴隶贩子的追捕下跳下浮冰密布的俄亥俄河，逃到自由州，再往加拿大逃奔。她丈夫乔治·哈里斯是附近种植场地奴隶，也伺机逃跑，与妻子汇合，带着孩子，历经艰险，终于在废奴派组织的帮助下，成功地抵达加拿大。汤姆却是另一种遭遇。他知道并支持伊丽莎逃走，但是他自己没有逃跑。由于他从小就被奴隶主灌输敬畏上帝、逆来顺受、忠顺于主人这类的基督教说教，对主人要卖他抵债，也没有怨言，甘愿听从主人摆布。他被转卖到新奥尔良，成了奴隶贩子海利的奴隶。在一次溺水事故中，汤姆救了一个奴隶主的小女儿伊娃的命，孩子的父亲圣·克莱从海利手中将汤姆买过来。当了家仆，为主人家赶马车。汤姆和小女孩建立了感情。不久小女孩突然病死，圣·克莱根据小女儿生前愿望，决定将汤姆和其他黑奴解放。可是当还没有来得及办妥解放的法律手续时，圣·克莱在一次意外事故中被人杀死。圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴，而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。从此，汤姆落到了一个极端凶残的“红河”种植场奴隶主莱格利手中。莱格利把黑奴当作“会说话的牲口”，任意鞭打，横加私刑。汤姆忍受着这非人的折磨，仍然没有想到要为自己找一条生路，而是默默地奉行着做一个正直人的原则。这个种植场的两个女奴为了求生，决定逃跑，她们躲藏起来。莱格利怀疑汤姆帮助她们逃走，把汤姆捆绑起来，鞭打得皮开肉绽，死去活来。但是汤姆最后表现出了他对奴隶主的反抗，什么都没有说。在汤姆奄奄一息的时候，他过去的主人、第一次卖掉他的奴隶主谢尔比的儿子乔治·谢尔比赶来赎买汤姆，因为汤姆是小谢尔比儿时的仆人和玩伴，但是汤姆已经无法领受他过去的小主人的迟来的援手，遍体鳞伤地离开了人世。乔治·谢尔比狠狠地一拳把莱格利打翻在地。就地埋葬了汤姆。回到家乡肯塔基后，小谢尔比就以汤姆大叔的名义解放了他名下的所有黑奴，并对他们说：“你们每次看见汤姆大叔的小屋，就应该联想起你们的自由。”《汤姆叔叔的小屋》赏析评论既描写了不同表现和性格的黑奴，也描写了不同类型的奴隶主嘴脸。它着力刻画了接受奴隶主灌输的基督教精神、逆来顺受型的黑奴汤姆；也塑造了不甘心让奴隶主决定自己生死的具有反抗精神的黑奴，如伊丽莎和她的丈夫乔治·哈里斯。同时，也揭示了各种类型的奴隶主的内心世界和奴隶主不完全相同的表现。这本书通过对汤姆和乔治·哈里斯夫妇这两种不同性格黑奴的描述，告诉读者：逆来顺受、听从奴隶主摆布的汤姆难逃死亡的命运，而敢于反抗敢于斗争的乔治夫妇得到了新生。因此，《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对社会发展起到了积极作用，特别是对美国废奴运动和美国内战中以林肯为代表的正义一方获得胜利，产生了巨大的作用。作为一本文学作品，美国著名诗人亨利·朗费罗说它是“文学史上最伟大的胜利”。