外贸英语函电论文参考文献集

一般银行信息已经在PI里面给了的。所以通知的时候就可以这样说：Please advice when the payment will be arranged. Please kindly arrange the payment.

Beyond Language: Cultural Predispositions in international Business CorrespondenceTranslation covers only part of the problem of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect business correspondence between Americans and others, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. In correspondence, business people from the low-context cultures of Northern Europe and North America sometimes inadvertently offend their counterparts in high-context cultures by assuming that their correspondents share their values. Such correspondence might be more effective if writers used a rhetorical framework to conceptualize in their letters a sense of their addressees' conditions and of their own roles in relation to their addressees. This dimension of relationship may be difficult for people from low-context cultures. However, because of the increasing use of English as a lingua franca of business, correspondence standards may be changing. Using the example of rhetorical patterns in English and Chinese business letters, I suggest a way to use Western rhetorical principles to accommodate other cultural patterns. Business Correspondence includs：Requesting InformationHow to ask somebody to send you InformationWhat to say when you send or CVA resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life".Covering Letter for Resume/CVIt is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a of ReferenceCompanies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject 's take the ever-more-common case of the American who wants to strike up business dealings with people of another language and culture. Box 3 reproduces a letter to a delegation of Chinese who had visited the United States. They had expressed some interest in the products of Mr. Jones's company, so he wrote them a letter, presumably hoping to sell some. However, as Boiarsky (1995) informs us, his letter drew no response. Dear Sir:Your name and address were referred to me by the Illinois Department of Agriculture--Far East Office. They stated that you had expressed an interest in our products and requested further am therefore enclosing a brocuhre which itemizes our products and services. Pleas let me know your exact requirements. I will be happy to provide you with further details. Thank you for your participation at the Illinois Slide and Catalog Show. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely, Peter Jones Director of Sales Agri-Equipment Division --------------------------------------------------------------------------------The letter pretty much follows the cultural conventions of English letters: blunt and businesslike, highly purposive. To trace why this letter didn't work for the Chinese, I'd like to back up a bit and examine some characteristics of the rhetorical style of Americans and Northern Europeans that may be at cross purposes with those of Asian cultures. Additional evidence that the letter represents "good writing" in the Chinese sense comes from a book just published by Li Xiao-ming, "Good Writing" in Cross-cultural Context. Li's interest is in seeing what is valued in the teaching of composition in the USA as compared to China. He quotes a Chinese teacher of writing: Basically we think a piece of writing should have four components: introduction, development, transition, and closure [qi3 cheng2 zhuan3 he2]. I think this basic format is still valid because they are in accord with the way we think . . . . We have three thousand years of writing history . . . Teachers have the responsibility to teach a student the successful writing experiences of our forefathers. (1996: 73-74) Another Chinese teacher adds: It is very unlikely that one would start a piece from a form; we all start from ideas or from experience in life. . . . Especially in a country like China that has a literary history of thousands of years, is arrogant to think that one can surpass his predecessors without first learning from them. (74) Two characteristics that contribute to good writing are the qualities qing and li. As the second teacher describes them: Qing has great persuasive powers. Li (reason) is inseparable from qing: qing is couched in li, and li is couched in qing. Li (reason) is different from lizhi (rational). Being rational, one is emotionally controlled, somber, composed, exercising only intellectual and reasoning faculties. Reason, however, deals with truths. Truths, though existing in objectivity, are approached and learned only through subjectivity. Truths should be learned with passion and conviction. (55) I wish that Li Xiao-ming had said more about the differences the writing systems make in the way writers conceive and express the world. It is exceedingly difficult to know which of the many Chinese characters that correspond roughly to the sound qing might be meant, and in Chinese, the character is less ambiguous than the spoken word. A Chinese-American friend pointed out to me that li has the sense of both "reasoning" and "decorum"; it seems similar to the ancient Greek nomos, often translated "law" but not meaning written or codified law--closer to "the right way of being or behaving that everybody knows," or perhaps to "common sense." So given the difficulty of conveying the sense of the Chinese into English, I will nonetheless boldly suggest that the conception of reason couched in emotion marks a difference between Chinese and Western rhetorics. While li appears roughly analogous to logos, qing seems to represent the axis of relationship between ethos and pathos. That is, Chinese rhetoric does not appear to make that Western distinction between individual and audience. Emotions are not yours or mine, but ours. Emotion, though, is not usually expressed overtly. The indirect quality comes from jing. Quoting again the first teacher: Traditionally, there are two ways to express one's qing: either directly express it, or indirectly through a description of nature. And because Chinese are mostly reserved and introverted in temperament, we prefer to "couch qing in jing," suggest what one feels through the description of nature. (87) I think we can find some qing couched in jing in the first paragraph, though most of the letter is more direct. Good Writing? For Whom? The qualities of the letter that make it seem like "good writing" also seem to make it less effective for its readers, possibly because in was written in English and not Chinese, but also because the kind of writing Li studied was the personal essay. The letter to the Explosives Society does seem more like an essay than like the usual Western business letter. The surprise for Bernick and me in our 1993 survey (Box 7) was that our Asian respondents didn't like the letter any better than the Westerners. Our Asian editors (six women and five men) also made a number of predictions about the author of the letter: he was well educated, much older (probably at least in his 70's) and was from an upper-middle- or upper-class home. These comments were motivated by the excessive politeness. Our editors also felt that if the letter had been translated directly into Japanese that it would have been more acceptable than it was in English, but that translation wouldn't make it more effective or less confusing. Asian editors’ reactionsWriter's goals were unclear. Doesn't really read like a letter. Three unnecessary paragraphs. Needs to be shorter. Inappropriate way for authors to develop ethos. Style would be more appropriate in Japanese, or even Chinese, but for English it is clearly inappropriate. Length detracts from letter, and makes it ineffective and confusing. For business-letter writers in low-context cultures writing in English to readers in high-context cultures (Latin or Asian), this advice may be as simple as remembering that their cultures predispose readers to be more interested in long-term relations with reliable people than in products or profits for their own sake. Hence, letters begin with paragraphs that establish common ground and show understanding of the readers. This strategy, in my own experience, works pretty well even on readers in low-context cultures. referrence：Brockmann, R. John. 1989. A Historical Consideration of Ethics and the Technical Writer: From the 1880's to the 1980's. Technical Communication and Ethics, ed. R. John Brockmann and Fern Rook. Arlington, VA: Society for Technical Communication. 107-112. Campbell, Charles P., and Philip Bernick. 1993. Editors, "Good English," and International Readers. IPCC 93 Proceedings. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. 38-43. Campbell, Charles P. 1995. Ethos: Character and Ethics in Technical Writing. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 38, 3: 132-138. Coney, Mary B. 1992. "Technical Readers and their Rhetorical Roles." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 35 (June):58-63. Dennett, Joann Temple. 1988. "Not to Say is Better Than to Say": How Rhetorical Structure Reflects Cultural Context in Japanese-English Technical Writing. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 31: 116-9. Hall, Edward T. 1983. The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time. New York: Doubleday. Hofstede, Geert H. 1991. Cultures and organizations : software of the mind. New York : McGraw-Hill. 我从这一篇里裁减了几段出来，然后LZ再加入几段学习中遇到的实际问题，最好是从课本上的第几页的练习题得出来的，基本就够了。

Read something about WTO.

外贸函电写作原则文献综述 （第一稿）

①：去图书馆（网上）的期刊论文数据库，搜索和business correspondence相关的论文，纯英文的很少，但有英文摘要的就不少了。②：在搜索引擎里搜索相关的英文文章，比如：stduy tips也可以用搜索关键词："business correspondence" filetype:pdf搜索到的都是pdf文档，不用下载，直接看“HTML 版”即可。这篇文章，会让你惊喜的：部分摘录：Business Correspondence-The MythThe myth about business correspondence is that it must be formal, standardized and often terse. The writer seems to transform him/herself from the personal to the appear to be written from one “institution” to another rather than from person to person. ……

Beyond Language: Cultural Predispositions in international Business Correspondence Translation covers only part of the problem of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect business correspondence between Americans and others, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. In correspondence, business people from the low-context cultures of Northern Europe and North America sometimes inadvertently offend their counterparts in high-context cultures by assuming that their correspondents share their values. Such correspondence might be more effective if writers used a rhetorical framework to conceptualize in their letters a sense of their addressees' conditions and of their own roles in relation to their addressees. This dimension of relationship may be difficult for people from low-context cultures. However, because of the increasing use of English as a lingua franca of business, correspondence standards may be changing. Using the example of rhetorical patterns in English and Chinese business letters, I suggest a way to use Western rhetorical principles to accommodate other cultural patterns. Business Correspondence includs： Requesting Information How to ask somebody to send you information. Sending Information What to say when you send information. Resume or CV A resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life". Covering Letter for Resume/CV It is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a job. Letter of Reference Companies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject personally. Let's take the ever-more-common case of the American who wants to strike up business dealings with people of another language and culture. Box 3 reproduces a letter to a delegation of Chinese who had visited the United States. They had expressed some interest in the products of Mr. Jones's company, so he wrote them a letter, presumably hoping to sell some. However, as Boiarsky (1995) informs us, his letter drew no response. Dear Sir: Your name and address were referred to me by the Illinois Department of Agriculture--Far East Office. They stated that you had expressed an interest in our products and requested further information. I am therefore enclosing a brocuhre which itemizes our products and services. Pleas let me know your exact requirements. I will be happy to provide you with further details. Thank you for your participation at the Illinois Slide and Catalog Show. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely, Peter Jones Director of Sales Agri-Equipment Division