研究玛雅文明的英文论文题目

MayaLocation: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and the five Mexican states of Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo. History: The Maya civilization spanned a period of 3,000 years and featured a written language, architecture, a well-ordered social class system, agriculture, art, the development of a calendar, trade and a well-developed religious : There are around 30 different indigenous Mayan languages. Most Maya also speak Life: Present day Guatemalan Mayas still preserve much of their culture and religion. There is a mixture of Mayan and Western European traditions. This aspect is most obvious in religious practices. The modern Maya practice their own brand of Christianity which is a blend of Catholic tradition and ancient ritual. Mayans have long been farmers and traders, and this is still true today. Most farming is subsistence agriculture and the main crops are beans and corn. The fields are cleared by slashing and burning, the same as it was done by the early Mayans two thousand years ago. Best Known Features: Today's handicrafts are still produced using ancient techniques and retain their importance within the Maya culture. Weaving has now become one of the Maya's best known features. Textiles made from cotton were used by the ancient Maya just as they are today. The Maya also make baskets, pottery and wood carvings of animals, saints and brightly-painted toys and chests. Ceremonial masks are yet another Maya make up the largest homogenous group of Indians north of Peru, inhabiting a vast area that encompasses Mexico's Yucatan peninsula and parts of the states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as Guatemala, Belize and parts of western Honduras and El Salvador. While not the earliest of the great Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya are generally considered the most brilliant of all the Classic groups. The culture's beginnings have been traced back to 1500 BC, entering the Classic period about 300 AD and flourishing between 600 and 900 settlements were situated close to cenotes, natural water holes that allowed for survival in an inhospitable tropical climate. The basis of the culture was farming, which included not only the cultivation of maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers, but also "cash crops" of cotton and cacao. Considered the most outstanding intellects of ancient Mexico, the Maya devised a complex style of hieroglyphic writing that has yet to be fully deciphered. They refined the exact sciences learned from other prehispanic civilizations. Through their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics they calculated the lunar cycle, predicted eclipses and other heavenly events with great precision and formulated a unique calendar system more exact than the one we use the Maya, science and religion went hand in hand, forming the core of daily life. A baptismal rite was commonly practiced for children who survived infancy. To secure the favor of their gods, each year was marked by a series of festivals that included ritual offerings, sacrifices and the imbibing of an intoxicating mead called balche. Among the most revered deities were Itzamna and Ix Chel, father and mother of all other gods, and the rain god Chac. Kukulcan was the Mayan name for the feathered serpent, god of the ruling caste. The Maya's highly complex pantheon and multi-faceted cosmology continue to fascinate and perplex archaeologists and other students of the building their ceremonial centers the Maya followed the design typical of all Mesoamerica, constructing tall pyramidal temples, warren-like single story palaces and the ubiquitous ball court around a broad central plaza. Distinctive architectural features of Mayan pyramids include corbel vaults, towering roofs and elaborate embellishment with stucco reliefs. There is a baroque quality to the artistic style of the Maya, as evidenced in their exotic murals, polychrome ceramics, finely detailed stelae, altars and other stone work. As opposed to the geometric designs typical of other cultures, the human form is common depicted in Mayan art. Insufficient food supply, earthquakes, pestilence, invasion by outsiders, internal rebellion or a combination of these factors have all been suggested as possible causes for the fall of the Mayan eminence. What appears certain is that by 900 AD the Maya's numerous ceremonial centers had been abandoned. Swiftly disappearing beneath dense jungle growth, many sites avoided destruction by Spanish Conquistadors, remaining hidden and remarkably well preserved until the 19th sites of the northern lowland region (Yucatan peninsula) include Chichen Itza, Dzibilchaltun, Tulum and Uxmal. Located in the southern lowland region, the Maya heartland, are Bonampak, Copan, Palenque and Tikal.

看你对哪些方面有兴趣了，之前有这么几大类1：文学 深度剖析某位作者及其一部或几部作品2.旅游针对西班牙旅游现状分析3.历史针对西班牙某一时间的历史 发表个人见解4.建筑可剖析高迪建筑如果语言水平不高，可选择旅游类等比较通俗简易的内容去写

Maya culture is the world's most ancient cultures in the world, known as the cradle of American Indian culture. Maya culture in the region of south-eastern Mexico, including the Yucatan peninsula today, Guatemala Tika. Copán in western Honduras, Vasak links (the oldest known Mayan cities). El Salvador and Belize and part of the region, a total of about 325,000 square kilometers. Maya cultural development is divided into three periods : pre-classical period (about 475 1500- AD 317), Classical period (317-889 AD) and after the classical period (. The last group organized in 1697 by the Spanish conquest Maya). Ancient Maya maize agriculture is the main economic activity. They are using the primitive slash-and-burn farming methods, the earliest cultivated crops such as corn and sweet potato, and mastered the turkeys. Bee dogs and the technology, fiber and weaving with Agave flowered, and the production of painted pottery. In business, mainly for Maya barter trade activities sometimes cacao as a common currency. Maya also architecture, sculpture, paintings, hieroglyphic characters, astronomy, calendars and mathematics fields has achieved a remarkable success. About 475 early in 1500, settled into the agricultural life of the Maya era. 475, gradually formed the city. Around 300-900 AD, the Mayan civilization is a period of great prosperity, the city has a size of over 100. Many of these cities, organized, well-grand architecture, a rich culture. Maya culture, religion occupies a very important position, The grand worship at the altar of the temple building as a pyramid, an awe-inspiring. Maya is an important form of worship enshrined victims, including food, jewelry and even alive. January 1 Maya in size or in shallow relief sculpture has been made by the higher attainments. Maya mural painting commonly used forms, the figure depicts expressive. In addition, pottery and metal plates have a beautiful picture. 475, the Maya creation of an independent picture of pictographic characters, they will bark and saturated and compacted gum. Then put a layer of lime, on the bark painting, writing hieroglyphs, the number of gods, goddesses and animal images. 800 graphics and text from the ancient Mayan symbols, language and the juxtaposition of color pictures, and text. Many manuscripts found in Maya history, legends and calendars. However, the vast majority of Spanish colonists as "the devil's work" reduced to ashes. So far only three of the Mayan culture preserved ancient manuscripts, which were collected in European museums. In addition to manuscripts, also preserved in the ancient Maya text columns among the inscriptions of ancient buildings and monuments. Maya attaches great importance to history, and every 20 years to foster a pillar in the city, with the Maya recorded events. Therefore, the history of the ancient Maya culture is the only American to be proved, based on the culture. Here in mind the history of the Maya tradition has lasted 1,200 years, which were interrupted by the invasion after the Spanish colonizers. Mayan calendar produced in 2500, the calendar for a week to 13 days, 20 days in January to 18 months to a year. plus five days as taboo, 365 days a year, for 52 years for the cycle. Mayan calendar than Rome, ancient Greece, ancient calendars and more accurate. Maya also built some astronomical observatory, we can figure out the moon and planets eclipse and operation cycle time. January 1 Maya notable achievements in math, they have to share the fingers and toes, 20 used method of calculation. What merits special mention is that Maya is able to apply the concept of Europe as early as seven, eight hundred years. After Mayan culture in the classical period, because of the hurricane, plague and war and other disasters, the rapid decline of the ancient Mayan civilization. All major cities have been abandoned. When the Spaniards invaded, the Maya Youkada peninsula, the city is fragmented, declining as a whole. If before January 1, Mayan culture is the most advanced ancient cultures of the Americas, in the material and cultural achievements substantial. Mexico and some Central American countries still have an important impact. But with the same period compared to the European continent advanced civilization, it is primitive and backward. Thus, the 16th century Spanish invasion, the fragile Maya culture was severely crushed.

几个建议，可以写玛雅和阿兹特克几个文明的金字塔的对比研究。也可以写西班牙入侵导致玛雅文化消陨之类的题目，现存玛雅后裔的生存状况，玛雅历法，甚至水晶头骨研究都行。题目别太冷门（比如我同学当年写“古巴革命与摇滚精神”），如果导师导不了的话，就得换题目。参考书目，中国社会科学出版社的《拉丁美洲文明》。论文的格式先得有开题报告。具体格式要问导师。系里会有要求。可以Q我：147001084

The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Originating in the Yucatán around 2600 ., they rose to prominence around . 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples. Around 300 ., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, . 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. It started to decline around . 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by . 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century. Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others. It could also be described as one of continuity and change, guided by a religion that remains the foundation of their culture. For those who follow the ancient Maya traditions, the belief in the influence of the cosmos on human lives and the necessity of paying homage to the gods through rituals continues to find expression in a modern hybrid Christian-Maya faith.

Masurium elegant civilizationThe Masurium elegant civilization was Central America ancienttimes the person civilization, the Americas ancient times thecivilized outstanding representative, acquired fame by Masurium distributes south Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil, Belize as well asHonduras and El Salvador the western area. Approximately forms to in2500, about 400 . the establishment early time slavery country,. 3 ~ 9 centuries is the numerous prime season, 15 centuriesdecline, finally destroy for Spanish colonizing, hereafter areneglected for a long time in the tropics jungle. Masurium Yarensincerely believes the religion, the cultural life shares the wealthto the religious color.