钢结构冷库毕业论文

太长了，超过了10000字发不了。我这里先给你个英文的你加我QQ我给你中文的两部分不会弄，你加我QQ我发给你吧，加分啊395886292 <英文版> Talling building and Steel construction Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings. The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway. In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium. Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings. Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee. Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building. Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building. Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area. Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns andspandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh. Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings. Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at () centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs. Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories. Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system. Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the , , , Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression , those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension , those bearing the pull of suspended loading. The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, feet () long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station. Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot. In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails. The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the . A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some 12 ft () in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907, failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used. The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months. The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the oldheavy masonry. Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( ) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot. Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft () Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building. The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade. World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, ., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days. The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance. Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections. Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the ., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer by short-cutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible.

钢结构课程设计论文

在平时的学习、工作中，大家都跟论文打过交道吧，论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。相信许多人会觉得论文很难写吧，下面是我为大家收集的钢结构课程设计论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

一、钢结构课程设计中存在的问题

（一）钢结构课程设计选题单一

高校钢结构课程设计选题较为单一，一般为钢屋架设计或钢梁设计。钢结构课程设计在钢结构课程教学完成几周后才进行，有的甚至到学期末，内容讲授与设计实践严重脱节。学生在一周或两周课程设计中，往往只能完成一种普通钢屋架的设计，内容较为单一，还会出现较多弊端。如钢屋架设计，因为钢屋架可以看成厂房设计当中的一个构件，学生在设计过程中缺少整体结构设计的概念，钢屋架的设计的实际应用范围有限。钢屋架的连接计算程式化的东西过多，连接计算过于单调、重复量过大。

（二）学生识图和制图能力较差

在近些年的钢结构课程设计教学和指导中，笔者发现由于部分学生的空间想象能力较差，往往对屋盖支撑系统的布置及关系不清楚，有些学生在进行屋盖结构布置图中常常出错。对于一榀钢屋架详图的绘制，由于图面表达内容较多，涉及的构造做法较多，学生在连接节点处内容表述不够完整，屋架的剖视图不相对应。学生在绘制钢屋架的施工图时常常不能正确地表达设计意图。在平时的学习过程中学生接触的混凝土结构设计施工图较多，而对钢结构设计的施工图较少。在有限的课堂时间内，学生要真正看懂钢结构施工图，正确表达自己的设计意图并非易事，所以学生在做钢结构课程设计时，常常照搬照抄课本或课程设计指导书中钢屋架的施工图纸，甚至出现设计图纸上的尺寸结果和设计计算书中的计算结果不一致的情况。

（三）学生的创新意识不够

钢结构课程设计中的屋架设计由于教师已给定了屋架的跨度及桁架的`尺寸，所以学生在做设计时不去查阅相关设计规范和设计资料，更不会考虑比选设计方案，学生的主观能动性受到了限制。因此，教师在布置课程设计任务时，要精心选题，给学生充足的空间，鼓励学生自己查阅资料，确定设计方案和尺寸，以确保学生主观能动性的发挥。此外，教师要给学生提供一个交流学习的平台，组织学生开展讨论、交流，让学生在此过程中发现问题、分析问题，从而不断培养创新思维和创新意识。针对上述钢结构课程设计存在的问题，笔者对目前钢结构课程设计的命题、教学和考核方法进行改进，提出了切实可行的建议和措施。

二、钢结构课程设计教学改革的构想与实践

（一）精选设计题目，分组设计，一人一题

教师在选择课程设计题目时，应该根据学生学习能力的差异，精心选择并布置多种形式的课程设计题目。除了钢屋架设计外，还可以选轻型门式刚架、平台结构设计、钢框架设计等题目。为了培养学生的独立思考能力，避免学生在设计过程中出现抄袭现象，在课程设计中可采用分组设计和一人一题的方法。4～5人一组，设计同一种结构型式的题目。如设计钢屋架的小组，可通过改变设计条件及参数等方式，实现一人一题。又如屋架的选择形式多样，学生可选择梯形屋架、三角形屋架或人字形屋架进行设计。荷载的取值可提供多种组合。通过这种分组设计的方式，巩固学生的理论知识，锻炼学生的设计能力，加强和培养学生的沟通协作能力和团队协助精神。

（二）改革钢结构课程设计的教学方法

以课堂教学为平台，将课程设计融入到课堂教学中，再将课程设计中涉及到的主要内容分解成若干专题做重点介绍，并要求学生根据分组布置的安排在每个专题讲完后开展讨论，将遇到的问题及时反馈，教师在后续阶段集中重点解答。通过这种方式，教师就能及时解决学生遇到的问题，有的放矢，在课堂教学中根据不同的内容选择不同的教学方法。如：对构件的力学分析时采用板书讲解，可以让学生逐步了解和掌握构件从外力到内力再到结构稳定的整个过程。除采用传统的教学方法外，还应采用多媒体辅助教学。对于桁架的设计，此部分教学内容比较抽象，应利用多媒体进行授课。对节点部分的构造做法和施工焊接流程可采用大量的工程图片、动画演示以及录像资料作演示，让学生身临其境。现代教学手段所提供的感性材料使教学活动更加生动有趣。视觉和听觉的刺激可以加深感知度，提高教学效率和学习质量。

（三）建立钢结构课程设计的网络教学平台

为便于学生课后学习，教师可利用学校提供的网络教学平台建立钢结构课程设计课程网站，内容可包括课程负责人介绍、教学队伍、教学计划及大纲、课件、工程图片、教学动画演示、教学录像、学习参考资料目录、作业习题、友情链接等，还可提供钢结构设计的规范和图集等设计资料。学生可以随时访问此网站，获取所需相关知识，实现教师与学生之间的互动，开阔学生视野，扩宽知识面，网站还专门设置了重要学术杂志如《土木工程学报》、《建筑结构学报》、《建筑结构》、《工业建筑》、《钢结构》及《现代钢结构进展》等链接，以方便学生与钢结构专家直接交流。

（四）增设教学实习环节，提高教学效果

为提高钢结构课程设计的教学效果，增加学生对钢结构设计的感性认识，教师要积极联系适合现场教学的钢结构工地，带学生实地观察钢结构的空间构造与一些局部的连接构造。学生在教师或工程师的带领下按照结构布置、构件做法及节点连接方式的顺序依次参观。这种教学实习，便于学生学习钢结构施工图，逐步建立所设计结构的整体空间概念。

（五）改革课程设计的考核方式

教师在评阅课程设计时主要依据学生完成的设计说明书、设计图纸进行，然后由指导教师定性给出考核等级。这样的考核方式存在考核不客观、考核成绩不能有效反映学生的真实学习水平，没有给学生一个更为公平、公正、合理的评价。所以要真实客观地反映学生的学习成果，就要综合考虑各个影响课程设计效果的环节，比如可以借鉴毕业设计考核方式，增设学生的课堂答辩。课堂答辩一方面可以充分调动学生的学习积极性；另一方面通过答辩环节，教师可以比较全面地了解学生设计的真实水平，从而客观地给出考核成绩。同时，课堂答辩过程也是学生设计过程中的经验和心得交流的一次机会，通过这个平台，学生可以进一步学习其他同学设计中的一些长处，发现自己设计的不足并加以改进。要建立完善的课程设计考核体系，将体现设计成绩的各个过程细化。比如综合多方面因素给出考核成绩：考核总成绩=平时考勤×0．1+设计说明书成绩×0．2+设计图成绩×0．3+答辩成绩0．3+创新成绩×0．1。针对以往课程设计中存在的学生创新意识不够的问题，教师要鼓励并肯定学生设计中创新性行为。课程设计不仅是一个熟悉设计方法的过程，更应该成为培养学生创新能力的机会，所以要鼓励学生大胆创新，在成绩评定方面也要有所体现。

三、结语

钢结构课程设计是一门实践性很强的专业课程，对培养学生分析和解决工程设计问题的能力起到十分重要的作用。重视钢结构课程设计，使在校学生在钢结构设计方面得到锻炼，为毕业从事钢结构方面的工作打基础，已成为钢结构教学改革的当务之急。针对目前钢结构课程设计教学中存在的问题，提出钢结构课程设计需要改进的措施，以期对钢结构课程设计改革有所裨益。

第一章 冷库工程施工方案第一节、 工程内容工程内容主要有：各种冷库工程设备设施耗材辅料采购、库体安装、内外机吊装、铺设连接管路、管路保温、排水管安装、线路架设连接、控制系统安装、内、外机电源线接线及系统调试。冷库机组所需的动力电源即电缆引入未计入本安装范围，冷库及机组基础由土建配合并施工，我方负责相关配电参数及图纸的提供。第二节、 主要施工方法及技术要求一、安装工程总程序人力组织、机具进场、会审图纸及技术交底、材料采购进场支托架制作、库体拼接接、隔墙穿孔、排水管线安装、支托架安装、焊接安装主管线、主管线保温、分歧管焊接、管线保温、控制线敷设、室内机组固定及接口、室外机组吊架固定及接口、管道系统的吹污、试压、排水管试漏、系统抽真空、系统充氟、试机调试、运行、系统最后整理、验收二、安装要点及技术要求：1. 隔墙穿孔及处理： 由于系统管线和排水要求需穿越库体和墙面，应核准应开洞孔的位置及尺寸，无误后在要打洞孔的墙板上标出所开洞孔的大小，墙面穿孔必须征得现场土建技术人员意见对建筑物结构无影响后才能去进行穿孔作业。管线过墙洞，采用电锤穿孔。若不适宜电锤穿孔的墙壁在征得业主同意后方可用其它方式穿孔。孔的大小以可以穿过管线（含保温层）为准，管线穿过墙体处应设钢套管，管路的焊缝不得置于套管内，镀锌铁皮套管应与墙面或楼板平齐，但应至少比地面高出20mm，管道与套管的空隙应用隔热或其它不燃材料填塞，不得将套管作为管道的支撑。2. 库内机组的安装： 步骤：决定库内机组的位置→画线标位→扩孔器扩孔→库顶支撑杆固定→机组吊顶螺杆连接→库内机组固定3. 冷媒配管：（1）步骤：按图纸要求配管→管路铺设→焊接→吹净→试漏→干燥→保温（2）原则冷媒配管应严守配管三原则：干燥、清洁、气密性。干燥首先是安装前铜管内禁止有水分进入，其次配管后要吹净和真空干燥。清洁是施工时应注意管内清理，再者是焊接时氮气置换焊，最后是吹净。气密性试验一是保证焊接质量和喇叭口连接质量，二是最后的气密性试验。（3）替换氮气的方法： 冷媒管钎焊时必须采用氮气保护，焊接时把微压（3~5kg/cm²）氮气充入正在焊接的管道内，这样会有效防止管内氧化皮的产生。（4）冷媒管封盖： 冷媒管的封盖十分重要，要防止水分、脏物、灰尘等进入管内，冷媒管穿墙一定要管头包扎严密，暂时不连接的已安装好的管子要把管口包扎好。（5）冷媒管吹净： 冷媒管吹净是一种把管内废物清除出去的最好方法，具体方法是将氮气瓶压力调节阀与室外机的充气口连接好，将所有室内机的接口用盲塞堵好保留。一台室内机接口作为排污口，用绝缘材料抵住管口，压力调节阀5kg/ cm²向管内充气，至手抵不住时快速释放绝缘物，脏物及水分即随着氮气一起被排出。这样循环进行若干次直至无污物水分排出为止（每台室内机都要做）。另外，对液管和气管要分别进行。（6）冷媒管钎焊： a.冷媒管钎焊前的准备：钎焊条的质量标准，焊接设备的准备，铜管切口表面要平整，不得有毛刺、回凸等缺陷，切口平面允许倾斜，偏差为管子直径的1%. b.冷媒管钎焊应采用磷铜焊条或银焊条，焊接温度为700-845℃，钎焊工作易在向下或水平侧向进行，尽可能避免仰焊，接头的分支口一定要保持水平。 c.水平管（铜管）支撑物间隔标准如下： 标 称 Φ20以下 Φ25-40 Φ50 间 隔（m） 注意：铜管不能用金属支托架夹紧，应在自然状态下，通过保温层托住铜管，以防冷桥产生。 d.施焊人员应有必要的资格证明，才能上岗。 e.在焊接气体管操作阀时，必须进行冷却处理（用湿布包裹阀体），否则会导致泄漏（7）直径小于Φ的铜管一律采用现场煨制、热弯或冷弯专用弯制工具，椭圆率不应大于8%，并列安装配管其弯曲半径应相同，间距，坡向，倾斜度应一致。大于Φ的铜管应采用冲压弯头。（8）扩口连接： 冷媒铜管与室内机连接采用喇叭口连接，因此要注意喇叭口的扩充质量。其中喇叭口的扩口深度不应小于管径，扩口方向应迎冷媒流向，切管采用切割刀，扩口和锁紧螺母时在扩口的内表面上涂少许冷冻油，扩口尺寸和螺母扭力如下表：标称直径 管外径 铜管扩口尺寸 扭距（kgf-cm） 1/4 Φ 9．1-9．5 140-180 3/8 Φ 12．2-12．8 340-420 1/2 Φ 15．6-16．2 340-420 5/8 Φ 18．8-19．4 680-820 3/4 Φ 23．1-23．7 1000-12004、所有冷媒管保温管一定要用包扎带包扎，过楼板时要用钢套管。5、排水管的安装：排水管采用PVC或PPR工程塑料管：（1）步骤：连接水管→铺设加热丝→检查水泄漏→绝热（2）管道安装前必须将管内的污物及锈蚀清除干净，安装停顿期间对管道开口应采取封闭保护措施。（3）排水管在库内有效距离越短越好，水平管应坡向排水口坡度为1/100至1/50。（4）库内机托盘排水口与排水管之间最好作一段软连接，且库内机冷凝水托盘排水口应高于排水管接口后，PVC管路采用专用PVC胶连接。排水水系统的渗漏试验可采用充水试验，无渗漏为合格。（5）管道安装后应进行系统冲洗，系统清洁后方可连接。6、控制线作业： 控制线全部采用屏蔽线沿冷媒管捆扎敷设，室内控制器部分穿管暗设，禁止电源线和控制线捆扎再一起，防止干扰。7、绝热工作： 绝热工作需按设计要求选材，施工时一起把保温套管穿好，留出焊接口处，最后处理焊口。施工时绝对禁止绝热层断段现象，保温套管搭接处一定要用胶带捆扎好。8、库外机组安装：（1）库外机组设备的开箱检查，检查情况填入设备开箱检查记录表；（2）库外机组设备的搬运和吊装；（3）库外机组座于屋面基础（土建配合）上，机组与基础采用地脚或支架固定。库外机与库内机之间、室外机与建筑物之间应按相关的技术规定去做。9、气密性试验：（1）作业顺序：冷媒配管完工→氮气加压→时间控制→检查压力→合格（2）试验人员的组织与分工。（3）要领：冷媒管加压须用干燥的氮气，慢慢加压试验： 第一阶段： kg/ cm² 加压3分钟以上； 第二阶段：15 kg/ cm² 加压3分钟以上； 第三阶段：30 kg/ cm² 加压24小时 观察压力是否下降，若无下降即为合格，但温度变化压力会变化，每变化1℃，压力会有 kg/ cm²的变化，故应修正。检查有无泄漏可采用受感、听感、肥皂水检漏，氮气试压完成后将氮气放至3 kg/ cm²后加R22，至压力5 kg/ cm²用电子检漏仪检漏。（4）试验过程必须填写气密性试验记录（记录填写文字清晰，数据真实）10、真空干燥：（1） 氮气试压合格后要对系统进行真空干燥，真空干燥应达到的质量要求。（2） 真空干燥要选用旋转式真空泵（排气量4l/min），使用前先检查真空泵的抽真空能力须达到-755mmHg，方可进行。（3） 按下列顺序： ⑴接上真空表将真空泵运转2小时以上（真空度应在-755mmHg以上），如达不到-755mmHg应继续抽1小时如达不到应检查有无泄漏处。 ⑵达到-755mmHg后，即可放置1小时，以真空表不上升为合格，如上升表明系统内有水分或有漏气口，应继续处理。 ⑶真空试验合格后，按计算的冷媒量加注，并打开阀门（注意抽真空时应从气管和液管两侧进行）。 ⑷特殊情况下，可进行加隔氮气的特殊真空干燥法。（4） 将以上试验情况记录入相关表格。11、氟利昂制冷剂的加注： 制冷剂的加注按照技术资料上的要求进行氟利昂的充注。三、施工主要难点和解决办法 要保证冷媒管内绝对干净、无杂质、无水分。 解决的办法是：①选材要严格。②Φ以下的铜软管采用整捆购买，尽量减少焊口。③绝对保证氮气保护焊。④吹污要达到要求。⑤抽真空要达到要求。⑥加入系统内的氟利昂冷媒采用美国杜邦、法国阿托或国内知名品牌。四、工程保护及方法 防护内容主要是库体、库内外机组。 库体及库内机在安装好后，最后再除去装饰薄膜。库外机组就位时再拆装。 所有管线在未连接库内、外机前一律采用标志扎口保护。第三节、施工组织及劳动力计划1、组织机构图 项目经理负责制：技术负责人： 技术质量组 材料设备采供组 安全后勤保卫组施工负责人： 设备吊装组 管道铺设焊接组 电控系统安装组 2、岗位责任制 项目经理：是公司的法人代表在项目上的委托。根据授权，在项目上负责施工现场的全部施工组织领导工作及对外联络、协调工作，施工工程质量的终身负责人。 技术负责人：协调项目经理主管技术、质量管理工作，加强施工全过程的管理，保证质量目标的实现。 施工负责人：协助项目经理进行日常施工管理工作，制定和实施工期管理措施。确保工程进度按计划完成，负责施工现场安全监督与检查，领导现场文明。 技术质量组：小型施工方案的制定，对施工人员施工中的技术问题、质量等问题进行检查，及时发现及时解决，组织隐蔽验收、中间验收和交接验收。组织设备及材料入场开箱验收，按质量目标对各施工队进行监督与管理，负责对施工队的技术交底、组织施工过程中的质量自检，并提出自检报告，对工程质量负责。 材料设备组：负责各种自购主材、耗材的采购保管及发放，各种施工机械设备采购，维护保养，对材料入场进行清点验收。 安全侯清保卫组：负责各项安全生产措施，对施工人员入场进行安全交底。施工过程中检查各施工队安全工作落实情况，对安全情况实际生产过程的监督管理。负责各项后勤保障工作，为各工程施工保驾护航。 各专业施工组长：负责按图纸要求规范规定制定的施工方案进行落实施工。临时设施的设置：施工人员入场后要与业主协商根据现场实际情况设置好各项临时场地等。以方便工程的施工提高工作效率，临时设施的设置要在不影响施工的前提下尽量做到经济节约，设置上合理。第四节 工程质量管理保证措施1、施工进度计划保证措施在项目工程上我公司将委派有多年丰富经验和能力的项目经理和各专业工程工程师组成项目经理部。各专业施工人员也选派有丰富经验施工经验的人员。资金与物资方面公司将给予最大的支持，在该工程上不折不扣的实行专款专用，给该工程配备门类齐全、性能先进的种类施工机械设备。测量仪器设备，检验试验设备。 2、技术工艺的保障 施工前制定各项施工方案和技术交底，施工方案覆盖要全面，内容要详细，配以图表、图文并茂。做到主动形象调动操作层的学习施工方案的积极性，施工中采用流水施工及并行施工相结合的施工方法。使用各种先进的施工技术和施工工艺，压缩调整施工工序在一个流水段上的持续时间，以保证能缩短整个工程工期。3、施工材料设备入场计划 施工中材料设备的入场时间，应根据施工计划及结合现场实际情况由项目经理部有关人员提前一定时间提出。以便材料采购人员或设备供应商做好准备将备用材料运至现场，保证顺利如期完工。 施工队长必须领导班组做如下几项工作：坚持按图施工，严格执行验收规范，质量检验评定标准来统一施工，发现质量问题要采取有效措施补救，不遗留。做好各道工序的质量检查工作，并做好记录。上道工序不合格，不能进行下道工序的施工，严把质量关。全员参加质量管理，每个工作人员都要保证自己的工作质量，对自己的工作质量负责。所有施工中检测工具在施工前必须进检查、检测和计量，未经计量的测量工具的测量仪器不准带入现场。严格质量检查制度，推行质量一票否决和质量通病的处罚，建立以项目经理为首的质保体系，完善各项规章制度，材料入场必须由专业工程师及材料员共同验收，不合格不准进入施工现场，材料入场后要注意保管避免不必要的损坏，施工人员施工过程中如发现不合格材料禁止使用。各级施工人员严格执行已制定的安装质量标准，示经项目经理允许的情况下不得自行降低安装质量标准。重视各项隐蔽工程的验收工作，隐蔽前必须经过业主、监理及该专业工程师共同签字，方可隐蔽。加强小组活动，开展质量竞赛活动，定期开展各工种技术质量培训工作，提高施工人员的技术水平。第五节 施工安全保证措施1、管理目标（1）在施工中，始终贯彻“安全第一、预防为主”的安全生产工作方针，认真执行国务院、建设部及关于建筑施工企业安全生产管理的各项规定，把安全生产工作纳入施工组织设计和施工管理计划，使安全生产工作与生产任务紧密结合，保证施工人员在生产过程中的安全与健康，严防各类事故发生，以安全促生产。（2）强化安全生产管理，通过组织落实、责任到人、定期检查、认真整改，杜绝死亡事故，确保无重大工伤事故。2、管理组织 （1）成立由项目经理部安全生产负责人为首，各施工单位安全生产负责人参加的“安全生产管理委员会”组织领导施工现场的安全生产管理工作。 （2）项目经理部主要负责人与各施工单位负责人签订安全生产责任状，使安全生产工作责任到人，层层负责。3、管理制度 （1）每一项目必须设立“安全生产管理委员会”工作例会，做到项目前有动员，项目中有落实，项目后有总结。 （2）在组织施工中，必须保证有本项目组施工人员施工作业就必须有本项目负责人在现场值班，不得空岗、失控。 （3） 严格执行施工现场安全生产管理的技术方案和措施，在执行中发现问题应及时向有关部门汇报。更改方案和措施时，应经原设计方案的技术主管部门领导审批签字后实施，否则任何人不得擅自更改方案和措施。 （4）建立并执行安全生产技术交底制度。要求各施工项目必须有书面安全技术交底，安全技术交底必须具有针对性，并有交底人与被交底人签字。 (5)建立并执行安全生产检查制度。由项目经理部每半月组织一次由各施工单位安全生产负责人参加的联合检查，若发现重大不安全隐患问题，检查组有权下达停工指令，待隐患问题排除，并经检查组批准后方可施工。 (6)建立机械设备、临电设施和各类脚手架工程设置无成后的验收制度。未经过验收和验收不合格的严禁使用。4、行为控制 (1)进入施工现场的人员必须佩戴安全服饰，否则视同违章。 （2）凡从事2米以上无法采用可靠防护设计的高处作业人员必须系安全带。安全带应高挂低用，不得低挂高用，操作中应防止摆动碰撞，避免意外事故发生。 （3）参加现场施工的所有特殊工种人员必须持证上岗，并将证件复印件报项目经理部安全文明部备案。第六节、劳务用工管理1、各施工人员，必须接受制冷施工安全教育，经考试合格后方可上岗作业，未经制冷施工安全教育或考试不合格者，严禁上岗作业。 2、每日上班前，班组负责人，必须召集所辖全体人员，针对当天任务，结合安全技术交底内容和作业环境、设施、设备状况、本队人员技术素质、安全意识、自我保护意识以及思想状态，有针对性地进行班前安全活动提出具体注意事项，跟踪落实，并做好活动纪录。 3、强化外协施工人员的管理。用工手续必须齐全有效，严禁私招乱雇，杜绝违法用工现象。第七节 临时用电管理1、建立现场临时用电检查制度，按现场临时用电管理规定对现场的各种线路和设施进行定期检查和不定期抽查，并将检查、抽查记录存档。 2、现场需确保电源供应。临时配电线路必须规范架设，架空线必须采用绝缘导线，不得采用塑胶软线，不得成束架空敷设，也不得沿地面明敷设。 3、施工机具、车辆及人员，应与内、外电线路保持安全距离。达不到规范规定的最小距离时，必须采用可靠的防护措施。第八节、其它管理及技术措施1. 雨季施工措施（1）现场的设备、材料必须避免在低洼处，要垫高。（2）设备预留孔洞应做防雨措施。（3）施工应做好防火、防滑、防冻、防台风、防煤气中毒的工作。（4）室外工程应在雨季前作出安排，尽量避免在不利条件下施工。2.现场文明施工管理措施 （1）现场文明施工管理，必须执行上级颁发的有关规定，施工现场要有各负责人主抓，施工员分工负责，施工现场有一人管文明施工。 （2）地点周围要做整洁，干活脚下清，活完料尽、剔凿、保温完后要随时清理干净，将废料倒在指定地点。 （3）上道工序必须为下道工序创造良好的条件，主动做好配备工作。 （4）现场堆放的的成品，材料要整齐，以免影响景观。3.成品及设备部件的保护措施 （1）施工人员要认真遵守现场成品保护制度，注意保护建筑内的装修，成品设备、机具以及设备设施。 （2）设备开箱检查后对易丢、易损件应制定专人负责，库门钥匙、电控箱钥匙妥善保养，库灯、插座等在安装前不要拆包装。设备搬运时明露在外的表面应防止碰撞。 （3）机组设备吊装，应确定吊装及运输方案，在吊装时按产品吊装点吊装。特殊情况可邀请专业公司和施工队伍参与。4.现场材料供应和管理措施 （1）有与工程相适应的场地、仓库，以利于堆放、储备。 （2）现场的设备、材料、加工件派专业人员负责按施工进度，计划编制进行收、看、发的工作。 （3）库内场内的各种材料分规格、型号摆放整齐。 （4）加强对施工班组、料具的管理，防止材料和零部件的丢失，废料脚料及时收回。5.降低成本技术措施 施工人员必须充分熟悉工程的特点，施工范围、工艺流程，复核标示尺寸、设置位置等，充分做好施工准备，在保证质量的前提下，努力降低成本、增加效益。 （1）合理安排施工进度作业计划，匀衡安排劳动力，防止窝工现象。 （2）合理安排施工顺序，搞好协调，杜绝不必要的返工现象。严把质量关，精心操作、合理用料、降低成本。提高利用率，做以省力、省材、省时。 第九节、调试、整理及验收1、试机调试：（1）试机工作应在系统吹污、气密性试验、抽真空、充注氟利昂等项工作，进行并达到要求后，各项记录齐全并经过该项目主管人员核实签章后进行。（2）通电前，务必用万用表测量任意一台机器电控盒内的A与B之间的电阻值。（3）因设备种类较多，调试时要每台进行调试和测试并将调试记录交验收单位。（4）每台试机前首先检查设备紧固件是否拧紧，仪表和电气设备应调试合格。（5）每台试机连续运转应达到8小时为合格。2、竣工验收与交工验收：（1）竣工验收前应具备的文件；（2）外观检查；（3）联合试运转；（4）在综合效能试验测定与调整后，填写试运转数据表（另附表），各项指标满足设计要求时进行交工验收，填写后的运转数据表需存档。（5）培训业主及使用人员相关操作常识 第十节、售后服务措施及保修承诺我公司承诺：对于本次项目中提供的货物按照以下售后服务条款执行：1. 随机提供详细资料： ①《安装说明书》 ②《使用说明书》 ③《保修证》 ④《合格证》2. 组织具有丰富施工经验的施工队伍负责本工程具体施工，保证安装质量及系统使用功能，并保证空调系统运行平稳、高效、可靠.3. 提供本工程冷库系统的免费调试（调试时需贵公司正常的电源及正常的调试条件）。4. 提供相应的免费技术培训。 免费进行现场培训： a、使用注意事项； b、一般故障的维修。5.保修范围：① 对本工程中我方提供的系统设备（含相关附件）承诺：整机保修12个月，主要部件即压缩机保修年；② 保修期内系统由于非人为因素造成的故障，我方负责免费维修；同时负责在整机保修期内每年对设备提供二次免费保养维护服务；③ 保修期内因使用不当或保修期外发生的故障，提供免费服务，只收取更换部件的成本费。 6.冷库的维护和信息处理方式：我公司对承接完成的每一冷库项目均建立完善的信息处理技术平台，依据技术要求定时、定点、定人巡检、保养、维护。凡我公司承建或维保冷库工程项目均享有终身客户荣誉地位。享受涉及客户项目范围内的一切咨询、培训、维护之免费服务。我公司设立二十四小时服务热线公司独立网页为客户提供全方位义务服务。

这个论文写法如下：1、介绍研究背景和目的，说明选择这个研究主题的原因，以及想要研究的问题是什么。2、研究方法：描述研究方法，包括所采用的研究方法和数据收集方法等，需要详细说明研究方法的可行性和适用性，以及采取这些方法的原因。3、计划和预期成果：需要列出接下来的研究计划和时间表，以及预期获得的成果和对相关领域的贡献。