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论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse （学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper 作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
论文： paper ; thesis
经济学 | 计算机科学技术 | 法学 | 管理学
paper
The paper comprises seven chapters text.
论文共七章。
扩展资料
1、我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together
2、我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li
3、教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month
4、这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
5、此时此刻，这个系统仅存在于论文和电脑里。
Right now the system exists only on paper and in the computer
6、在经济发展方面，这是最优秀的论文之一。
It’s one of the best papers on economic development
参考资料百度百科-英语单词
gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis，eg. MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
没翻译的，留邮箱，发给你吧
作文常用句式总结开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了. It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为… Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为… With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点: People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为．．． People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论… Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论… Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论… There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点. All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题. 提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视. Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是… Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果: Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会… It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信… In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, … Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是… People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题. 批判错误观点和做法: As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,…. It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视…. There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示… As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知… All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.
高中英语实用模版1.书信开头：How nice to hear from you again.Let me tell you something about the activity.I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾：With best wishes.I’m looking forward to your reply.I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知呼语及开场白部分：Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：All the teachers and students are required to attend it.Please take your notebooks and make notes.Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.Please come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分：Please come and join in it.Everybody is welcome to attend it.I hope you’ll have a nice time here.That’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点） オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构）4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作：1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...
① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它，有人赞同。 ③ 我的看法 With the development of IT, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people. However, people’s opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn’t produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional. But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful. As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control, we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects. 议论文范文 2 As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can’t reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods. 记叙文范文 Eye-witness account of a traffic accident 假如你在某日某地某时目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书如下： 1. 车祸发生的时间和地点 2. 你所见到的车祸的情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析 I witnessed a traffic accident on the street at about 5p.m. yesterday. Here is my account of it. It happened at 5p.m. yesterday at the Xiao Zai intersection when I was on my way back to my school. A taxi ran into a cycling boy riding across Chang An Road near the crossroad. When the taxi pulled up abruptly after the driver realized what had happened, the boy was already lying on the ground, bleeding and crying aloud. In 5 minutes, an ambulance came and took away the wounded boy. There is no knowing how it came about. But I suppose it was because the boy ran the red light and the taxi driver took it for granted that there would be no pedestrian or cyclist would cross the road at that moment. This accident warns us of the danger of ignoring traffic regulations. 图表文范文 1. 描写该图并用数字说明 2. 分析其原因及未来的趋势 3. 结论 With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasingly great demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only 15.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by 0.5 billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to 17.5 billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 5. A Letter of Complaint Directions: Write a letter of no less than 120 words to your neighbour, who lives above your apartment in the same building and makes a lot of noise recently at night. Your letter should be polite but tell him or her clearly that you want him/her to stop making noise at night and why. Write a letter in the space provided on the Answer Sheet.Dear Sir/Madam: I am your neighbor living downstairs under your apartment in the same building. I am writing you to make a complaint to you./I am writing you to complain of the noise you make during the night. Recently you are making noise during the night that has disturbed my rest. Almost every night, there comes some noise from your apartment just as I go to bed and am on my way to a dream. I wonder what the noise is. Are you repairing your furniture? Are you doing physical exercises? However, whatever you do at that time of the night, you have to take your neighbors and their rest into consideration. In a word, you are disturbing both your other neighbors and me. Therefore/So, please stop making noise at night. Take care. Yours friendly neighbor Sample 6. Natural Gas Output in China With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasing demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only 15.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by 0.5 billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to 17.5 billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 7. The Importance of Interpersonal Communication. 1. 人人需要与他人交流 2. 人际交流的重要性 3. 结论 Entering the 21st century, man is now in an age of information and knowledge. In such an age, interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with others. Why is interpersonal communication so important? First, it helps people understand each other better. Second, it helps people get more information and knowledge. Third, without interpersonal communication, our life would become a desert of emotion and friendship. Last but not the least, communication between people makes our life lively, interesting and lovely. In a word, humans, as social animals, have to communicate with each other, the importance of which can never be overemphasized. Why is interpersonal communication so important? Interpersonal communication is just like a bridge of understanding between people. For example, it helps students to learn more effectively if one can communicate more with his teachers and classmates. In a family, communication makes the family members understand each other better and get closer. In the workplace, communication between the employer and the employed creates a friendly and helpful working environment.Sample 8 How to Study Effectively As students, we have to study almost every day. However, how can we study effectively? Probably not everybody knows. Have a look at the following graph and we may know better about this. This graph shows the relationship between the amount of study efficiency and the hours spent in studying in a day. From it, we can see that more hours of study do not necessarily result in better or higher study efficiency. In the graph, the best amount of efficiency or the optimum of efficiency comes when one has studied for about 5.5 hours. However, the efficiency begins to drop as he studies longer than 5.5. By the time when one has studied for 10 hours in a day, his efficiency of study may become nothing or zero. In conclusion, there is always a maximum of efficiency and time for study in a day. More time spent in study doesn’t always mean better efficiency. This may tell us how we can study effectively.
英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译论文 范文 一：中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
(一)地理环境因素
“一方山水养一方人”，不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国，这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一，故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关，如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国，其四面被海水环绕，故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位，这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系，如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候，会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此，只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性，才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。
(二)宗教信仰因素
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式，其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多，但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义，如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神，其法力无边，这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主，他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰，其无所不能，这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人，成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此，为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的，我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此，为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度，教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是，教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外，教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外，还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如，英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语，这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”，但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”，这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ，传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛)，但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解，则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构，其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用，并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系，这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外，英语表述中特别忌讳重复，如果出现重复的问题，通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示，但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后，教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧，从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先，词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段，其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次，英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同，只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。
三、结语
总之，中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力，教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统，从而使学生做到“知己知彼”，然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧，从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译论文范文二：生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则
1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性
“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵，不大好把握，运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量，离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境，就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条，那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则，都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确，认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段，即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等，这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致，即得语体之“体”，才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动，翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程，即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此，得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题，归根到底，强调的是语言信息所采取的形式，必须由使用该语言的环境来决定，其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]
2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵
从广义上来说，得体性语用原则适用于一切译作，但是，根据原作的文体不同，在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律，其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确，技术术语正确，修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点，科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实，就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容，同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务，就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作，但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作，决不可自作主张，对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺，对科技翻译来说，虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生，也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙，但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯，文从字顺、明白流畅，而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句，或对原作拘泥太过，以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中，若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者，即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思，因为科学的灵魂是“真”，科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中，一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中，一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此，“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提，而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]
3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用
要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体，就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择，选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外，还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体，得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。
3.1词的得体
3.1.1表达规范
《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性，要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall，temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式，且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆，符合科技英语的特征。
3.1.2用词准确
例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism，suchasE.colioryeast.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”，但根据生物学知识判断，这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思，所以译成“扩增”更准确。
3.2词组得体
3.2.1精炼、符合汉语表达习惯
例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb)tospecificallylocalizeintumortissuesinvivooffersanattractivetherapeuticapproachforcancertherapy.However，treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized，immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力，且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大，所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下，既要充分表达原意，又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组，如asshowninfigure(如图所示)，withoutlossoftime(不失时机)，convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组，能起到精确紧凑，简洁明晰的效果，为译文增色不少。
3.2.2专业规范
例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液，以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液，以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中，“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范，而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统，所指不明。所以译2更得体。
3.3句子得体
句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心，也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求，适应行文递接，切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译，应该做到:
3.3.1体现信息中心
每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出，以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点，了解其着意传输的信息，此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心，使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid，originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871，wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成，这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法，虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了，但是把信息中心置于句中，未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心，译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出，自然流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同，许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾，来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首，以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus)，其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要，译者要反复推敲，甚至可以跳出原文的框框，合理使用翻译技巧，对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整，按照汉语的习惯组织译文。
3.3.2体现逻辑关系
例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系，读来有句子堆砌之感，而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。
3.4语段得体
语段是比句子高一级的语法单位，通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征，衔接的优劣，关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10]，译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系，就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA，calledtran-scription，proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again，asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete，theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉，首先獉獉，DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，同时獉獉，DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程，较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。
4结束语
生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上，在修辞手段的选择上，是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显，感情色彩较强，翻译时多注重形象思维，讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少，感情色彩罕见，翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ，讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确，在选择译文语言时，译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则，但在不同文体中侧重不同，生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格，同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样，是一种既具艺术性，又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点，只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索，别无捷径可走。
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6. 有关计算机英语论文
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
翻译是一门语言的艺术，下文是我为大家整理的关于2017英语翻译论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 2017英语翻译论文范文篇1 学翻译中意境的传递 关键词：意境 传递 模糊 语言 摘 要：意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴，具有情景交融、虚实相生的特点，使读者浮想联翩，如临其境，感同身受。意境的传递受到多种因素的影响，如译者的审美能力和 文学再创造能力、语言差异和 文化 差异。意境的核心内容是模糊美，译者需要巧妙运用模糊语言来传递原文的意境。 一、引 言 意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴，凝结了中国人的 哲学 智慧和 艺术 经验 。道家的本无之论和佛禅的空观是意境诞生的哲学前提，意境的提出受到了佛、道、禅的影响，美学正是在与宗教、哲学的区别中找到了自己的独特规定。(刘成纪，2006：87，92)根据《辞海》(1999年版)的解释，意境是文学作品中所描绘的客观图景与所表现的思想感情融合一致而形成的一种艺术境界。具有虚实相生、意与境谐、深邃幽远的审美特征，能使读者产生想象和联想，如入其境，在思想感情上受到感染。中国的古典文论独标境界，以意境之高下来衡量作品的艺术价值。优秀的文学艺术往往能使情与景、意与境相交融，塑造鲜明生动的艺术形象，产生强烈的感染力。 茅盾曾为文学翻译下过一个定义：“文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发，感动和美的感受。”(茅盾，1984：10)不少人认为文学翻译是以意境的传达和再现作为自己的最高目标。意境的营造已属不易，而要在翻译中用一种语言再现另一种语言所烘托的意境就更是难上加难。“意境由意象群组合而成，它浑融诸意象，而超越于意象之和。”(吴战垒，1991：41)刘禹锡曾说：“义得而言丧，故微而难能;境生于象外，故精而寡合。”这说明“意境产生于意象又超越于意象，可意会而不可言传”(龚光明，2004：38)。翻译时译者要如何处理这种不可言传性，在译文里再现原文的意境，对自身无疑是一种高难度的挑战。其实，意境再现是一种翻译的理想境界，有时很难实现，毕竟不同国家和不同民族在语言、文化和思维等方面存在许多差异。不过，译者可通过自身的努力，用另一种语言来传递原作的意境。 二、影响意境传递的主要因素 意境的传递受到许多因素的影响。既然是翻译，就一定会涉及原文和译文、译者和读者。意境属于美学范畴。“翻译美学的研究对象是翻译中的审美客体(原文、译文)，翻译中的审美主体(译者、读者)，翻译中的审美活动，翻译中的审美判断，审美欣赏，审美标准以及翻译过程中富有创造性的审美再现等等。”(毛荣贵，2005：7)意境的再现或传递要求译者在翻译时“不仅要达意，还要传情，要引起读者身临其境的审美冲动”(陆洋，2005：50)。译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力是影响意境传递的主观因素，而语言差异和文化差异则是影响意境传递的客观因素。 1.译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力 译者的审美能力决定了译作的美感层次。译者从事翻译活动时是“由多种 心理要素及其功能关系组合而成，这些心理要素通力合作，才能保证译者审美经验(美感)的最终实现”(屠国元、袁圆，2006：25)。文学翻译的艺术性强调了译者对原作的思想内容与艺术风格的审美把握，要求译者以再现原作的艺术美为旨归。因此文学翻译的过程可以简单表述为“感受美—体验美—理解美—表达美”。译者要再现或传递原文的意境，自己就必须能够感知原文的意境美、体验并理解这种美，然后在译文中再现或传递原文的意境。 “意境的创造要求达到物我水乳交融，即意与境浑，心与物共。”(孙迎春，2002：87)作者是意境的创造者，他的主观心灵与客观事物相融合而产生某种意境。译者首先是原文的读者，需要细心品味文中之境，让自己如身临其境般去体验作者的审美情感，之后通过再创造将原文的意境传达给译文的读者。文学作品通常蕴涵丰富的思想内容和艺术技巧，因此译者要具备一定的文化修养和人生经历才能比较全面深刻地理解原作的意境，才能将译文读者带到原文的意境美中去。 郭沫若曾说：“翻译是一种创造性的 工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作，有时候翻译比创作还要困难。”(郭沫若，1984：22)翻译的创造性性质属于二度创造，也就是再创造。译者需要深入了解原文作者艺术创造的过程，把握原作的精神，然后用适当的语言在译文里再现或传达原作的内容、风格和意境等。文学再创造不是词对词、句对句的转换，译者为了再现或传递原作的意境，不应拘泥于原文的形式框架。“译者的创造不是指语义内容层面上的变化，而是指艺术心理的发挥。”(姜秋霞，2000：260)译者首先要感知原作的意境，再通过审美心理要素的作用，使心物交融，获取审美意象，然后用另一种语言再造象外之意的意境。 2.语言差异和文化差异 翻译需要进行语言文化的对比研究，认识差异并寻求穿越差异的 方法 。就汉语和 英语 而言，两者属于不同的语言体系，这就注定它们之间的翻译不能完全对等。比如中 英文 诗歌的互译就常常遇到难题，因为汉语的平仄和英语的十二音节诗句的韵律效果是不同的。汉语是一种意境语言，“只要排列出奇，组合得当，三言两语就能出景、出情，情景交融”(毛荣贵，2005：220)。而英语则注重逻辑分析，少了“虚”和“意”，更多的是“实”和“境”。例如：余冬日往视，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫茫而已。此汉语 句子 里有“意”——衰、寒、茫茫，有“境”——冬日、柳、烟、水，可以说是情景交融，让人充满联想和感触。试比较林语堂的英译：I went there, however, on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willow trees and a frosty sky. 虽说林译切合原文，也传达了原文的情与景，但由于英语没有汉语那么多产生朦胧美的词，使得译者无法完全再现和传递中文原句特有的意境。 文学翻译并不是发生在真空中，当两种语言发生碰撞时，它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色，所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的 环境中。(王宁，2006：46，48)中国文学作品，特别是中国古典诗词，常常具有一词多义、象征性、审美意象和隐喻等特征，字里行间别有一番韵味和意境。要 体会和理解其中的深意，需要读者具备一定的 中国 文化修养和 文学功底，因此，译者要向另一种文化背景的读者传递原文的意境的确是不易。“文化具有一贯性、持久性，渗透于 社会生活的各个方面。 语言是文化的载体，具有深刻的文化内涵，因此不同的文化中很难找到意义完全对等的词语。”(廖七一，2002：276)例如，唐朝诗人孟郊的《古离别》：“欲去牵郎衣，郎今去何处?不恨归来迟，莫向临邛去!”许渊冲的英译是：I hold your robe lest you should go /Where are you going, dear, today? / Your late return brings me less woe / Than your heart b Eing stolen away.文中的临邛不仅指地名，更是一种文化意象，出自司马相如与卓文君的 故事 。“莫向临邛去”意思是不要效仿司马相如另寻新欢。由于临邛所承载的文化意象对英译本读者来说比较陌生，无法用简练的诗歌语言翻译出来，所以许渊冲不得不进行再创造，把原文隐含的意境直接用 英语 表达出来。 三、模糊语言与意境的传递 语言模糊性是语言自身的特点之一，具有较高的审美价值。语言文字构成文学作品，作家用语言文字来传达文学形象。“文学审美中的非物质形态即意象、情感、意境、风格等这些非表象要素代表文学作品的气质，虽然可感，但又因难以捉摸、不可计量而模糊。”(毛荣贵，2005：230)文学语言的模糊化是作家对语言做 艺术 处理的结果。美学意义上的所谓“模糊语言”，是指语词具有朦胧而又广远的语义外延。从一定意义上说，就是不穷自己所欲言，不“嚼饭与人”，不无视或低估受众的能动;而是让读者独立思考，让读者驰骋想象，让读者享受咀嚼。(毛荣贵、范武邱，2005：11)模糊语言调动了审美主体，扩大了审美客体，从而扩大艺术空间，增加阅读美感。意境理论最核心的内容就是模糊美，或者说含蓄美、朦胧美。 意境是中国古代文论的核心范畴，它的产生和流传是中国影响外国，有着中国的特色。汉民族善于由具体到抽象的联想综合，在文字表达中强调整体的表达，主张藏而不露，欣赏似是而非、只可意会的意境。汉语表达注重整体感应，是一种意境性语言，讲究意合意会，不注重分析和逻辑;而英语则讲逻辑、重分析、求形合，欣赏客观描述，漠视整体感应。汉英翻译的憾事之一就是眼睁睁地看着汉语模糊美感的磨蚀。由此可见，在文学翻译中要完全再现原文的意境是多么困难，在很多情况下只能力求传达或传递原文的意境。 四、结语 中国传统美学崇尚意境美，追求实境与虚境的和谐统一。作者通过形象化的艺术描写手法，将读者引入一个充满想象的艺术境界。意境的基本特点是情景交融，虚实相生，具有较强的审美冲击力，使读者如临其境，感同身受。意境产生于意象又超越于意象，具有可意会而不可言传性，文学翻译中意境的传递受到多种因素的影响，因此要再现原文的意境十分困难。为了更好地向译文读者传递原文的意境，译者必须提高自身的审美能力和文学再创造能力，把握两种语言的语言差异和文化差异，巧妙运用模糊语言来传递意境，体现出意境的核心内容——模糊美，即含蓄美、朦胧美。 参考 文献 ： [1] 龚光明.翻译思维学[M].上海：上海社会 科学 院出版社，2004. [2] 郭沫若. 论文 学翻译 工作[A].翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)[C].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984. [3] 姜秋霞.佳境生象外——文学翻译的美学随想[A].翻译思考录[C].武汉：湖北 教育 出版社，2000. [4] 廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索[M].南京：译林出版社，2002. [5] 刘成纪.重谈中国美学意境之诞生[J].求是学刊，2006：(5). [6] 陆洋.论“美译”——林语堂翻译研究[J].中国翻译，2005：(5). 2017英语翻译论文范文篇2 论文学翻译中的再创造 摘要 翻译是一门语言的艺术，文学翻译更是如此，与其他文本类型相比较，文学翻译具有其独特的创造性。本文探讨了文学翻译再创造的必然性以及译者在对文学作品进行再创造时要考虑的四个层面：历史层面、宗教层面、文化层面和语言结构层面。 关键词：文学翻译 再创造 层面 中国的翻译可谓源远流长，有两千多年的历史传统。随着翻译这一门学科的不断发展，人们对翻译理论的探讨也不断深化。各种翻译理论层出不穷，释道安的“五失本”，玄奖的“喻俗”，严复的“信达雅”，到鲁迅提出的“宁信而不顺”，傅雷的“神似”，钱钟书的“化镜”，再到我们现在通用的“忠实、通顺”等等，都对翻译作过精辟的论述。但文学翻译却有别于其他文本的翻译，具有其独特性。它是一种跨文化的语言艺术，要求把一种语言所表达的思想内容和风格特色用另外一种语言准确地重新表达出来。译者在翻译的过程会受制于诸如历史、文化等外部因素，使得翻译活动与前人所提出的“忠实”背道而驰。“忠实”的翻译原则似乎不能给文学翻译以有效的指导，在文学翻译中究竟要采取什么样的翻译策略，如何跨越不同文化之间的鸿沟去理解与再现他国的文学作品，这些都是文学翻译面临的挑战。 一 文学翻译再创造的必然性 译者是原文和译文之间的“媒人”，原文经过译者的加工而转换成译文。从翻译活动的开始到翻译活动的结束，原文是译文的出发点，离开了原文，翻译便无从谈起;而译文却是原文的归宿，翻译活动的最终目的是把原文转换成译语读者能读懂的信息。当一种语言环境下产生的作品被移植到另一语言环境中时，译者要让译文在译入语环境中产生与原文最为相似的效果，在这一过程中，译者的重要性不言而喻。中国传统翻译理论强调“忠实”而忽视“创造”。在过去如果有人提出翻译的创造性，就往往会被指责为误译、滥译、胡译。这实际上是曲解了创造性的真正含义，错误地把创造性当作了任意性，不能把握译者在翻译过程中主观能动性的“度”。 “过度”的创造确实会歪曲原作的内容，破坏原作的意境，但是“适度”的创造在表达原作方面起着积极的作用。好的文学作品的翻译离不开译者的再创造，忠实只是再创造的基础，但忠实的译文并不等于好的译文，太过“忠实”的译文不能满足译入语读者的期待，这好比是给译者套上了沉重的枷锁，禁锢了译者的思想，忽略了译者的主观能动性，在难译和不可译的地方，只能采取“死译”，因而与翻译的初衷背道而驰。再者，文学翻译除了要传递原文的意义外，还要涉及到复杂的审美活动。文学作品包含了作者的思想感情，是情与景交融的产物，译者在理解原文的过程中也会不可避免地受到价值评判标准、文化修养、生活阅历及审美情趣等因素的影响。因此，“再创造”这种主观的能动参与是无法避免的。 茅盾先生说过文学翻译是用另一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。在文学翻译的过程中，只有根据实际情况酌情对原文进行再创造，才有可能译出好的译文。当有人把“The man is the blacksheep of family.”译成“那人是家里的黑羊”时，确实让人啼笑皆非了一把。这就是典型的“忠实”的翻译。译文确实以最大程度呈现出了原文的字面意思，但是译得很失败。译者完全陷入了所谓的“忠实”翻译，译得一字不差，但却译得不知所云。如果对原文进行创造性翻译，考虑到喻体在中国人心中的形象，将blacksheep译成“害群之马”，问题便迎刃而解。还有些译文不是对与错的关系，而是合适与不合适的关系了。 培根在《论读书》中的第一句话可谓是众所周知了，“Sdudies serve for delight,for ornament and,for ability”。如果根椐字面意思译为“读书可以让人们感觉很愉快，可以增添光彩也能增长才干”，确实让人大跌眼镜，原文的美感全无，原文的排比结构也无从体现。故王佐良先生在理解的基础上对原文进行了再创造，将其译为“读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才”，成为了精典译作。由此可见，文学翻译确实有其自身的特点，需要艺术性地进行再创造。 二 文学翻译再创造的层面 1 历史层面 不同的国家和民族都经历过其自身的历史演变，而作为历史文化载体的语言在这一过程中发挥着重要的作用。民族历史的差异造成了语言的差异，这种差异在文学作品中有不同的表达方式。因此，在翻译过程中，必须顾及到不同文化在历史中的积淀、 思维方式 及表达情感的方式等不同民族的习惯。毛泽东的《七律?送瘟神》里面有一句：“春风杨柳万千条，六亿神州尽尧舜。”有人译为： “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Yao Shun.” 这是不合适的译文，汉语诗句中的意思不难理解，“神州”指的就是中国，“舜尧”则是中国古代两位最英明的帝王，这里引申为圣贤之人，这是译入语读者不知晓的信息，显然不能直接音译。只能进行再创造： “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Sage-Kings.” 这样一来，译文中的“Sage-Kings(贤明之主)”更忠实于原文。《红楼梦》第三回有一段文字用来描写林黛玉的“稀世”之美： “两弯似蹙非蹙蹙烟眉，一双似喜非喜含露目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。泪光点点，娇喘微微。闲静时如娇花照水，行动处似弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。” 霍克斯(David Hawks)译为： She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;and suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(David Hawks,1973) 国外的读者理解不了上面的表达，因为比干、西施是中国历史上著名的人物，前者代表着智慧和忠诚，后者代表着绝世的美艳。此处如果不采取加注的方式对原文进行再创造，译文的失败在所难免。 2 宗教层面 宗教在文明社会的形成和发展中起着重要的作用，是人类文化的重要组成部分，它指的是由民族的宗教信仰、意识形态等所形成的文化。中国的三大宗教在中国民众心中有深远的影响。而在西方人心目中，耶稣的位置不可替代，____贯穿了社会生活的各个领域，成为西方文化的主体特征之一。由此演变出很多与宗教相关的词汇，它们承载着特殊的涵义。在宗教文化的影响下，有些词语的长期使用，其含义已远远地超出了原来宗教词语的含义，随着词语使用环境的不同，其含义也有所不同，如果不进行再创造，往往不能传达这些词的全部含义，造成文本的信息丢失。在《红楼梦》的第六回，刘姥姥说：“谋事在人，成事在天。” 英国翻译家大卫?霍克斯(David Hawkes)将这句话译为“Man proposes,God disposes”。他用英语 谚语 来对译汉语 成语 ，似乎是神形兼备。“天”译为God”。而“God”的意思是____中的上帝，原句中的“天”却是一个道教概念。这使得东方道教和西方基督____的文化差异和宗教渊源无从体现。西方读者会以为《红楼梦》里的人物信奉着基督____样作品的原汁原味就丧失了。翻译家杨宪益先生将这句话译为：“Man proposes，Heaven dosposes.”他将“天”直译为“Heaven”，保存了原文中的道教色彩，使原作的文化特色得以再现。 3 文化层面 文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。不同的国家、不同的民族都有自己的文化，这些文化特征又在不同程度上体现在一个民族的文学作品中。在翻译的过程中灵活地采取不同的翻译方法来排除文化差异，以达到文化再现的目的。由于不同民族的文化背景各不相同，致使相同的表达在不同语言文化中所传递的内涵也大不一样。英汉语分属两个截然不同的语系，受语言和文化的特殊性的影响，不同的国家赋予词汇的意义也各不相同，在翻译时若一味“对号人座”、望文生义，不仅令人费解，而且也不能准确地表达原文真正的涵义，因此只能采用意译法恰当地进行翻译，以再现原文的神韵和意境。这方面的例子不胜枚举。例如：“Bush eats no fish and plays the game”，如果把它译成“布什不吃鱼还玩游戏”则让人莫名其妙。 查阅相关资料，了解到在伊丽莎白女王时代，教徒们为了表示绝对的忠诚，反对罗马天主教在星期五只吃鱼的习俗，所以有了“不吃鱼”这个说法，此处我们把“不吃鱼”创造性地译为“忠诚”;而“play the game”义同“play fair”，大体上是指公平地比赛，根据具体的语境在此处译为为人正直。所以上面的句子若能译为“布什既忠诚又正直”则更为达意。此外，中西文化中的“龙”也是很好的例证。在中国文化中，“龙”象征“权力、地位”，古代的皇帝都坐喜欢坐在龙椅上大概就是这个原因了;而在西方文化中，“龙”却是邪恶的象征，是一种不讨人喜欢的喷火的动物。因此，在翻译时就要准确地把握该词所在的语境。 4 语言结构层面 英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，属于不同的语系。英语隶属于印欧语系，而汉语则是汉藏语系;英语采用26个字母为其语言的表达符号，而汉语则在象形文字的基础上传情达意;汉语是螺旋式思维，而英语是直线式思维;英语重形合，而汉语重意合。这些差异使得译者在翻译过程中必须得斟词酌句、深思熟虑。如果把“The coat is nice and cheap”译为“这件外套漂亮和便宜”就失去汉语的意味了，因为原句中“nice”和“cheap”的搭配可谓是相得益彰，符合以英语为母语的读者们的审美观，但在翻译的过程中忽略了汉语语言的特点，失去了原文的“美”，若能此处译为“这件外套物美价廉”，则带给中国读者完全不同的感觉。译文充分考虑到了汉语语言结构特点，采用四个字的成语表达，符合中国人的思维，最自然最贴切地再现了原文。在英译汉的过程中，有些时候还要转换词语的词性，译文若采取与原文同样的词性，可能会造成“只可意会，不可言传”或是译文晦涩难懂的局面。如：“Independent observers have commented favourably on the achievements you have made in this direction.”翻译成了“有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。”译文把句中的动词“commented”译为了名词“评价”，而原句中修饰动词的副词“favourably”也相应地转译成汉语的形容词。 三 结语 文学翻译是一门艺术，而创造是表现这门艺术的唯一途径。翻译比写作更难，这是因为作家可根据自己的经验随意进行发挥、自由创作，而译者的翻译受原作内容与艺术意境的制约，可供译者驰骋的空间只有方寸之地。即使对那些“文化空白性”事物的翻译也不是任意的，既要使原文的艺术意境能顺利地“化出”，又要能为本族语的读者所接受，除了进行恰当的“创造”与“叛逆”，译者恐怕也别无他法。所谓百分之百的忠实只能是一种错觉。译者在翻译中必须借助自身的文化修养和经验水平，在“忠实”和“再创造”之间找到一个平衡点;只有这样，才能翻译出优秀的作品。 参考文献： [1] 中国翻译工作者协会翻译通讯编辑部：《翻译研究论文集》，外语教学与研究出版社，1984年版。 [2] 常敬宇：《汉语词汇与文化》，北京大学出版社，1998年版。 [3] 臧克家讲解，周振甫注：《毛主席诗词十八首讲解》，中国青年出版社，1957年版。 [4] 谭晓鸣：《文化差异与文学翻译障碍》，《科技信息》，2008年第28期。 [5] 黄顺红：《文学翻译中的文化差异与信息求真》，《焦作大学学报》，2008年第1期。 [6] 孟健、王春：《比较之中出鉴别――文学翻译中风格的传达》，《湖南医科大学学报》，2009年第1期。
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
语音识别是将语音转换成文本的任务。
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
本文旨在分析时代对企业文化的影响，并对企业文化建设提出建议。
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
我们的文本实现了上述可能性。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
1 。伙伴关系，为知识和成功。 2 。无障碍环境与工作有关的行程，为有酬就业者，是改善对指定的通勤路线，在都会区和其他主要劳动力市场地区，在该国。非斜体
Title: alone know the way outKey words: non-independence as a solution to understand the proposedAbstract: The unique system to understand the introduction of China's listed companies is significant, but not alone, as has become to understand the facts, to understand the role of independence, we should start with the following ... ...
Title: alone know the way outKey words: non-independence as a solution to understand the proposedAbstract: The unique system to understand the introduction of China's listed companies is significant, but not alone, as has become to understand the facts, to understand the role of independence, we should start with the following ... ...Topic: the only way to understandKeywords: alone knows no as solutionsAbstract: to introduce China alone understand system of listed companies is of great significance, but only understand without as also become fact alone, to understand, from the following aspects...
包括英文标题,英文作者名和单位名,英文摘要,英文关键词,中图分类号,正文,参考文献,中文标题,中文作者名和单位名,中文摘要,中文关键词等部分,并建议按此顺序书写.1. 文章标题 英文标题一般在10个实词以内,最多不超过15个实词,避免使用非公知公用的缩略词,代号等.2. 作者简介 作者真实姓名,作者单位全称,所在城市,邮编;如有多名作者,在每一作者姓名右上角依次标出与作者单位相对应的序号,如: CHUN Yu 1, DONG Xiao-xue2 (1.Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081,China; 2. School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081,China).3. 论文如有涉密问题或已在公开期刊上发表,请在篇首页地脚处注明.4. 摘要 英文摘要一般为150-180个实词,中文摘要一般在300字以内,中英文摘要应基本一致.其内容应包括研究目的,方法,结果,结论等,禁用"本文","作者","This paper"等作主语.详见"科技期刊文章摘要5. 关键词 每篇文章可选3～8个能反映文章主要内容的单词,词组或术语.英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.6.中图分类号 请查《中国图书馆分类法》.7. 正文 正文篇幅一般希望控制在成书5页(记空格,图表占位)以内.内容力求有创新,论证严谨,语句通顺,文字精炼.8.文中正体,斜体,黑体字符的用法:9.图形图中所有线条,文字必须用黑色绘制;用线形或标识符区分;不得有背景;图中线条须清晰,均匀,刻度线向内侧画,并且间隔应均匀;图中坐标线粗0.5磅,曲线宽度为坐标线宽度的3倍;10.表格要求 表格采用三线表,表头中使用物理量符号/单位,11.参考文献 来稿引用他人观点与材料,须将参考文献按正文中出现的先后次序列于文后,文中须在引用处右上角加注"[序号]".中文参考文献必须列出相应的英文,并在后面加注"(in Chinese)".