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一、封面1、题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、各项内容：四号宋体居中。二、目录1、目录：二号黑体加粗居中。2、章节条目：五号宋体。3、行距：单倍行距。三、论文题目：小一号黑体加粗居中。四、中文摘要1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。3、字数：300字左右。4、行距：28磅5、关键词：四号宋体，加粗。词3-5个，每个词间空一格。五、英文摘要1、ABSTRACT：小二号TimesNewRoman.2、内容字体：小四号TimesNewRoman.3、单倍行距。4、Keywords：四号加粗。词3-5个，小四号TimesNewRoman.词间空一格。六、绪论小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：28磅七、章、节、一.二.三.四、五级标题序号字体格式章：标题小二号黑体加粗居中。节：标题小三号黑体加粗居中。一、一级标题序号标题四号黑体加粗，顶格。(一)二级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗顶格。1.三级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。(1)四级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。①五级标题序号标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。八、结束语小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：28磅。九、致谢小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：28磅十、参考文献小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇，五号宋体，行距：28磅。十一、附录小二号黑体加粗居中。英文内容小四号TimesNewRoman.单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于800字内容五号宋体，行距：28磅。十二、提示【页边距设置】上2.5cm，下2.5cm，左3.0cm，右2.0cm。【页码制作】视图页眉页脚自动图标集选中第X页共Y页。【28磅设置】格式段落行距固定值设置值输入28磅文字。外国文学论文范文赏析：外国文学课程应用型改革的必然性一、应用型人才培养是教学改革的必然选择教育服务于时代，教学制约于环境。自上世纪90年代高校开始扩招到本世纪初毛入学率达到20%，我国高等教育已完成了由传统精英教育向现代大众教育的转化。在这个过程中，一批以专科院校合并升格方式组建而成的地方性本科院校应运而生。在世纪前后持续扩招的10年里，这些新建地方院校与老牌院校一起，共同承担了消化新中国建立后第二个人口生育高峰(上世纪80年代)蕴积的高等教育重任和完成大众化阶段高等教育任务的社会责任。在持续满负荷甚至超负荷运转中，他们对自身地位处境、办学目标方向、发展出路等问题未及进行准确定位思考，事实上高速发展的大众教育形势也不容思考。只需例行一年一度“打开门”，以“坐以待客”的招生方式，就有源源不断的生源和疲于应付的工作任务。办学思路、模式无需创建和开拓，只需延续精英教育阶段“全国一盘棋”万众一心建设综合性大学的老路。在发展历史短底子薄、地方投入不足办学条件差、地域封闭学缘校缘联系欠佳等不利因素下，殚精竭虑、不遗余力地追求学术型大学建设目标。客观地说，在此宏大目标下，这些院校做出了不同寻常的努力，使办学环境、条件得到了极大改善。自身获得了长足发展，也为我国高等教育事业做出了巨大贡献。但不可回避的是，诸多现实问题也随之产生，且日渐凸显，成为当前及今后一个时期困扰地方院校、困扰全社会，以至制约我国大众高等教育持续健康发展的巨大障碍。存在的主要问题是，地方院校是在办学条件有限、生源质量较差情况下，走与老牌综合大学同样的学术精英人才培养之路，现实与理想的差距，使教育活动收效甚微。教学中，一方面是受各种条件制约的教师在相对封闭的环境下，多年不变地守着同一个培养计划同一个大纲，竭尽所能地讲授系统的专业理论知识，另一方面是应试教育驯化出来的课外书籍基本不看、学习基本被牵着鼻子转的学生，在高校大信息量、满堂灌的课堂上难以适应和疲于应付。应试教育阶段，学生缺乏必要的阅读和社会参与，导致常识性科学文化知识和社会经验阅历积累不足。加之地方院校低分录取的学生知识功底较弱的特殊问题，使以系统理论知识传授为指针的教学活动困难重重。学生对大容量高密度的知识传授难于消化和理解，与教师之间难以形成“反馈”与“互动”的良好关系。于是教师全情投入的教学就成了单边进行无人喝彩的独角戏，难以收到良好的效果。第二个突出问题是，传统教学模式方法、内容体系及教育教学管理体制，已不能适应变化了的校情学情，造成教学和教育质量同时滑坡。一方面是在校生人数激增，给日常教学带来种种困难。人数激增，班型扩大，使课堂教学秩序难以把握，教学形式更趋于易于操作的满堂灌和一言堂，而以小班为易，曾经作为传统教学补充的研讨式、探析式、参与式教学难以坚持。另一方面是人数激增，使以拓展课堂教学和提高学生知识应用能力、综合能力的第二课堂活动难以开展。人数激增，并列班级增加，教学场所紧张。教室流动使用，学生走班，学生学习及活动最基本的组织单位———班级名存实亡，使第二课堂以及其它增强学生团队意识、提升学生文化素养和参与能力的校园文化活动难于组织。在这两大问题之下，最终检验学校教育成效和学生知识能力水平的毕业生的两大出口———考研和就业，均出现困局。重在理论知识传授的传统教学，目标是培养理论功底扎实有学术水平的高层次人才。但如此教育之下的毕业生，首先在专业知识检验的第一道关口毕业论文(设计)中，常常照抄照搬甚至“满纸荒唐言”。之后在被看作专业知识水平终极检验的考研中，整体成绩也不理想。成功率无论在量上还是质上，都不能与生源质量较好又有深厚学术积淀的一本院校同日而语。而绝大多数选择毕业即择业的学生，在并不与他们所学专业、课程直接对应的职业招聘考录中言不成文、语不成体，在考查综合素质能力的面试中手足无措的现象不在少数。因此现实是，一方面是学生苦读四年毕业后难以找到满意的工作，另一方面是用人单位难以录用到学用相适、上岗即能工作的实用人才。更为严峻的是，现今地方性院校已经占据我国高等院校总数6/7的份额，已无可置疑成为大众化时期高等教育的主体。而这些院校办学方向模糊造成的投入产出失衡、学生学用不适、校地人才供求脱节，不是个案和局部，而是普遍性全局性的问题。由此造成的问题是：这些院校越是在既有路线上发展扩大，越是造成资源和人才的浪费。其教师在一心培养高层次学术人才的课堂上传授越多，对学生掌控越多，学生开拓创新的能力、职业综合能力、社会适应能力越是不足，越是难以逃脱“理论基本不用”“、实践基本不会”和“毕业即失业”，的魔咒。而国家，在缓解了人口压力造成的高等教育压力的同时，却把就业压力抛向了社会，造成了新的民生问题和社会问题。同质化教育引发的地方院校以及我国高等教育整体问题，从中央到地方、从行政管理部门到实体院校，早已形成自省自警的共识。同时也都预见到，随着生育高峰期人口完成高等教育及高等教育适龄人口基数实际减小，我国高等教育已在蕴积新的矛盾和危机，那就是即将到来的院校间残酷的生源竞争。生源竞争将是物质基础、学术环境都相对较差的地方院校必然面临的危机和挑战。那么地方院校的出路在哪里？发展图存的希望何在？应该在国家政策的框架下谋发展，在自身个性化特色化发展中求生存。要充分领会教育行政部门“分类指导、准确定位、办出特色”的指示精神，要充分理解国家“培养适应经济社会发展的数以千万计的高素质专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才”的高等院校层级化发展思路，从中找到适合自身内情与环境的合理定位。那就是以培养“高素质专门人才”为宗旨，以立足一方服务一方为原则，走应用型人才培养和地域化个性化发展之路，办满足地方经济及社会发展对多样化人才需求的应用型大学。二、应用型人才培养体系中课程教学的问题与地位新世纪之后，国家和教育部持续适时颁发纲领性文件，实施和推动我国高等教育改革的不断深化。2005年教高1号文件《教育部关于进一步加强高等学校本科教学工作的若干意见》，做出了“坚持科学的发展观，实现高等教育工作重心的转移，在规模持续发展的同时，把提高质量放在更加突出的位置”的部署，倡导高等教育工作重心由扩大规模向加强内涵建设的战略性转移。2007年1月教育部、财政部联合发文《教育部财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见》，启动本科教学“质量工程”，提出“按照‘分类指导、鼓励特色、重在改革’的原则，加强内涵建设，提升我国高等教育的质量和整体实力”的基本路线，并以明确具体的建设目标、内容和资金支持，落实高等教育从“保量”到“提质”的切实转换。紧随其后的教育部2号文件《教育部关于进一步深化本科教学改革全面提高教学质量的若干意见》，进一步提出了“高等学校要根据经济社会发展需要，科学定位，办出水平，办出特色”的教育发展总体路线。到2012年教育部4号文件《教育部关于全面提高等教育质量的若干意见》，则进而明确提出了“探索建立高校分类体系，制定分类管理办法，克服同质化倾向。根据办学历史、区位优势和资源条件等，确定特色鲜明的办学定位、发展规划、人才培养规格和学科专业设置”的具体方针。国家层面改革与发展的思路清晰透明，这推动了国内高等教育理论界及实践者对大众化教育深化改革、加强内涵建设，以及高等学校分类定位、层级化发展诸问题的广泛探讨，更推动了学界和实体高校对源于上世纪70年代德国的“应用性大学“”应用型人才”培养模式的深入理论探讨和实践探索。在国家继续实施的“985工程”、“211工程”和新开辟的优势学科创新平台、特色重点学科项目及本科教学“质量工程”等政策、资金、项目、平台等支持下，对于占据我国当前高等教育主体地位的地方院校的“应用型人才培养”理论及实践的探索，均取得了丰硕成果。但从形成的成果结论看，刚刚建立的大众教育应用型人才培养体系已出现新的“结构性短缺”。首先是学科分类内部结构失调。从大的学科分类看，应用型人才培养的理论探讨和实践集中在理工类和新兴应用类学科上。主要探索上述学科实验教学场地、实践教学基地、校企合作、校地合作、产学研一体化等多种人才培养渠道的开发和建设。而既难言成果转化也难言实际应用，而一向作为提高人综合文化素养、人文素质和的传统人文社科类遭冷遇、被搁置，在“应用型”理论和实践大潮中失去了存在的价值和依据。继而在人文社科范畴内，外国文学课程所属汉语言文学及历史等传统人文类专业，因其既非“理论”也非“科学”，而只是人类文明进程中人物、事件、精神、物质等成果材料的汇集梳理，且不与当前经济社会特定产业、行业直接对接，不具备“实操性”和“应用性”，从而全局失利，在方兴未艾的“应用型”理论与实践探讨中失重失语。在定位为“应用型本科”的地方院校自我绘制的“精文、强理、重应用”的发展蓝图中，文科的下行路线已十分明晰。进而在已经失重的人文类汉语言文学专业中，主干课外国文学又因其不具有文学及写作理论课对创作实践的先验指导性，也不具有语言课对言语文实践的经验总结性，而与中国各段代文学课一起与“应用”相关的一切断裂和绝缘。从“文科”到“人文”再到“文学”，在当前经济社会，在重应用型人才培养的大众高等教育中，似乎已毫无用处，丧失了安身立命的依凭。第二，是实践及理论探索的视域有所局限。统观国内相关理论成果材料和实践总结报告，对应用型人才培养模式的探讨和实践主要局限在学校宏观体系建设方面，如制度保证、资金落实、项目带动、师资队伍建设、实践教学改进等宏观因素。而对决定教育改革成败和人才培养成效的学科、专业、课程等教育活动主体内容———教学层面落实问题探索不足。还局限在“合理调整专业结构”“、优化课程体系”“、推进课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和手段的改革”等原则意见的提出，而对教学改革的核心问题———课程教学内容体系、模式方法、评介考核等应用型改革与实践实操层面问题的研究，目前还实为缺位。课程改革是教育教学中的核心地位，国内应用型人才培养理论的奠基者潘懋元先生曾指出：“任何教育的最终效果取决于直接面对学生的课程建设和实施过程，因此课程建设是当前提高高等教育质量的核心环节。对于以人才培养类型作为分类标准的高校分类，最终也要落实在与人才培养密切相关的课程。因此，建设应用型本科课程是当前推进高校分类发展进而提高教育质量的重要举措。”因而，在国家政策积极引导、资金大力支持、院校层面应用型人才培养宏观体系构划业已就绪局面下，学科、专业、课程三级教学层面应用型人才培养模式的探索已无可退缩，它已占据大众教育改革深化最后攻坚克难的关键地位。而外国文学作为地方院校非应用类专业的主干课，也应牢固树立应用型人才培养的理念，努力探索满足社会经济发展对实践型、创新型、复合型人才需要的应用型人才培养之路，建立应用型教学改革和实践的课程体系。这既是大众高等教育改革深化的当务之急，也是地方院校一线教师当前要完成的首要工作任务。任务重大而紧迫而，不容松懈。
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the school.We should be honest and work hard to get high scores.If we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the lake.Behind him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s bucket.It is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be caught.For a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the school.We should be honest and work hard to get high scores.If we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the lake.Behind him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s bucket.It is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be caught.For a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，我整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春，这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点，那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家，恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图，他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的，存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的，真正的青春是关于学习，至少，大部分人是如此努力的学习，为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春，对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导，对于青少年来说，他们的工作是学习，这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先，培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始，我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕，只留英文。渐渐地，我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次，背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三，完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法，我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此，尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸，因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说，时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么？因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱，但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由，我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
EarthDay originally celebrated at Spring Equinox around March 20, is an annualday on which events are held worldwide to increase awareness and appreciationof the Earth’s natural environment. Now Earth Day is coordinatedglobally by the Earth Day Network,and is celebrated in more than 175countries every year.In 2009, the United Nations designated April22 International Mother Earth最初，地球日是在每年的春分，也就是三月二十号，这一天世界各地都会进行各种活动，希望能够增强人们的环境意识。现金，在同名组织“地球日组织”的协调下，地球日每年都在超过175个国家进行。 2009年，联合国指定每年的四月二十二号为世界地球日。People are more active doing something which isfriendly to the environment on Earth Day, like saving water, collectingrecyclable waste, reducing the uses of chemical materials which could pollutethe environment, etc..世界地球日这一天，人们会更加主动地去做一些有益于环境的事情，例如，节约用水，回收可再回收利用的废物，减少可能造成环境污染的化学物质的使用等等。Nowadays our world is highly developed with the improvementof technology. The wide use of technology helped us build factories,laboratories, mines, dams and all kinds of facilities which are supposed to dogood to the mankind. And of course they have brought and are still bringing usbenifits. But in the meanwhile they are causing and will be keeping causingserious environmental problems, such as all kinds of pollutions, the damage tothe ozonosphere and so on. And with the growing population of mankind, We areacctually ravaging the living condition of other species, which would cause theimbalance or even collapse of the ecosystem.现今，科技的发展带来了整个世界的高度开发。在科技广泛应用的帮助下，我们建立了各种各样的工厂，实验室，矿场，水坝以及其他所有的能够给人类带来益处的设施。这些设施在带给我们利益的同时，也对环境产生了严重的影响，例如，各种形式的污染，对臭氧层的损伤等等。同时，人类人口的增长，我们也在不停地掠夺其他物种的生存环境。这很有可能造成生态圈的失衡甚至是崩溃。Acctually we can treat everyday as the Earth Dayand be aware of environmental protection all the time. In which way, our motherearth could be protected and she would be able to support us much longer.其实，我们可以把每一天都当做世界地球日，每天都有意识地保护环境。这样，我们才能够保护我们的地球，她也能够更长久地养育我们。
On suprasegmental features Introduction So far we havebeen talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments,or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of severalsounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study ofphonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment,are known as suprasegmentalfeatures, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is knownas prosody. It mainly includessyllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk aboutthe suprasegmental features ingreat detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in languageis the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts,although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" isdifficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into threeparts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. Asyllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with codais called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs canoccur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of asmany as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as fourconsonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice asto where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.In some languages, syllables are always open,that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word beginsin a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they mustend in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (LikeHawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.)Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently bydifferent authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent andprominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a genericterm for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part ofutterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone wouldagree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, thatthe middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllableis stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort ofidea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables,though they might explain it in many different ways.The production of stress is generallybelieved to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used forunstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllableshave one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach hasmanifested that at least four different factors are important to make asyllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feelthat stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words,loudness is a component of prominence.ii) Length: The length of syllables hasan important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longerthan the others will be heard as stressed.iii) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closelyrelated to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musicalnotion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with apitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have astrong tendency to produce the effect of prominence.iv) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominentif it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use stress.1) In some languages, eachsyllable is equally stressed or unstressed，as in Cambodian2) the syllable in eachword is more stressed. Theplace of stress is fixed on acertain syllable:1) initial. Finnish,Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. French.4) Complex set ofrules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules forstress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllableword: síkwi meat; inwords of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or onthe first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on thenext to last syllable: wunúvtu standup)The place of stress is random.1) In Russian the stress iscompletely random: xoroshó, xoróshi.2) In English the stress ismore predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longerword receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and oftenrenders differences in meaning: project/toproject, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress perword: English is such a language. In English, words of foursyllables or more have a primaryand a secondary stress. SomeEnglish compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of thecompound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/nouncombinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), Englishsentence stress has two main functions:⑴ to indicate the important words in thesentence; ⑵ to serve as thebasis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech,sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry thebasic meaning of a sentence, e.g. nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those whichare usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which showgrammatical relationships, such as articles, auxiliary and modal verbs,monosyllabic prepositions, etc.Pitch Another prosodic feature is pitch, defined as the frequency ofvibration of vocal cords. Pitch is measured in hertzes. Physiologically, pitch tends to be higher inwoman than in men and higher before puberty than after puberty. Also, thepitch of women's voices tends to lower with old age; the pitch of men's voicestends to get higher with age. Despite these physiological, non-linguisticuniversal, each language uses pitch distinctions for linguisticallymeaningful purposes. Startingfrom the lowest pitch on the initial syllable, the pitch of each subsequentsyllable raises until the word reaches the "peak". From that point,pitch either remains at the same level for the remainder of the word or itdrops again. The choice between maintenance of high pitch or allowing it todrop is a matter of formality: pitch is maintained in formal or careful speech,but dropped in colloquial usage.七．ConclusionBeing the most important part, suprasegmental features can not be despised in phonology research.From the whole passage, we can understand that suprasegmentalfeatures not only has its phonology significance, but also the practicaluse as well. We can not say this person is a good language user just by his orher vocabulary, as well as the grammar. Spoken language is also very useful. Ido hope that the paper will be sufficient to prove that suprasegmental features is an efficient way for our studies and encouragemore and more students to pay attention to using it.Reference【1】CaoJianfen. The Rhythm of Mandarin Chinese. Instituteof Linguistics of Chinese Academyof Social Science. RPR-IL/CASS (2000-2002).【2】Chen Ying.2001. Contrastive Study of Suprasegmental Phonology in English and Chinese: aFunctional Perspective. MA: Southwest China Normal University.【3】Chomsky,N. & Halle,M. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
英语语言学课堂教学论文范文
1建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学方式
建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学是人们不断地深入认知。建构主义说明了构建学习观点的意义以及观念，建构主义是人们获取知识本质与过程的认识。在建构主义观念指导中，在习英语对老师以及学生都提出了不同的要求。从学生这一主体分析，建构主义要充分体现出学生的地位，英语教师作为课堂参与者以及组织者,应该把学生放在主体地位，同时还要密切关注学生的综合素质发展。在建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂教育可以使学生弘扬个性、充分发挥自身潜能，每一个学生学习的自身基础上提高英语能力。对英语教师来讲，作为英语课堂教学的主要组织人员，应该在课堂上充分给学生创设教学情境，给学生良好的学习环境激发学生在学习中的主动性以及积极性。同时在课堂上通过对学生适当引导，使英语课堂逐步的向着构建主义方向发展，建立互相信任的师生关系，保证提高英语课堂教学的质量。
2构建英语课堂教学的方式
在建立学习环境以及建构学习英语理论时，应该随时与学生为主体对象，在英语课堂教学中老师对学生而言是促进者、帮助者、指导者以及组织者，在课堂教学中充分调动学生学习的积极性，最终达到学生掌握知识和构建主义下学习的目的。
2.1重视学生学习的主体地位
在建构主义下学习英语可强调学生在英语学习中的主体地位，学生在建构主义中学习英语是主动的，而不是由于受到外部刺激被迫接受学习。英语教师的教学效果关键是学生学习英语的积极性以及学习英语效果，学习英语成败与否主要在于学生在学习的过程中有没有主动积极的参与学习过程。只有学生明确学习目标主动学习，才能完成对英语知识的构建。因此要在课堂中有效的教学要充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主体地位，作为老师积极主动的引导学生进行学习，只有把英语学习内容转换成学生的内在需求，变成个人积极主动的学习，学生才可以真正的把自己的潜能发展出来，建构知识体系下的学习方式。重视学生的主体地位，就要让学生积极主动的进行英语学习，作为英语教师要教会学生主动的学习并且及时的归纳英语知识，引导学生自觉的运用知识。提醒学生在学习英语的过程中要不断地自我调整和掌控。
2.2重视学生个体特征
在学习的过程中学生应该根据已有的认知行为主动的选择外部信息，对外部英语信息进行处理以及加工，英语知识是学生在学习的过程中逐步建立起来的整体内容。因为学生理解英语知识是根据已有的背景以及经验进行构建的'，所以每一个学生都会对同一知识结构有不同理解，每个学生自主学习英语的过程中都印证自我个性以及特征，以往传统的英语教学模式只会阻碍学生的创新能力，严重遏制了学生的个性。所以英语教师在讲授知识时，要以人为本，尊重每一个学生的个性发展，充分给予学生弘扬自我个性以及体现价值的空间，保证每一位学生在已有学习基础的能力上把自我个性进一步发展以及提高。教学的关键是学生之间互相合作，作为英语教师应该鼓励每一位学生都参与到学习之中，推出主动交流、合理创新的英语学习氛围。
2.3鼓励学生自主学习
学习英语的过程就是语言不停结合的过程，这是从知识理论转换到自身应用的一个过程，要想帮助学生成功的转变掌握住学习知识的技巧，就要让学生不断主动参加实践课程。建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂知识就是强调每一位学生参与性以及能动性，所以在教学的过程中应该避免对学生实施“填鸭式”教育。建构主义主要主张学生可以完成设置问题的情况下进行学习，所以作为老师可以采取任务型学习方法以及课题式学习方式进行教学，在英语教学的过程中从生活中寻找好的学习材料，让学生实时参与并且参与解决问题的过程，引发学生建构新知识的欲望。
2.4强调教学互动
学生在学习英语的过程中，教师应该选取资料应该从英语网站、专著以及期刊等专业领域中获取学生所需的资料，把这些资料以多种形式提供给学生，在给学生提供材料的同时把问题一起导入，和学生互相讨论，让学生在学习的过程中自己归纳语言。除此之外还应该及时的整理学生在阅读中所遇到的问题，保证基于建构主义下建构英语教学模式把学生的思维能力进一步提高。
3结语
总而言之，随着新课改不断的深化改革，使英语语言学教学有了更多的理论指导、英语语言教学创新科教学模式以及方法，英语教师可通过和学生之间和谐互动，与各个学科之间的教学成果相互评价，使学生可以自主学习，提高学生建构系统知识的能力。同时在建构主义下实施英语语言学教学可以开展类型多样的教学方式，促进英语教学质量稳定提升。
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
可以帮你下载参考论文。
姐姐支个招儿呗。。。
现如今，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，借助论文可以有效提高我们的写作水平。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？下面是我整理的浅谈九年级英语教学论文，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
近几年，英语测试一般以教材为依据，着重考查语音、词汇、语法等语言知识的积累和运用；能力立意型英语测试则以《教学大纲》或课标为依据，着重考查学生运用所学的语言知识解决生活中的实际问题的能力、听说读写译的综合技能、创新精神和实践的能力。
测试方式的转变必然引起教学策略的变化。过去，在知识立意型测试的背景下，因为考的是教材上的一些语言知识，学生只需把教材背熟，把教材上的语音、词汇、语法等语言知识记牢，机械地套用一些句型和用法，就能获得较高的考分。于是，毕业班的教师往往拼命赶新课，有的在初三上学期就结束了新课，然后留出半年的时间进行总复习，第一轮复习教材、第二轮分块复习语言知识和第三轮综合复习。但是，在能力立意型测试的今天，学生只掌握教材上的知识和一些语言知识显然是不够的，因此，针对考试形式的变化，九年级的英语教学也必须做相应的调整。
一、总体设计教学时间
能力立意型测试不直接考教材上的语言知识，注重考查学生运用语言知识进行听说读写译的能力，实际上是对我们的教学提出了更高的要求。能力的形成是以扎实的知识为基础的，离开了必备的知识，能力就成了空中楼阁；另一方面，能力是知识的运用，只有知识，缺乏大量的实践，能力又无法形成。因此，我们在教学时，必须做到知识与能力并重。对于语言知识，我们可以在随教材进行的新课和复习中，适时进行操练和小结，而不必在总复习时专门安排一轮的时间集中训练；词汇的巩固和语言能力的培养需要一个长期的过程，不是集中一段时间就能有突出效果的，因此也不宜在总复习时专门安排时间进行，而应分散到整个九年级阶段的每一天，与新课和复习分开，整体设计，循序渐进，每天花几分钟的时间复习词汇，每天进行一个方面的能力训练。综合训练主要是针对中考的结构、形式、难度、时间等进行的模拟训练，不宜安排太早，也不宜安排太多，可以在整个九年级阶段的每个月进行一次，在中考前一周进行两次。
二、四条线索，齐头并进
1.以教材为主线的新课与复习
中考不考纯语言知识的题，总复习不安排专门的阶段复习语言知识，不等于语言知识不重要。我们可以在上新课时，根据教材上该单元出现的语音、词汇、语法、话题等内容，进行必要的语言知识的学习、分析和操练；在分单元复习时，重点是让学生全面复现、巩固所学的语言知识，要让学生有充足的时间熟读教材上的对话和短文，形成对所学内容的整体印象和语感，对相关的语言知识，应前后联系，进行总结和综合运用。
2.以词汇为主线的复习
词汇复习当然可以在短时间内进行强记，但强记的数量有限，遗忘得也很快，初中英语中1000多词汇，靠强记是不行的，因此必须周密计划，经常、反复地记，才能牢记。我们可以从九年级的第一周开始，就安排学生每天复习一些词汇。如：从七年级的第一单元起，先每天复习一个单元；一轮结束后，再每天复习两个单元；第二轮结束后，再每天复习三个单元……在新课一个单元结束时，可以抽一天的时间复习、检查一下该单元的词汇。
词汇复习应注意以下几点：
（1）适当领读。学生到了九年级，分化很大，有的学生学过的词汇基本都能读、会写，有的学生却有部分单词读不准、写不对，还有部分学生甚至大多数单词都不会读、不会写。读会是拼写的前提，因此，在最初复习词汇时，教师或优秀学生应领读两遍，给学生正音是很有必要的。
（2）词不离篇。词汇复习必须与读教材上的语段、语篇结合起来，要督促学生养成在文中记词汇的习惯，将词的发音、拼写、意思、语境结合起来记忆，既可以增强语感，又可以产生联想，延长记忆保持的时间。而孤零零地背单词表，记得快，忘得也快。
（3）分层要求。既然九年级的学生分化严重，我们就不应该用同一个标准要求所有的学生。恰当的标准可以激发学生获得成功的积极性，过高的标准则会抑止学生的积极性。根据学生的智力差异、学习能力和已有基础，坚持让每一个学生尽其所能、让每一个学生学有所获的原则，我们可以要求不同层次的学生分别掌握不同数量的词汇，如95%、85%、75%……5%。不要认为5%太低了，有的学生还可能达不到，但他们总不能定0分的.标准吧；要求他们掌握5%，他们经过努力有时还是能达到的，他们就有了成功的机会，有了学习的动力；如果非要他们达到50%，那么他们干脆不学了。
（4）严格把关。一部分九年级学生的学习自觉性还不很强，需要教师经常督促和检查。检查可每天用5分钟左右的时间，用听写等形式；不必把当天该记的全部词汇都写出来，重点抽查10个左右的常用词、词组和难记的词即可。检查之后要立即批改，亲自批改；对达不到要求的学生，要立即采取弥补措施，督促其达标；对连续多次不能达标者，要适当降低标准。
3.以能力为主线的训练
能力训练主要是指针对当地中考题型而进行的听力、阅读和写作等方面的训练。众所周知，综合运用英语的能力不是一朝一夕可以培养出来的，需要大量的实践。因此，和词汇复习一样，能力训练也应该从九年级的第一周开始，每天花几分钟的时间，训练一个方面的能力。
能力训练切忌抓到什么资料就用什么资料，不加筛选地打题海战，要有整体规划，根据当地中考的形式，精选和改编训练材料，由易到难，循序渐进；不断对学生进行学习方法的指导。既然能力立意型测试淡化了纯语言知识的考查，我们在对学生分层教学时，就不可能像过去那样，要求一些成绩不够好的学生，哪样的东西掌握，哪样的东西不掌握，哪样的题做，哪样的题不做，否则，学生就没有题可做了。因此，我们在对学生进行能力训练和综合训练时，也应该和词汇达标一样，引导学生达到不同程度的标准。
4.以综合训练为主线的复习
现在，许多学校的九年级还在一个月进行一次统一考试，我们可以把这当作一次对学生进行综合训练的机会，依据本地中考的结构和形式，结合一个月来学生所学习和复习的内容，认真命制一套试题进行训练。
最后在中考之前进行两次综合训练，总共11次左右高质量的综合训练就足够了。
精 锐的老师当然有的啦
Consider...YOU. In all time before now and in all time to come, there has never been and will never be anyone just like you. You are unique in the entire history and future of the universe. Wow! Stop and think about that. You're better than one in a million, or a billion, or a gazillion... You are the only one like you in a sea of infinity! You're amazing! You're awesome! And by the way, TAG, you're it. As amazing and awesome as you already are, you can be even more so. Beautiful young people are the whimsey of nature, but beautiful old people are true works of art. But you don't become "beautiful" just by virtue of the aging process. Real beauty comes from learning, growing, and loving in the ways of life. That is the Art of Life. You can learn slowly, and sometimes painfully, by just waiting for life to happen to you. Or you can choose to accelerate your growth and intentionally devour life and all it offers. You are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today. Paint a Masterpiece. God gives every bird its food, but he doesn't throw it into its nest. Wherever you want to go, whatever you want to do, it's truly up to you. 试想一下……你！一个空前绝后的你，不论是以往还是将来都不会有一个跟你一模一样的人。你在历史上和宇宙中都是独一无二的。哇！想想吧，你是万里挑一、亿里挑一、兆里挑一的。 在无穷无尽的宇宙中，你是举世无双的！！！ 你是了不起的！你是卓越的！没错，就是你。你已经是了不起的，是卓越的，你还可以更卓越更了不起。美丽的年轻人是大自然的奇想，而美丽的老人却是艺术的杰作。但你不会因为年龄的渐长就自然而然地变得“美丽”。 真正的美丽源于生命里的学习、成长和热爱。这就是生命的艺术。你可以只听天由命, 慢慢地学，有时候或许会很痛苦。又或许你可以选择加速自己的成长，故意地挥霍生活及其提供的一切。你就是手握今日之刷描绘自己未来的艺术家。画出一幅杰作吧！ 上帝给了鸟儿食物，但他没有将食物扔到它们的巢里。不管你想要去哪里，不管你想要做什么，真正做决定的还是你自己。 本文来自: 恒星英语学习网(www.Hxen.com) 详细出处参考：
【1】The weather change in Beijingwe all know that the weather in Beijing is very hard several years ago.It rained rarely, a few times a year,and the rain isn't heavy,either.We all felt uncomfortble for the dry weather these years.It not only brought fierce wind but also with lots of sands in it.making the sky of Beijing a grey colour.and dim especially in spring and fall.But later we saw a very gratifying situation in the north of Beijing.Government and many public good people invested money,with the help of many cities,a large quantity of trees had been planted there.This made it possible to prevent the sand storm from blowing into the city directly.Not only this.The related department had also release some rules to limit and control the release of the offgas from factories.the human life pollutions and the construction wastes pollution were both taken measures to control.All of this have made positive weather change in Beijng.Several years later,the rain is getting more and more,also heavier,Bring the city a fertile earth and cool air.Then the river is running and getting cleaner.The terrible weather happens lesser.We all feel a lot more comfortable at this.and we belive that the environment in Beijng will be better with our efforts!【2】Beijing， the capital of China,is a very beautiful and important city,which is one of the ancient cities in China. There are many famous wonders and beautiful spots,such as the Great Wall,the Forbidden City,the Summer Palace,Beihai Park and so on. Beijing is also the centre of politics,economy and culture of our country. Owing to the open-door policy,great changes have taken place since 1978. Many new houses and tall buildings can be seen everywhere. Peole's living condition is getting better and better. Beijing has been successfully in her bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games. I'm sure greater changes will take place in Beijing in the next few years. I love Beijing.
迷茫的小羔羊Little lamb lost人生，何谓人生？有的人认为人生是创造，有的人认为人生是追求功名利禄，有的人认为人生是给予。但我认为人生就是生下来，有自己的目标活下去。Life, what is life? Some people think that life is creation, some people think that life is the pursuit of high official positions and riches, some people think that life is given. But I think life is born, have their own goals and live.有的人早已为自己的人生制定了一个完美的人生计划了，并去实施这个计划了。但人生对我来说很迷茫。我也曾为我自己制定了一个人生计划。我的人生计划是这样的：初中毕业之后就去学技工，将来出来工作了，攒些钱，然后自己再开个店。或许在别人看来我这个人生计划很好。但我很纠结，担心自己学不好。我也想过在毕业之后就直接去打工了踏入社会磨练一番，然后有可能去当兵。家里的父母长辈也希望我去学技工。我很反感我的人生被别人主宰，但我却对未来一片迷茫。Some people have for their own life made a perfect life plan, and to implement the plan. But life for me is very confused. I have my own make a life plan. My life is like this: after graduating from junior high school to learn the craft, will come out to work, save some money, and then they open a shop. Perhaps in the eyes of others I this life plan is very good. But I got so nervous, afraid of bad science. I also thought that after graduation directly to work into the community to hone a, then there may be go to be a soldier. Parents want me to study at home mechanic. I hate my life being dominated, but I have a confused about the future.人生总想要一个完美的答案，却总是迟迟不能做出决定，人生本来就没有多少日子，当我们还在犹豫的时候，却不知青春已然在悄悄的离去。当我们在迷茫犹豫中挣扎着醒过来的时候，却发现天已经黑了，属于我们的蓬勃青春的日子已经成为历史的尘埃了。The life always want a perfect answer, but always can't make a decision, there is not much time, when we are still hesitant, but I do not know it has quietly leave. When we struggle to wake up in the confused hesitation, but found it was dark, belong to our vigorous youth day has become the dust of history.或许在若干年后，我们回首过去，才发现黑夜中的迷雾已经被黎明的曙光驱散了。但这时的你还有多少时光可以挥霍了呢？Maybe in a few years, we look back on the past, only to find the night fog has lifted the dawn. But when you have too much time to waste?人生的舞台不管你愿不愿意，我们都要站在台上演绎我们的独特人生。迷宫不是不可以走出的，走对了路，也总会找到出口的。The stage of life, whether you like it or not, we have to stop our unique interpretation of life on the stage. You can not get out of the maze, walk on the road, but also find export.正确的选择自己的人生之路吧，切勿让黑夜迷失了自己，相信黎明了，就会找到回家的路了。我的人生我做主，选择自己要走的路，就是选择了自己的未来。Their way of life to choose right, do not let the night lost myself, believe that the dawn, they will find the way home. My life I call the shots, to choose their own way to go, is to choose their own future.相信迷途的羔羊也会找到回家的正确路径的。
If the Dream is Big EnoughI used to watch her from mykitchenwindow, she seemed so small as she 1)muscled her way throughthecrowd of boys on the playground. The school was across thestreetfrom our home and I would often watch the kids as theyplayedduring recess. A sea of children, and yet to me, she stoodout fromthem all.I remr the first day I saw her playing basketball.Iwatched in wonder as she ran circles around the other kids.Shemanaged to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into thenet.The boys always tried to stop her but no one could.I begantonotice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing alone.Shewould practice 2)dribbling and shooting over and overagain,sometimes until dark. One day I asked her why she practicedsomuch. She looked directly in my eyes and without a momentofhesitation she said, “I want to go to college. The only way Icango is if I get a scholarship. I like basketball. I decided thatifI were good enough, I would get a scholarship. I am going toplaycollege basketball. I want to be the best. My Daddy told me ifthedream is big enough, the facts don’t count.” Then she smiledandran towards the court to 3)recap the routine I had seen overandover again.Well, I had to give it to her—she was determined.Iwatched her through those junior high years and into highschool.Every week, she led her 4)varsity team to victory.One day inhersenior year, I saw her sitting in the grass, head cradled inherarms. I walked across the street and sat down in the coolgrassbeside her. Quietly I asked what was wrong. “Oh, nothing,”came asoft reply. “I am just too short.” The coach told her that at5’5”she would probably never get to play for a top ranked team—muchless offered a scholarship—so she should stop dreamingaboutcollege.She was heartbroken and I felt my own throat tightenas Isensed her disappointment. I asked her if she had talked to herdadabout it yet.She lifted her head from her hands and told methather father said those coaches were wrong. They just didnotunderstand the power of a dream. He told her that if shereallywanted to play for a good college, if she truly wantedascholarship, that nothing could stop her except one thing — herownattitude. He told her again, “If the dream is big enough, thefactsdon’t count.”The next year, as she and her team went totheNorthern California Championship game, she was seen by acollege5)recruiter. She was indeed offered a scholarship, a fullride, toa Division I, 6)NCAA women’s basketball team. She was goingto getthe college education that she had dreamed of and workedtoward forall those years.It’s true: If the dream is big enough,the factsdon’t count. 我以前常常从厨房的窗户看到她穿梭于操场上的一群男孩子中间，她显得那么矮小。 学校在我家的街对面，我可以经常看到孩子们在下课时间打球。尽管有一大群的孩子，但我觉得她跟其他的孩子截然不同。 我记得第一天看到她打篮球的情景。看着她在其他孩子旁边兜来转去，我感到十分惊奇。她总是尽力地跳起投篮，球恰好越过那些孩子的头顶飞入篮筐。那些男孩总是拼命地阻止她，但没有人可以做得到。 我开始注意到她有时候一个人打球。她一遍遍地练习运球和投篮，有时直到天黑。有一天我问她为什么这么刻苦地练习。她直视着我的眼睛，不加思索地说:“我想上大学。只有获得奖学金我才能上大学。我喜欢打篮球，我想只要我打得好，我就能获得奖学金。我要到大学去打篮球。我想成为最棒的球员。我爸爸告诉我说，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。”说完她笑了笑，跑向篮球场，又开始我之前见过的一遍又一遍的练习。 嘿，我服了她了——她是下定了决心了。我看着她这些年从初中升到高中。每个星期，她带领的学校篮球代表队都能够获胜。 高中那会儿的某一天，我看见她坐在草地上，头埋在臂弯里。我穿过街道，坐到她旁边的清凉的草地上。我轻轻地问出什么事了。“哦，没什么，”她轻声回答，“只是我太矮了。”原来篮球教练告诉她，以五英尺五英寸的身材，她几乎是没有机会到一流的球队去打球的——更不用说会获得奖学金了——所以她应该放弃想上大学的梦想。 她很伤心，我也觉得自己的喉咙发紧，因为我感觉到了她的失望。我问她是否与她的爸爸谈过这件事。 她从臂弯里抬起头，告诉我，她爸爸说那些教练错了。他们根本不懂得梦想的力量。他告诉她，如果真的想到一个好的大学去打篮球，如果她真的想获得奖学金，任何东西也不能阻止她，除非她自己不愿意。他又一次跟她说：“心中有目标，风雨不折腰。” 第二年，当她和她的球队去参加北加利福尼亚州冠军赛时，她被一位大学的招生人员看中了。她真的获得了奖学金，一个全面资助的奖学金，并且进入美国全国大学体育协会其中一队女子甲组篮球队。她将接受她曾梦想并为之奋斗多年的大学教育。 是的，心中有目标，风雨不折腰。