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翻译学毕业论文参考文献模板
翻译学是研究翻译的规律和艺术的学科。其主要任务是：研究中外翻译的历史、理论、流派;探讨翻译的性质、作用、标准、原则和方法;描述实际的翻译过程，说明各类翻译的特点和不同要求;探索语言转换的'科学性和艺术性;确定翻译人员应具备的素养、才能和培养提高途径，预测翻译事业的发展方向等。下面是我整理的翻译学毕业论文参考文献模板，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1] 王天天. 从合作原则看汉英交替传译中的增补手段[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2009
[2] 许明. 口译认知过程中“deverbalization”的认知诠释[J]. 中国翻译. 2010(03)
[3] 李忠陈. 中英互译交替传译笔记难易分析及结构符号设计教学解决方法初探[D]. 上海外国语大学 2009
[4] 刁洪. 交替传译中停顿现象的减少策略[D]. 四川外语学院 2011
[5] 何爱香. 交替传译笔记[D]. 厦门大学 2006
[6] 侯海强. 交替传译笔记在不同阶段的规律及成因[D]. 对外经济贸易大学 2007
[7] 易引. 探索汉英交替传译中译语时间过长的原因[D]. 上海外国语大学 2012
[8] 孙晓芳. 《自传：那些只向朋友讲述的事》(2-4章)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[9] 郭婷婷. 《旧径漫行》(第十至十一章)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[10] 李素奎. 《驯马记》(第一章、第二章节选)翻译报告[D]. 河南大学 2014
[11] 武微. 交替传译的特点与策略对译者要求探析[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2013
[12] 潘梦云. 房地产董事长年会致辞交替传译实践报告[D]. 河北师范大学 2013
[13] 熊玮. 交替传译的认知研究及其对口译训练的启示[D]. 武汉理工大学 2004
[14] 赵军峰. 论口译的翻译单位[J]. 中国科技翻译. 2005(02)
[15] 仲伟合. 口译训练：模式、内容、方法[J]. 中国翻译. 2001(02)
[16] 北京市翻译工作者协会编，吕国军主编.口译与口译教学研究[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社， 2005
[17] 李越然. 充分发挥口译的社会功能[J]. 中国翻译. 1987(02)
[18] Gile,Daniel.Justifying the Deverbalization Approach in the Interpreting and Translation Classroom. Forum . 2003
[19] Gentile A,Ozolins U,Vasilakakos M.Liaison Interpreting: A Handbook. Journal of Women s Health . 1996
[20] Larson,M.Meaning-based Translation. . 1984
[21] Gentile,A.Community Interpreting or Not. The Critical Link:Interpreters in the Community . 1995
楼上强大。。我想说楼主必然还是学生，据我所知大学的在线图书馆都有极其强大的database数据库，你可以去数据库找找资料，会有很多。。。。
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下文是我为大家整理的关于翻译论文英文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
1. 乔海清. 《翻译新论》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
2. 邵志洪. 《翻译理论、实践与评析》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 2003.
3. 邵志洪. 《英汉语研究与对比》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 1997.
4. 申丹. 《文学文体学与小说翻译》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1995.
5. 申小龙. 《语言的文化阐释》. 上海：知识出版社, 1992.
6. 申小龙. 《汉语句型研究》. 海口：海南人民出版社, 1989.
7. 申小龙. 《汉语与中国文化》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003.
8. 申小龙. 《文化语言学》. 南昌：江西教育出版社, 1993.
9. 申雨平(编). 《西方翻译理论精选》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.
10. 沈少华. 《英语趣味修辞格》. 北京：语文出版社, 1999.
11. 思果. 《译道探微》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.
12. 孙全洲. 《现代汉语学习词典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.
13. 孙晓丽. 《广告英语与实例》. 北京：中国广播电视出版社, 1995.
14. 孙致礼. 《1949-1966：我国英美文学翻译概论》. 南京：译林出版社. 1996.
15. 谭载喜. 《翻译学》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.
16. 谭载喜. 《新编奈达论翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1999.
17. 倜西、董乐山等(编). 《英汉翻译手册》. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司. 2002.
1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990.
2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001.
3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982.
5. 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997.
6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998.
7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983.
8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000.
9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990.
10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.
11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.
1. 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
2. 丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
3. 费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
4. 冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
5. 桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
6. 桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
7. 何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
8. 何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
9. 侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
10. 胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
11. 黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
12. 黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
学习英语可以是一个枯燥的过程，也可以是一个有趣的过程。我在此献上经典英语美文，希望对大家喜欢。
双语美文：愿得一人心，白首不分离
One warm evening many years ago…
犹记得多年前，那个让人暖心的夜晚
After spending nearly every waking minute with Angel for eight straight days, I knew that I had to tell her just one thing. So late at night, just before she fell asleep, I whispered it in her ear. She smiled – the kind of smile that makes me smile back – and she said, “When I’m seventy-five and I think about my life and what it was like to be young, I hope that I can remember this very moment.
”整整8天除了睡着其余的时间我都陪着安吉尔，酝酿已久，我想我一定要告诉她一件事。于是这天夜里，就在她刚刚睡下，我便在她耳边轻声说起来，说完她就笑了，是那种希望得到我回应的笑，接着说道：“真希望我老到75岁的时候，开始回忆，这一刻须臾会变成永恒。”
A few seconds later she closed her eyes and fell asleep. The room was peaceful – almost silent. All I could hear was the soft purr of her breathing. I stayed awake thinking about the time we’d spent together and all the choices in our lives that made this moment possible. And at some point, I realized that it didn’t matter what we’d done or where we’d gone. Nor did the future hold any significance.
很快她就闭上眼睛睡着了，整个房间祥和安静，甚至有些寂静。耳畔起伏着安吉尔轻柔的呼吸声，我清醒的回忆我们共度的这些美好时光，是冥冥之中的选择成就了我们在一起的时刻。我们做过什么，去过哪里都不重要，甚至未来也不重要。
All that mattered was the serenity of the moment.
眼下最重要的就是此刻的和谐安宁。
Just being with her and breathing with her.
只要能与她同呼吸共命运，便别无所求。
The moral: We must not allow the clock, the calendar, and external pressures to rule our lives and blind us to the fact that each individual moment of our lives is a beautiful mystery and a miracle – especially those moments we spend in the presence of a loved one.
启示：时间、日常事务、以及其他的外部压力都不能左右和束缚我们的生活，因为每个人，尤其是与心爱之人一起度过的美好时光，才是我们生命中最让人心驰神往，美妙动人的追寻。
双语美文：在逆境中学到了人生最重要的一课
Everybody has to face bad days in their life. Some face ailments, some face fears, some face poverty, some face helplessness etc etc. No one can escape from it. It is a rule of life. Two things always combines together like joy and sadness, laugh and cry, health and illness, profit and loss, morning and night, confidence and inferiority complex, victory and failure likewise good days and bad days.
每个人都会有不如意的时候，有人身体欠佳，有人面临恐惧，有人贫困不堪，有人迷惘无助，等等，没有人能够一帆风顺，直至终老。如影随形，此消彼长的事物，比如，高兴与悲伤，欢笑与哭泣，健康与疾病，获得与失去，早晨和晚上，自信与自卑，成功与失败，顺境和逆境也是如此。
You know what is the biggest advantage of bad days? You come to know GOD. What is God? What he can do? He is so friendly, understanding, loving and moreover God is the Superman he can do anything in a second. Yes true he can do anything. He is the only light in darkness. God is so merciful he always forgives and never complaint whether you ignore him many times that is why according to me God is the only best and faithful friend who never cheats.
你知道不顺的日子带给你最大的感悟是什么?就是你开始信奉神明。上帝是谁?他能够帮我做些什么?他是那么的亲切和蔼，善解人意，胸怀广博，不仅如此他就像超人瞬间排除一切障碍。是的上帝无所不能，他是黑暗中的一丝曙光。之所以上帝是人类完美的朋友，是因为他是如此坦诚布公，慈悲为怀，予取予求，不图回报，原谅世人的无数次薄情。
When bad days come a person first of all cannot understand what is going on, why me? But after sometimes he realises his strength and start doing every single thing to come out of it. And he comes out but that journey is though very painful but when you once crossed it you will find your journey very meaningful, you will feel like as your rebirth. You have totally changed your thoughts, your perception, and you can understand life better. You get the meaning of your life. In short you start becoming wise.
当不幸降临，一开始我们总会怨天尤人。但是为了摆脱困境，我们竭尽所能。当一切过去，回头来看，这段经历对你来说非比寻常，如同凤凰涅槃。而且你的思想观念都会发生翻天覆地的变化，对人生也会有更加深刻的领悟，简而言之，你会变得更加睿智。
The biggest lesson of life during bad days according to me is that a person becomes spritual and a giver which he wasn't before. Life means to creat it. First think what you want in your life then start giving the same think. This is one of the most important thing I have learnt in my life. You want love then start spreading it, you want money then start giving to needy, you want happiness then start doing all things which give happiness. Everything is in your hand you only need to give first. If don't have everything then give or share what you have. Still you feel you have nothing to share then give smile. You can't imagine that your smile can do wonder for someone. So start smiling from today onwards.
逆境给我最深的领悟是，变得更加注重精神层面，懂得给予。生命的真谛在于，遵循你的内心先去履行赋予它的意义，这是我的感悟。比如，你想要得到爱你先要懂得如何传播爱，你想要钱，你先要懂得施舍，你想要快乐，那就先做让别人快乐的事情。你想要得到就必须先付出。如果你一无所有，那么你至少可以面对他人，面带微笑。微笑的魔力超乎想象，那让我们从今天开始就坚持面带微笑吧。
The most beautiful lesson I have learnt in my life is that If you are in pain then remember one thing: time is though hard but it would be the best time of your life. You know why we have to face hard days? Did you think about it? No!!!! Ok I will tell you. We always forget two unforgettable things. First is God and second is family. Nowadays money is everything. Money is important, in fact very important but it is not a life so why to spend whole life in earning money. When will we live? What you can do now you can't do it tomorrow so don't let the day pass without enjoying.
逆境中让我感到的最美好的是，体会到上帝和家庭的重要性，这两样东西是我们平常最容易忽略的。每日碌碌只为功名利禄，钱财物质固然重要，但不是生活的唯一，活在当下，感受生活的美好安逸，不要让这些轻易的溜走。
One thing I must share with you is that if you want to grow and learn more than you know, then do whatever you want to do but beyond your comfort zone. Always try to think that I can, then nothing is impossible for you. Difficulty is in the mind not in work.You know one thing when we accept life as it comes or we accept that everything happens for a reason or for our betterment. Believe me you will find your hard days as an adventure but you need to trust God and at the end you will find yourself a winner.
如果你们想要很好的学习成长，那么我倒有条建议，就是在你们的舒适区之外尝试任何你们想做的事情。困难只是心魔，克服它便没有什么可以阻挡你。坦然面对并接受人生的起落，不管是什么原因，亦或是让我们成为很好的自己。我保证当你回忆起这段不顺，你会发现就像经历了一场冒险，但你依然要相信上苍，最后你会发现，你自己也能成为救世主。
I hope you like it. Love you all and God bless you all with healthy wealthy long life and good destiny.
希望你们喜欢这篇鸡汤文。爱你们，上帝保佑你们都长命百岁，平顺喜乐。
美文欣赏：没有颜值又如何?同样能有精彩的活法
When I was seven years old, I would put my school book bag on both my shoulders and had it sit plumb in the middle of my back, as backpacks were made to do.
在我七岁那年，我会用双肩背书包，让它处在我背部的正中央，感觉双肩包就应该这么背。
One morning, when it was so frigid outside you could barely muster getting out of bed, my older brother joined me at the bus stop, and told me I was wearing my backpack wrong. He grabbed it, tossed it over my right shoulder with both straps on the same side and said, “There, that’s better.”
某天早晨，外面寒风萧瑟，冷到你根本不想起床，我的哥哥跟我一同在车站等车，他告诉我我的双肩包背错了。他一把抓过来，将书包和两侧的背带甩至我的右肩，然后说“看，这就好多了。”
Then he said, “You’re not pretty, so you have to try harder. OK?”
然后他说，“你不漂亮，所以你要更加努力，明白吗?”
I stayed smiling because even at a young age, I understood the importance of pretending to not have emotions. In my household, it was a matter of survival. But what he said crushed me.
我的笑容凝固了，因为即便在青少年时期，我也知道假装不露声色的重要性。在我家里，这是一种生存技能。但是他说的让我感到崩塌。
Soon thereafter, I started picking up on the signs one receives when they aren’t attractive. This was made more complicated because I had a lot of friends and people who, for the most part, liked me. I was good at sports. I had various musical talents and up until life completely fell apart at home, I was a good student. I was also a fighter so people didn’t dare make fun of me overtly, at least before growth spurts kicked in and the playing field was still even.
此后，我开始关注人们对于低颜值人的反应。这可是比较浩大的工程，因为我有许多朋友和家人，他们大部分时候还是挺喜欢我的。我擅长体育，具有各式的音乐天赋，而且直到我的家庭生活彻底支离破碎前，我也是个好学生。我同时也很好强，所以人们不太敢公然地开我玩笑。至少，在发育高峰之前，生活还是比较公平的。
Mostly, I paid for not being conventionally attractive by being ignored or not included in “moments” – the many moments attractive people experience.
很多时候，我因为没有高颜值而被人忽略或无法经历“某些时刻”——那些具有高颜值的人所经历的时刻。
Many times, I walked into a room with all of my friends and witnessed them receiving compliments – everyone except me. It’s not that people look at you say, “My god, you’re incredibly ugly. Tell me, how do you not kill yourself?” It’s how you can stand next to an attractive person and the people around you, even the unattractive ones themselves, will say, “Wow, your friend is pretty. Look at her, have you ever seen a girl so pretty?”
不知多少次我和我朋友一起走进教室然后看着她们接受别人的赞美，除了我之外每个人都有。也并非人们看着你说“天哪，你真是丑啊，你为什么还活着呢?”，而是你站在美女或帅哥旁边，人们围着你，甚至毫不起眼的人他们都会说“噢，你的朋友真漂亮。看看她，还有谁能美过她呢?”
It took me being observant and honest to see I didn’t belong. It took studying the aesthetics in photos taken by my friends and knowing something wasn’t quite right. It’s a lack of pride you know would be there if you were just prettier, or sexier. It’s that you simply know that no matter what you do, sans literal plastic surgery, you will never belong to a certain club.
我善于察言观色，而且很诚实，所以我知道我注定不合主流。我仔细研究我朋友照片中的美学，然后发现某些东西并非是真理。如果你仅仅是姿色更上一层或性感尤物，你却缺乏油然而生的自豪感。你明白无论你怎改变，除非整形，你永远不会属于高颜值的团体。
But here is where I throw you a curve ball: my being unattractive hasn’t stopped me from living the other side’s life. Most people never figure out how to navigate this world I live in. I will just tell you I rejected the rules of the beautiful, and learned how to make them work for me.
但是现在我给你一剂药方：我的不出众的相貌并不能阻止我拥有自己的生活。许多人在处于和我一样的境地时都不知道如何掌控他们自己的方向。我想告诉你的是：我打破了颜值定律并让他们变得有利于自己。
I decided I would shoot out of my league. I made friends and dated people I shouldn’t be allowed to date. I stepped over the line. I surrounded myself with individuals who are more educated, prettier or smarter than me, even in the face of people saying, quite literally, “they are out of your league.”
我决定扩展我的圈子，我和以前觉得不能交朋友的人交朋友，和以前觉得不能约的人约会。我越过了那条线，周围全是比我更有学识、更漂亮的人，甚至人们告诉我，非常实事求是的说“他们可不是你圈子里的人啊”。
I may not technically be the smartest or most beautiful person, but I run with those who are. I become by association, even a touch of such, even at a lower rank – beautiful. I buck the system.
我也许不会是最聪明最漂亮的人，但是我和这些人一同奋斗，哪怕仅有一点点提升，哪怕仍然没那么漂亮，我踢爆了这个固有的规则。
To do so, yes, means you may be painfully aware of what you are and will never be. You will be defined by what you have the nerve to aim at being. In doing so, you will challenge and question what smart is. You will not be generic, or predictable. Attractive is only what we define it to be. Don’t pigeonhole yourself so quickly. Live the life you want to live – even if you didn’t win the genetic lottery.
是的，这样做你也许会痛苦的发现自己的真想并再也不可能成为“漂亮”的人。你前进的目标将定义你自己。如此一来，你会挑战和质疑“聪慧”。你将成为个例或非等闲之辈。美丽仅仅是我们给的定义。别那么快的给自己归类，即使你没有天赋，也要活出自己的精彩。
有时候多看些励志的小短文可以提高自己的英语水平哦。下面是我给大家整理的英语经典励志小短文，供大家参阅!
英语经典励志小短文：赶走内心里那些消极的声音
The mind is a powerful thing, and in a nanosecond, it can elevate or crush our mood. There’s a real problem when we start buying into the negative thoughts we have about ourselves。
我们的内心非常强大，在一瞬间就会提升或毁掉我们的心情。而真正的问题在于，如何将内心深处那些消极想法通通赶出去。
Many of us have problems with negative thoughts playing on the channel of our minds, but if you’re engaging in it consistently, and you believe it, it could be eroding your sense of self-esteem. Here are a few beliefs that indicate you may need to switch the station:
很多人脑海中都会不断浮现消极的想法，更糟糕的是，如果你真的时不时地去想，你就会信以为真，这足以摧毁你的自尊。如果你也会出现下面这些消极观念，那就代表你应该做点改变了。
I’m a loser. 我是个失败者。
I’m not good enough. 我不够好。
I don’t deserve…. 我不配....。.
No one likes me. 没人喜欢我。
I suck at relationships. 我不会处理感情。
I’m a failure. 我太失败了。
Negative thoughts conjures up bad feelings and hooks you into believing that what those old tapes in your head are playing is actually true. In short, it brings your focus to your failures, and that gets you nowhere。
消极的想法会带来不好的感受，在那脑海中不断的像老式磁带一般重复，也会让你信以为真。简而言之，这会让你把注意力全部放在失败的事情上，会让你彻底迷失自己。
What can you do? Here are some suggestions:你能做些什么呢?下面是一些建议：
1. Live in the moment活在当下
Self-talk is so subtle that we often don’t notice its effect on our mood and belief systems. Key things to notice are “if only or “what if” statements: the former keep you stuck in the past with regret, while the latter keep you fearful of the future. There is nothing you can do about the past, and the future isn’t here yet, so stay in the present moment。
内心的声音太微妙，有时我们根本不会注意到他们对情绪和信念产生的影响。最需要注意的就是“要是....。.多好” 和“假使....。.将会怎样” 这样的想法：前者会让你陷入对过去无尽的悔恨，后者会让你对未来充满恐惧。对于过去，你无能为力，而未来还未到来，好好活在当下吧。
2. Visualize the good things让那些美好变得形象生动
If we want to change the negative tapes playing in our heads, we have to visualize ourselves positively—that means seeing yourself non-judgmentally. Picture accepting yourself. How would that look? Draw a picture in your mind and expand on it。
如果要换掉脑海中不断播放的消极磁带，我们就要看到自己身上积极的一面，也就是说不带评判的看看自己。在内心细细描述客观接受自己会是什么的画面。细细画出心中所想，那会是什么样?
3. Recognize that actions always follow beliefs要认识到行为由信念指引
Whatever you believe, you’ll experience more of, and you’ll also find yourself behaving in ways that are congruent with your beliefs. So, start believing the best about yourself: act as if you believe that you’re a valuable and worthy person。
不管你是否相信，你以后的人生会经历更多，也会发现自己的行为和信念是相辅相成的。所以要开始相信自己最好的一面：相信自己是一个有价值的人，然后开始行动吧。
4. Pay attention to triggers留神那些“导火索”
Triggers are anything that can start the old tapes playing. If a certain person is a trigger for you, set boundaries with them。导火索可以使任何让脑海中消极磁带播放的人。如果某个人是你的导火索，那么就远离他们。
5. Develop positive counterstatements to refute negative self-talk积极反驳内心那些消极的声音
Instead of always putting yourself down in your head, think of some things you actually like about yourself. What are your strengths, what are you good at? Keep your counterstatements in the here-and-now, instead of saying “I’m not good enough” try saying, “I am capable. I’m good at ______. I accept myself the way I am。”
与其在脑海中一味的打压自己，还不如想想你到底喜欢自己什么样子。你的强项是什么，特长是什么?与其说“我不够好”，不如现在就开始说这句正能量的话语：“我有能力，我擅长....，我喜欢现在的自己。”
Thinking poorly about ourselves gets us nowhere and is extremely self-limiting. Decide today to turn off the negative self-talk channel in your mind and develop your true potential。
妄自菲薄只会让自己迷失方向，同时限制自身发展。从今天开始就关掉内心的消极频道，挖掘自身的潜力吧。
英语经典励志小短文：让将来的你感谢现在努力的自己
Have you ever been around someone who immediately put you at ease? Perhaps you may be one of those people who others feel safe around.
有没有遇到过那么个人，只要他/她在你身边，你立即就觉得安心?或许你就是让别人觉得安心的那么一个人。
What is the common thread in people who emanate warmth? Some may think it is related to personality or physical appearance. But this does little to explain why bright beacons of light can be found anywhere. Essence has nothing to do with our exterior.
那些气场中自带温暖的人有哪些共性呢?一些人也许认为这与性格或外貌有关。但这基本解释不了为什么明亮的灯塔之光四处可见。本质与我们的外在无关。
I like to believe the common thread is a universal trait we are all able to tap into. When we see the truth of who we are and wholeheartedly love every part of that truth, we automatically shine. When we embrace our essence and live in congruence with who we are, we radiate peace.
我愿意相信这个共性是我们都能够触及的、普遍存在的品质。当我们欣赏自己的本质并全心全意热爱着这一切的时候，我们自然而然就会出类拔萃。当我们欣然接受自己的本质并遵循本心来生活的时候，我们会自带平和的光环。
Every day we can choose to wake up and see the gift of getting to be who we are. When we decide to live from this way of "being," it becomes easy to see this same light and gift in everyone — even those who may not yet see it in themselves.
每一天，我们都可以选择一醒来就欣赏做自己这一项天赋。当我们决定以“本性”来生活的时候，在每个人身上，甚至是那些可能还没有开始欣赏自身本性的人身上，我们变得很容易就能看到同样的光芒和天赋了。
The benefits of self-love are many. What I know to be true without a doubt in my heart, is that we are all capable of giving this gift to ourselves.
自爱的益处有很多。我所知道的真相就是，我们都能赋予自己这项天赋，这一点我深信不疑。
These words help me remember why embracing my essence is always the best thing to do. Perhaps this may resonate with where you are.
这些话让我想起欣然接受自己的本质始终是上策的原因。或许这也会与你产生共鸣。
When you love who you are,
当你爱自己的时候，
you become a conduit of light.
你会成为一道光。
Just drop into your heart space,
只需触及心房，
and live life from this view.
并遵循本心来生活。
For all of this doing
做这一切
is not who you are.
无关你是谁。
Listen to your heart’s soft whisper,
聆听内心轻柔的呢喃，
this voice will show you the way.
她会告诉你 方法 。
Live life from your essence
遵循本性来生活
is what she will say.
她会这样告诉你。
See the light in yourself,
欣赏自身的光芒，
and your world will be bright.
你的世界都会变得明亮。
There is no need to worry,
没必要担心，
you are exactly as you should be;
你正是自己本来的模样;
remember to love who you are,
记得爱自己，
and love you will see.
爱自己欣赏的一切。
英语经典励志小短文：你是自然界最伟大的奇迹
i am nature's greatest miracle.
我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。
since the beginning of time never has there been another with my mind, my heart, my eyes, my ears, my hands, my hair, my mouth. none that came before, none that live today, and none that come tomorrow can walk and talk and move and think exactly like me. all men are my brothers yet i am different from each. i am a unique creature.
自从上帝创造了天地万物以来，没有一个人和我一样，我的头脑、心灵、眼睛、耳朵、双手、头发、嘴唇都是与众不同的。言谈举止和我完全一样的人以前没有，现在没有，以后也不会有。虽然四海之内皆兄弟，然而人人各异。我是独一无二的造化。
i am nature's greatest miracle.
我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。
although i am of the animal kingdom, animal rewards alone will not satisfy me. within me burns a flame, which has been passed from generations uncounted and its heat is a constant irritation to my spirit to become better than i am, and i will. i will fan this flame of dissatisfaction and proclaim my uniqueness to the world.
我不可能像动物一样容易满足，我心中燃烧着代代相传的火焰，它激励我超越自己，我要使这团火燃得更旺，向世界宣布我的出类拔萃。
none can duplicate my brush strokes, none can make my chisel marks, none can duplicate my handwriting, none can produce my child, and, in truth, none has the ability to sell exactly as i. henceforth, i will capitalize on this difference for it is an asset to be promoted to the fullest.
没有人能模仿我的笔迹，我的商标，我的成果，我的推销能力。从今往后，我要使自己的个性充分发展，因为这是我得以成功的一大资本。
i am nature's greatest miracle.
我是自然界最伟大的奇迹。
vain attempts to imitate others no longer will i make. instead will i place my uniqueness on display in the market place. i will proclaim it, yea, i will sell it. i will begin now to accent my differences; hide my similarities. so too will i apply this principle to the goods i sell. salesman and goods, different from all others, and proud of the difference.
我不再徒劳地模仿别人，而要展示自己的个性。我不但要宣扬它，还要推销它。我要学会去同存异，强调自己与众不同之处，回避人所共有的通性，并且要把这种原则运用到商品上。推销员和货物，两者皆独树一帜，我为此而自豪。
i am a unique creature of nature.
我是独一无二的奇迹。
i am rare, and there is value in all rarity; therefore, i am valuable. i am the end product of thousands of years of evolution; therefore, i am better equipped in both mind and body than all the emperors and wise men who preceded me.
物以稀为贵。我独行特立，因而身价百倍。我是千万年进化的终端产物，头脑和身体都超过以往的帝王与智者。
but my skills, my mind, my heart, and my body will stagnate, rot, and die lest i put them to good use. i have unlimited potential. only a small portion of my brain do i employ; only a paltry amount of my muscles do i flex. a hundredfold or more can i increase my accomplishments of yesterday and this i will do, beginning today.
但是，我的技艺，我的头脑，我的心灵，我的身体，若不善加利用，都将随着时间的流逝而迟钝，腐朽，甚至死亡。我的潜力无穷无尽，脑力、体能稍加开发，就能超过以往的任何成就。从今天开始，我就要开发潜力。
nevermore will i be satisfied with yesterday's accomplishments nor will i indulge, anymore, in self-praise for deeds which in reality are too small to even acknowledge. i can accomplish far more than i have, and i will, for why should the miracle which produced me end with my birth? why can i not extend that miracle to my deeds of today?
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中国学生主要通过英语课和阅读学习英语。阅读是提高学生外语学习兴趣、积累语言知识、提高学生外语学习能力的重要途径。我精心收集了精美英语短文摘抄带翻译，供大家欣赏学习!
Today, it is worth celebrating this festival. On Christmas day, of course, we can not live without Santa Claus and Christmas presents. I think Christmas is a holiday for children. Today, children will "carnival". They will go out to travel, to play.
I like Christmas hat, it is red. Every Christmas will be present in it. There is also a stealth, of course, is happy. Only today happy, can be blessed.
Today, I want to receive a Christmas gift, of course, is a teddy bear and a Santa Claus, I like it very much. This desire, I realized. Mother bought me. She saw through my heart.
I also want to send each of children welfare orphanage a Santa, but it can only be achieved after I grow up.
This afternoon, we went to the supermarket. The door had the Santa Claus in candy, of course, is that people play. Go to the supermarket, there is a high Christmas tree, hung above the bells, a flash, etc. With card, of course, is a blessing to people.
Is worth celebrating this day, Christmas day is to cheer!
今天，是大家值得欢庆的节日。圣诞节当然不能没有圣诞老人和圣诞礼物。我觉得圣诞节是孩子的节日。在今天，孩子会“狂欢”。他们会出去旅游，去玩。
我喜欢圣诞帽，它是红色的。每到圣诞节里面都会有礼物。当然也有隐身的，就是快乐。只有今天高兴，就能会受到祝福。
今天，我想收到一份圣诞礼物，当然是一个熊宝宝和一个圣诞老人了，我非常喜欢。这个愿望，我实现了。是妈妈给我买的。她看透了我的心。
我也想送给福利院里的儿童每人一个圣诞老人，可这件事只能我长大后才能实现。
今天下午，我们去中百超市。门口居然有圣诞老人在分发糖果，当然那是人扮的。走进超市，有一棵很高的圣诞树，上面挂满了铃铛、有闪灯等。上面还有贺卡，当然是对人们的一种祝福。
圣诞节是值得欢庆的日子，是值得欢呼的日子!
I like green, because I see green you can think of the endless prairie, here in the green grass was full of all kinds of flowers, beautiful! Standing on the grassland, looked up to see blue sky, there are tens of thousands of white clouds in the sky, like a lovely cotton candy, cows and sheep are grazing grassland, there are horses in the running on the grass.
Green represents health, make people for life is full of vitality and hope. Rose up in the morning, looking at the distant green, eyes will become more bright; Green grass will make cows and sheep have become more strong. The green grass and trees, flowers, can make the air more fresh; Dense forest to animals brought a beautiful and happy home; From a distance, a rolling tall green mountain, budao edge of the mountain is linked together with day, like a picture.
Green is the standard of health, green can beautify the environment, we should jointly building a green, green protection, protect the environment. Let the world become more beautiful.
我喜欢绿色，因为我看到绿色就能想起一望无际的大草原，在那绿油油的草地上开满了各式各样的鲜花，美丽极了!站在草原上，一抬头就能看见蓝蓝的天，天空上有成千上万朵白云，像一个个可爱的棉花糖，草原上有牛儿、羊儿在吃草，有马儿在在草地上奔跑。
绿色代表健康，使人们对生活充满了活力和希望。早晨起来，望着远处的绿色，眼睛会变得更加明亮;绿油油的小草会让牛儿、羊儿变得更加强壮;绿色的小草和树木、鲜花可以让空气变得更新鲜;茂密的森林给动物带来了美丽而幸福的家园;从远处看，一片连绵起伏高大的绿山，望不到边，这些山与天相连，犹如一幅图画。
绿色是健康的标准，绿色能美化环境，我们大家要共同建设绿色，保护绿色，保护环境。让世界变得更加美丽。
Everyone has the responsibility of protecting the environment, the environment to our life have a close relationship, throw rubbish casually, spitting, throw waste batteries, these small things will pollute the environment.
Usually it is not hard to see on the way people throwing rubbish and spitting everywhere. They throw a garbage, face is the feeling of guilt, they don't know a group of waste paper, throwing a plastic packaging will pollute the environment; They don't know what cleaners are, how much effort to clean the ground, was one of their small garbage. They don't know what they unconsciously spit out phlegm can make a lot of people have a cold, and those people don't know, is the ground of sputum for their disease. Now everyone knows the forest area is greatly reduced, yeah! That is so disorderly cut down trees, people killed animals living environment. Without the protection of the forest will make dust storms ruined city, dust storms have left many people were killed. The usual thick forest became desolate desert.
Although there are a lot of people pollute the environment, but also have to protect the environment.
Since the people began to advocate environmental protection, green. Our schools are beginning to have a batch of volunteers, small to primary school, to university. The middle-aged and elderly people also have to attend. They protect the environment, advocate environmental protection shopping bags, don't use plastic bags, because he is hard to break down; Don't throw battery anywhere, please put them in the village of professional recycling station; Don't open car, please try to walk or by bus. Leading everyone doesn't want to cut down a tree, they take the lead in planting trees, make the air more pure and fresh, to build forest construction of animal house. The leadership don't spit, they clean the ground, let us live in a clean, comfortable environment. They believe that their homes will be more beautiful.
"Everyone needs to help protect the environment," from now on, from now on, let us act, environmental protection, environmental protection, make the city more beautiful tomorrow.
每个人的身上都有保护环境的责任，这对我们的生活环境有着密切的关系，随便扔垃圾，随地吐痰，扔废电池，这些不起眼的小事都会污染环境。
平时我们不难在路上看见随地扔垃圾和随地吐痰的人们。他们扔一个垃圾，脸上毫无愧疚之感，他们不知道扔一个废纸团，扔个塑料包装都会污染环境;他们不知道清洁工们费了多大力气所清洁的地面，就被他们的一个小垃圾所破坏。他们不知道他们无意中吐出的痰会使很多人得上感冒，而那些的病的人也不知道，是地上的痰所让他们的病。大家都知道现在森林面积大幅度减少，对啊!那都是人们乱砍伐树木惹得祸，使得动物没有生活环境所死亡。没有森林的保护也会使得沙尘暴破坏城市，沙尘暴使得许多人们丧生。使往常茂密的森林变成了荒凉的沙漠。
虽然有很多人污染环境，可也有保护环境的人们。
自从人们开始提倡环保，绿色。我们的各个学校都开始有一批批的志愿者队伍，小到小学，大到大学。连中年人，老年人也有参加。他们保护环境，提倡用环保购物袋，不用塑料袋，因为他难以分解;不要随地扔电池，请把他们放入小区专业的回收站;不要多开汽车，请尽量步行或乘公交车。领导大家不要私自砍树他们，他们带头种树，使空气更加清新，重新建造森林建造动物的家。领导大家不要随地吐痰，他们清洁地面，让我们生活在一个干净，舒适的环境下。他们坚信家园会更美好。
“保护环境，人人有责”从现在起，从现在开始，让我们行动起来，环保，保护环境，使城市的明天更加美好。
随着经济全球化发展,英语在全球范围内被广泛使用,成为国际通用语, 具有国际化。但是随着英语在世界各地的使用, 不可避免地受到当地文化的影响,英语又具有本土化。我精心收集了经典英语小短文带翻译，供大家欣赏学习! 经典英语小短文带翻译：良好的生活态度 A Good Life Attitude Life is posed of plex things and emotions, but sometimes a good life attitude can change a lot, showing a different world for everyone. We all know that taking the college entrance examination is one of the most important things for a person’s whole life. Of course, high school students will under great pressure. So, how to treat it properly before and after the exam is very important. My opinions are as following. 生活有各种复杂的事情以及情感构造而成，然而有时候良好的生活态度可以有很大的改变，为我们展示了一个不一样的世界。众所周知参加高考是每个人一生中最重要的事情之一。当然，高中生肯定得承受很大的压力。所以，如何在考前以及考后看待这个考试是很重要的。我的观点如下。 First of all, keeping a good life attitude is helpful for college entrance exam. As everyone regards it as so important and students themselves also put so much effort on it, they are surely stressful when it is ing. Some cannot fall asleep, some cannot think, and some cannot memorize things well because they are too nervous. As a result, they may not perform well in the exam. However, if they can keep a usual mind, they maybe at their best to get a good mark. 首先，保持良好的生活态度有助于高考。因为每个人都把高考看得那么重要，而且学生本身也为此付出了很大努力，当高考即将来临时他们肯定会压力山大。由于过于紧张，有人会失眠，有人会脑子一片空白，还有人会记不住知识。所以，他们在考试中可能会表现失常。但是，如果他们可以保持良好的生活态度，他们就有可能处他们最好的状态，从而取得好成绩。 In addition, after the high school entrance examination, keeping a good lift attitude is very important. Having experienced so stressful study for a long time, some students start to indulge themselves. Some may be very lazy and some may do some crazy things to relax. However, it turns out that their behavior will ruin themselves at last. If they have a good life attitude, they would relax themselves in a proper way not excessive. 而且，高考之后保持良好的心态也是很重要的。在长期经历高压学习后，有些学生会开始堕落。有些可能会很懒，或者做一些疯狂的事来放松自我。然而，他们的这些行为最终有可能会毁了他们。如果他们能保持良好的生活态度，他们就会正确的放松而不是过度。 In a word, keeping a good life attitude is significant and helpful in everyone’s whole life. 总之，保持良好的生活态度在每个人的一生中都是很重要，也是很有帮助的。 经典英语小短文带翻译：旅游景点的保护和拯救 Protection and Rescue of Tourist Attractions Over the past decades, we have seen a conspicuously soaring number of international tourists visiting a diversity of tourist attractions. At the same time, I am despondent to discover that the positions of cultural heritages and natural attractions are jeopardized severely. 在过去的几十年间，我们已经可以看到参观各种各样旅游景点的旅客数目显著地急剧增长。与此同时，我很伤心的看到文化遗产和自然景区正遭受着严重的损害。 According to a recent report conducted by Thames, the well-known vacation resort-- Mediterranean is getting close to a toilet, posing a disastrous hazard of getting infected by bacteria to visitors who swim in the sea. What’s more deleterious, the famous fresco and sculptures in Sistine Cathedral located in Vatican was eroded and rotten by heat emitted from visitors. Apart from that, pared with the number that 14 people went down the Colorado River in USA twenty years ago, the present visitors aggregate to over one thousand, making the river much more congested. 根据泰晤士报最新的资料，妇孺皆知的度假胜地-地中海正在变成像是一个无法冲水的马桶，因为它使得在其中游泳的旅客有被细菌感染的威胁。更加严重的是，梵蒂冈大教堂中著名的壁画和雕塑正在被游客散发出的热量所腐蚀。除此之外，20年前美国的科罗拉多河上每天只有14个人顺流而下，相比之下如今这一资料已经超过了一千，使得科罗拉多河变得极其拥挤。 It is high time that we should place some regulations to protect tourist attractions. The primary proposal came up in my mind is that, local government should carry out more rigid laws banning mi *** ehavior in tourist attractions such as doodling and spitting arbitrarily. In the second place, it is undeniable that restriction on the number of tourists can make a difference. Keeping the flow of visitors under control will undoubtedly exert beneficial influence on cultural heritages such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall. 现在真的是我们应当出台保护旅游景点管理条例的时候了。我脑中浮现的第一个解决措施就是让当地的 *** 出台更加严格的法律条例来惩治旅游景点内旅客的品行不端，如随手涂鸦和随地吐痰。第二，可以肯定的说限制旅客数量也会产生重大意义。保持旅客数量在控制范围之内必然会对诸如紫禁城，长城这类文化遗产祈祷好的影响。 Last but not least, the rising awareness of acting morally is also a necessity. Only with more citizens attaching crucial significance to the living condition of tourist attractions can we solve this conundrum from its foundation. 最后但不是最次要的一点是人们增强文明表现的意识也必不可少。只有当更多的公民能重视旅游景点的现状，我们才能真正从根本上解决这一问题。 经典英语小短文带翻译：Preparing For A Perfect Journey 为完美旅程做准备 Beautiful landscapes, exotic cultures and a relaxing time all contribute to the perfect journey. Journey can bring us much happiness, people all think about how wonderful their journey will be, but the preparation is also a fun part of one’s trip. 美丽的风景，异国情调的文化和放松的时间，所有这些都是完美假期所包含的。旅途可以带给人很多乐趣，人们所能想到的就是他们的假期将会有多么的美妙，但是准备也是旅途有趣的一部分。 Liu is a college student, he went to travel to Tibet last week, “thinking about my experiences of travel, it’s the preparation beforehand that helps me a lot, I keep an enduring memory.” Liu says. We know preparation before the journey is very important, it ensures people safety, at the same time, people can have fun. What should people prepare for? 刘是一名大学生，他上周去 *** 旅游，“想到我的旅游经验，提前的准备给我带来了很大的帮助，我留下了难忘的回忆。”刘说。我们知道在旅游前做准备是很重要的，这能确保人们的安全，同时，人们可以享受乐趣。人们应该准备什么呢? People should sketch a detailed route taking into account first. They need to check out their route very clearly, so they won’t lose their way. The second is to book the hotel earlier, make sure there is available room for you when you go to the place, if people don’t do it, sometimes there will be no room left. The third is to check out the weather during your journey, to make sure it fits your journey. 人们首先应该描绘出详细的路线。他们需要检查清楚路线，这样他们就不会迷路。第二要早点订旅馆，确保当你去目的地的时候还有空余的房间，如果不这样做，有时候会没有房间。第三要看看在你旅游期间的天气，确保和你旅游期间的相符。 Preparation before journey is of importance, it decides how much fun you will share, so don’t ignore it. 旅游前的准备很重要，这决定了你快乐的程度，因此不要忽略。
目标检测（object detection）是计算机视觉中非常重要的一个领域。在卷积神经网络出现之前，都利用一些传统方法手动提取图像特征进行目标检测及定位，这些方法不仅耗时而且性能较低。而在卷积神经网络出现之后，目标检测领域发生了翻天覆地的变化。最著名的目标检测系统有RCNN系列、YOLO和SSD，本文将介绍RCNN系列的开篇作RCNN。 RCNN系列的技术演进过程可参见 基于深度学习的目标检测技术演进：R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Faster R-CNN 。 目标检测分为两步：第一步是对图像进行分类，即图像中的内容是什么；第二步则是对图像进行定位，找出图像中物体的具体位置。简单来说就是图像里面有什么，位置在哪。 然而，由于不同图片中物体出现的大小可能不同（多尺度），位置也可能不同，而且摆放角度，姿态等都可以不同，同时一张图片中还可以出现多个类别。这使得目标检测任务异常艰难。上面任务用专业的说法就是：图像识别+定位两个不同的分支分别完成不同的功能，分类和定位。回归（regression）分支与分类分支（classification）共享网络卷积部分的参数值。 还是刚才的分类识别+回归定位思路。只是现在我们提前先取好不同位置的框，然后将这个框输入到网络中而不是像思路一将原始图像直接输入到网络中。然后计算出这个框的得分，取得分最高的框。 如上，对于同一个图像中猫的识别定位。分别取了四个角四个框进行分类和回归。其得分分别为0.5,0.75,0.6,0.8，因此右下角得分最高，选择右下角的黑框作为目标位置的预测（这里即完成了定位任务）。 这里还有一个问题——检测位置时的框要怎么取，取多大？在上面我们是在257x257的图像中取了221x221的4个角。以不同大小的窗口从左上角到右下角依次扫描的话，数据量会非常大。而且，如果考虑多尺度问题的话，还需要在将图像放缩到不同水平的大小来进行计算，这样又大大增加了计算量。如何取框这个问题可以说是目标检测的核心问题之一了，RCNN，fast RCNN以及faster RCNN对于这个问题的解决办法不断地进行优化，这个到了后面再讲。 总结一下思路： 对于一张图片，用各种大小的框将图片截取出来，输入到CNN，然后CNN会输出这个框的类别以及其位置得分。 对于检测框的选取，一般是采用某种方法先找出可能含有物体的框（也就是候选框，比如1000个候选框），这些框是可以互相重叠互相包含的，这样我们就可以避免暴力枚举所有框了。讲完了思路，我们下面具体仔细来看看RCNN系列的实现，本篇先介绍RCNN的方法。 R-CNN相比于之前的各种目标检测算法，不仅在准确率上有了很大的提升，在运行效率上同样提升很大。R-CNN的过程分为4个阶段： 在前面我们已经简单介绍了selective search方法，通过这个方法我们筛选出了2k左右的候选框。然而搜索出的矩形框大小是不同的。而在AlexNet中由于最后全连接层的存在，对于图像尺寸有固定的要求，因此在将候选框输入之前，作者对这些候选框的大小进行了统一处理——放缩到了统一大小。文章中作者使用的处理方法有两种： （1）各向异性缩放因为图片扭曲可能会对后续CNN模型训练产生影响，于是作者也测试了各向同性缩放的方法。有两种方法： 此外，作者对于bounding box还尝试了padding处理，上面的示意图中第1、3行就是结合了padding=0，第2、4行结果采用padding=16的结果。经过最后的试验，作者发现采用各向异性缩放、padding=16的精度最高。 卷积神经网络训练分为两步：（1）预训练；（2）fine-tune。 先在一个大的数据集上面训练模型（R-CNN中的卷机模型使用的是AlexNet），然后利用这个训练好的模型进行fine-tune（或称为迁移学习），即使用这个预训练好的模型参数初始化模型参数，然后在目标数据集上面进行训练。 此外，在训练时，作者还尝试采用不同层数的全连接层，发现一个全连接层比两个全连接层效果要好，这可能是因为使用两个全连接层后过拟合导致的。 另一个比较有意思的地方是：对于CNN模型，卷积层学到的特征其实就是基础的共享特征提取层，类似于传统的图像特征提取算法。而最后的全连接层学到的则是针对特定任务的特征。譬如对于人脸性别识别来说，一个CNN模型前面的卷积层所学习到的特征就类似于学习人脸共性特征，然后全连接层所学习的特征就是针对性别分类的特征了。 最后，利用训练好的模型对候选框提取特征。 关于正负样本的问题：由于选取的bounding box不可能与人工label的完全相同，因此在CNN训练阶段需要设置IOU阈值来为bounding box打标签。在文章中作者将阈值设置为0.5，即如果候选框bounding box与人工label的区域重叠面积大于0.5，则将其标注为物体类别（正样本），否则我们就把他当做背景类别（负样本）。 作者针对每一个类别都训练了一个二分类的SVM。这里定义正负样本的方法与上面卷积网络训练的定义方法又不相同。作者在文章中尝试了多种IoU阈值（0.1~0.5）。最后通过训练发现，IoU阈值为0.3的时候效果最好（选择为0精度下降了4个百分点，选择0.5精度下降了5个百分点）。即当IoU小于0.3的时候我们将其视为负样本，否则为正样本。 目标检测问题的衡量标准是重叠面积：许多看似准确的检测结果，往往因为候选框不够准确，重叠面积很小。故需要一个位置精修步骤。在实现边界回归的过程中发现了两个微妙的问题。第一是正则化是重要的：我们基于验证集，设置λ=1000。第二个问题是，选择使用哪些训练对(P,G)时必须小心。直观地说，如果P远离所有的检测框真值，那么将P转换为检测框真值G的任务就没有意义。使用像P这样的例子会导致一个无望的学习问题。因此，只有当提案P至少在一个检测框真值附近时，我们才执行学习任务。“附近”即，将P分配给具有最大IoU的检测框真值G（在重叠多于一个的情况下），并且仅当重叠大于阈值（基于验证集，我们使用的阈值为0.6）。所有未分配的提案都被丢弃。我们为每个目标类别执行一次，以便学习一组特定于类别的检测框回归器。 在测试时，我们对每个提案进行评分，并预测其新的检测框一次。原则上，我们可以迭代这个过程（即重新评估新预测的检测框，然后从它预测一个新的检测框，等等）。但是，我们发现迭代不会改进结果。 使用selective search的方法在测试图片上提取2000个region propasals ，将每个region proposals归一化到227x227，然后再CNN中正向传播，将最后一层得到的特征提取出来。然后对于每一个类别，使用为这一类训练的SVM分类器对提取的特征向量进行打分，得到测试图片中对于所有region proposals的对于这一类的分数，再使用贪心的非极大值抑制（NMS）去除相交的多余的框。再对这些框进行canny边缘检测，就可以得到bounding-box(then B-BoxRegression)。 参考： Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. RCNN-将CNN引入目标检测的开山之作-晓雷的文章 基于深度学习的目标检测技术演进：R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Faster R-CNN R-CNN 论文翻译
翻译：Inspection of moving taregt
原文： Ren S, He K, Girshick R, et al. Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks[C]// International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. MIT Press, 2015:91-99.
译文参考： Faster R-CNN论文翻译——中英文对照
目标检测网络依赖于Region Proposal算法假设目标位置，通过引入Region Proposal（网络RPN），与检测网络共享全图像卷积特征，使得Region Proposals的成本近乎为零。
如下图所示，图a采用的是图像金子塔（Pyramids Of Images）方法；图b采用的是滤波器金字塔（Pyramids Of Filters）方法；图c引入“锚”盒（"Anchor" Boxes）这一概念作为多尺度和长宽比的参考，其可看作回归参考金字塔（Pyramids Of Regression References）方法，该方法可避免枚举图像、多尺度滤波器和长宽比。
为了将RPN与Fast R-CNN相结合，本文提出了一种新的训练策略：在region proposal任务和目标检测任务之间交替进行微调，同时保持proposals的固定。该方案能够快速收敛，两个任务之间并共享具有卷积特征的统一网络。
Faster R-CNN由两个模块组成：
RPN以任意大小的图像作为输入，输出一组矩形的目标proposals，每个proposals都有一个目标得分。在实验中，假设两个网络（RPN和Fast R-CNN）共享一组共同的卷积层，并研究了具有5个共享卷积层的 Zeiler和Fergus模型（ZF） ，以及具有13个共享卷积层的 Simonyan和Zisserman模型（VGG-16） 。
为了生成region proposals，对最后的共享卷积层输出的卷积特征图谱使用一个小网络。该网络以卷积特征图谱的 空间窗口作为输入，且每个滑动窗口映射到一个低维特征，所有空间位置共享全连接层。
该低维特征作为两个子全连接层———边界框回归层（box-regression layer, reg）和边界框分类层（box-classification layer, cls）的输入，其卷积核均为 大小。
对于每个滑动窗口位置，可同时预测多个region proposals，最大region proposals数为 。因此，reg层具有 个输出，用于编码k个边界框的坐标；cls层具有 个得分，用于估计每个proposal是目标或不是目标的概率。
Anchors：k个proposals相对于 个参考框是参数化形式。
anchor位于滑动窗口的中心，并与尺度和长宽比相关。默认情况，使用3个尺度和3个长宽比，在每个滑动位置产生 个anchors。对于大小为 的卷积特征图谱，共产生 个anchors。
基于anchor的方法建立在anchors金字塔（pyramid of anchors）上，参考多尺度和长宽比的anchor盒来分类和回归边界框，用于解决多尺度和多长宽比问题。
为了训练RPN，为每个anchor分配一个二值标签。
正标签：
负标签：IoU值低于0.3。
对Fast R-CNN中的多任务损失进行最小化。图像的损失函数为：
其中， 是mini-batch数据中anchor的索引， 是第i个anchor作为目标的预测概率。若anchor为正标签，真值 ；反之， 。 是表示预测边界框4个参数化坐标的向量， 是正真值框的向量。分类损失 为两个类别的对数损失；回归损失 ，其中 为在 Fast R-CNN 一文中定义的鲁棒损失函数（平滑 ）。 表示回归损失仅对正anchor激活，否则被禁用（ ）。cls和rge层的输出分别由 和 组成。该两项使用 和 进行标准化，并使用平衡参数 加权处理。等式中cls项根据mini-batch的大小进行归一化，而reg项根据anchor位置的数据进行归一化。默认情况下， 从而使得cls和reg项的权重大致相等。
对于边界框回归，采用 Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation 一文中的4个坐标参数化方法：
其中， 和 表示边界框的中心坐标及其宽和高。变量 和 分别表示预测边界框、anchor和真值框。
采样策略：以图像为中心。
在图像中随机采样256个anchors，用于mini-batch数据中损失函数的计算，正负样本的比例为 。
从标准差为0.01的零均值高斯分布中提取权重来随机初始化所有的新网络层，而共享卷积层通过预训练ImageNet分类模型来初始化。同时，调整ZF网络的所有网络层，以及VGG网络的conv3_1之上的网络，用于节省内存的使用。对于60k的mini-batch数据，学习率为0.001；对于PASCAL VOC数据集中的20k的mini-bacth数据，学习率为0.0001。随机梯度下降算法的动量设置为0.9，重量衰减率为0.0005。
训练具有共享特征网络的三个方法：
版权印版权标识
我们学校没有要求翻译参考文献，但是要按照正常的格式写在后面，比如毕业论文要求参考文献是国标，而有些杂志有自己的参考文献格式。
是需要的，因为摘要和参考文献是期刊的一部分。
这个一般不用。如果要是发文章的话，有的编辑部要求文献中英两种都有。
可以翻译的，具体看你学校是怎么样定的，有的是不需要的