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中西方友谊差异的研究现状论文

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中西方友谊差异的研究现状论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

由于学习语言专业,接触到不少外籍教师,有来自北美洲,澳洲和西欧的。和其中一些教师有比较多的书信来往,相处也不错。他们常常会说“我们是好朋友”。然而,对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。

西方相对于东方文化起步比较晚,但在他们内部之间,比如:南欧和北欧,西欧和东欧,就是英国,德国内部也有着异处,然而体现着本质差异的无疑还是东西方文化间的差异。龙和凤在中国,龙是图腾的形象,在图腾发展的进一步神圣化之后,形成了龙,凤等具有多种动物特征的综合性图腾形象, 在我国古代传说中,龙是一种能兴云降雨神异的动物。因而,在我国龙凤指才能优异的人,龙虎比喻豪杰志士。“龙”在成语中也被广泛的利用,如、“龙飞凤舞、藏龙卧虎”等。汉民族素以“龙的传人”自称,以“龙的子孙”自豪。我国的传说中,凤凰是一种神异的动物,与龙、龟、麒麟合称四灵。凤在中国还指优良女子,还有太平昌盛之意,旧时,凤也为圣德。"凤毛麟角"指珍贵而不可多得用来比喻有圣德的人。中华民族是一个渴望安定祥和的民族,因此,就想象龙、凤是一种福音。从文化的角度上看,西方长期受宗教的影响,我国却在相当长的时间内受封建思想的统治。西方人信仰上帝,与上帝作对就是过错,就是罪恶;而我国人民信仰上天,佛祖,祈求上天能给我们带来好运,神把龙作为自身的代表降到人间,是至高无上的象征。东西思维方式的冲突在欧洲工作生活了26年,现在是中国驻德国大使的卢秋田老师说一个德国人和一个法国人在临死以前,你问法国人,你死前最大的愿望是什么?法国人的回答是我想喝一杯最好的香槟酒。又问德国人,你死前有什么愿望?他说如果我还有力气的话,我想再作一次报告。这就是德国人,喜欢作报告。我想这也许就是思维的不同,这还只是在西方内部,要说到东西方的差异,我想就更大了.对于思维方式的特点,主要有四点:第一,思维的广泛性.我曾看到过这样一篇文章, 一个美国人给中国人写信,中国人看美国人的信,一看就发火,因为美国人在信的开头,将自己的要求放在最前面,开门见山,后面才讲些客套话。中国人为了保持心理平衡, 把美国人的来信先看后面。而美国人看中国人的信,开始越看越糊涂,不知道对方要说明什么问题,到信的末尾有几句才是他要说的问题,前面说的都是客套话等等。 美国人读中国人的信也是倒过来看。这种不同的写法反映出不同的思维方式。第二,民族思维方式形成以后,有相对的稳定性。我们中国人原来最好的问候就是:“您吃了吗?”知道为什么吗?是因为咱们过去温饱没有解决。以后咱们再见面就说:“撑着了吗?打嗝了吗?”,我觉得咱中国人应该向英国人学学,英国人见面打招呼都是“Hello!”Hello完了之后就问天气怎么样?“你觉得今天天气怎么样?”“我觉得今天天气不错啊!这真是难得一个晴天。”2008年要开奥运会了,肯定很多外国人要来。来了之后咱得知道人家外国人是怎么想的,跟咱们是不是一样。你对他好,他不一定领情。比方说尊老爱幼,尊老,要按咱们来讲,你要看见马路上一个老奶奶,颤颤悠悠地拿八十多个包袱在那儿正过马路呢,你不过去帮帮忙的话,你还是人吗?所以你一定要过去帮忙,过去后说:“老大娘,您要过马路吗?来,把包给我,我替您扛过去。”给老大娘搀过去以后,老大娘一定非常高兴:“谢谢你小伙子,谢谢你。你叫什么名字?”“不要问我的名字了,如果您想知道我的名字,我叫雷锋。”一般都这样。可要是外国人就不是这样了,你看到一个外国老太太过马路,你过去了说:“Hello,天气不错,我替你搬。”那不行,老太太一定不高兴,倒不是因为她担心你抢她东西,关键是她不服老,如果你这样做就等于说她给人感觉她是一个老人。我记得我在加拿大住的时候有一邻居91岁了,走路直晃悠。那天刮四级大风,他拿了两包,我心说我一定得帮帮忙去,咱也让加拿大人知道,除了白求恩红遍我们中国之外,我们雷锋也能红遍加拿大。我就去了,说:“Heloo”他说:“NO,不用帮,不用帮。”我说这老大爷怎么这样啊?不让帮忙。其实,他们外国人就是这个习惯。再如救死扶伤。如果我们看见有人掉到河里了,“噗通”一下,你得赶紧下去救人,可是在外国这样就不行。西方人就是这样,你甭救我,你千万别来救我,你救我还是给我添麻烦?你说这人怎么想的呀?他的思维是什么逻辑?他这种思维逻辑就是:你是想来救我,可你受过专业训练吗?你会游泳吗?你不会游泳你来救我,最后你也搭进去了赖谁呀?必须得要专业人士,你要想救我打110啊,打119啊。我这么一想,可能也对,过去我看有个报纸说,有个人根本不会游泳就毅然决然地跳了下去,最后两个人同时牺牲了。其实这样也真是有点冤得慌,你倒是找个会游泳的下去啊。咱们中国人和西方人喝水也不一样 。我喝什么水呀?冰水,一饮而尽!可是以前咱们中国人对客人最热情的举动就是给滚烫的热水,过去斯诺到中国来采访,他在日记中说:当我踏上延安土地的时候,我才知道我们和东方人是多么的不同。为什么呀?他见着毛主席的时候,记录员说:“您喝口水吧”,他正想喝口水呢,结果给端上来一杯滚烫的热水。斯诺说,这水要在我们家能烫死一头猪啊。但是他还得捧着,就是喝不了啊,最后只好问有井水没有。咱们和西方人使用的生活工具也不一样。咱们中国人喜欢用筷子,老外就觉得中国人奇怪,拿两根树枝就能吃饭了,而且是能切、能剁、能叉、能碾、能搅、什么都能做。他不理解,他觉得中国人真聪明,手特别灵活。所以老外到中国吃饭一般最怕的就是用筷子,每次吃完饭手都抽筋,因为手实在是太累了。不过咱们要吃日本饭就惨了,日本人吃饭得跪着,满桌饭菜多香啊,可是每次我都吃不饱。为什么?我得跪着吃,没吃两道菜呢,我觉得我下身已经麻木了,要再吃下去非死那儿不可。你有没有发现日本人的筷子头是尖的。知道为什么吗?这是日本武士发明的,过去吃饭的时候不能带武器,他们就把筷子给削尖了,然后在谈判时候用,先吃着谈,谈不投机了拿筷子扎你。这就是当初的武器!那么西方就更直接了,直接把刀叉带进餐厅了。先拿着,你别看正在那儿吃饭,不行的话直接就扔过去,拿刀“咔嚓”就砍了你。我们早已经把食物进化了,而西方人还处在刀耕火种的年代,他们还在吃生肉,还在吃生菜。像咱们做的菜,比方说葱爆羊肉、糖拌西红柿、鱼香肉丝、素炒芥兰啊……多好吃 。可西方人不行,把菜也就洗吧洗吧,放一块儿,然后再搁点汁,告诉你这叫蔬菜沙拉。咱们主食是馒头,人家主食是土豆,西方人把土豆煮熟了之后剥了皮,蘸着盐,就算是大餐了。如果哪天我那威请您吃西餐大餐,主菜是土豆蘸咸盐,您一定把我骂死。咱们中国人就不是这样了,咱们把土豆改良了,比如说做个青椒土豆丝、酸辣土豆丝、土豆炖蘑菇、土豆炖牛肉……总之能够把一种食品的作法发挥到极致。为什么咱们和西方差距这么大?首先我们长的就不一样,我们是黄皮肤,他们是白皮肤,咱们眼睛是黑色的,他们是什么色都有——黑的、蓝的、白的、花的。我想这是最明显的一个区别,但是究其根本,我认为还是因为磁场造成的。据科学家研究,水池子蓄满水时把塞子拔掉,你就会发现水在我们这半球它是顺时针方向消失,要到了南半球它就逆时针方向消失。没发现吧?自己蓄一池子水试试吧!这方向就是磁场在起作用,同样也造成大脑磁场的不同,所以咱们看待问题也是不一样的。比方说咱们做饭搁盐说搁盐少许,大家都知道搁多少,手大抓半斤,手小抓一两。老外就不懂,少许是多少?他得量,所以很多外国人的厨房,就是一个实验室,锅、碗、瓢、盆不是很多,各种天平、计量工具倒是一大堆,所以他们学理工科的人比较多一点。他们认为做饭是一件很痛苦的事情,因此到今天他们还在吃油炸食品,他们永远吃不到松鼠鱼。如果他们要做松鼠鱼的话,4天未必能做出来,他得且研究呢。其实这就是一种观念上的问题。再说约会。咱们中国人一般表示友谊、表示对你的尊重都要提前来,有的时候说:“我在这已经等了你3天了,我终于今天见到你了,哎哟等了我三天呐”。可是在国外都是这样,咱俩9点约会,往往那大钟刚敲到9点,老外噌就出来了:“Hello,我准时到了 。”一看表,一秒都不差。你要跟一个德国人约会,你说提前3天就到了,他一定觉得你神经病!再说咱们熟悉的喝酒 。比如说老外要喝酒,都是拿瓶XO给自己倒,然后祝你健康!祝你幸福!祝你怎么怎么样!然后自己把自己没一会儿就给撂到了,一般喝酒时老外都属于自虐,没事儿就把自己给办到地上去。中国人不是这样,他是为了办别人。每次喝酒都说:“来,再干一杯!”一下喝三杯,深水炸弹什么的,一般都是头三尾四,或者说这鱼头可冲着你呢,你得喝,不喝可不够哥们!至于合同这事儿咱们再单说,来干!咣咣咣咣!最后把这个人给办倒了,如果他自己也晕了,也是在办别人的过程当中不小心被另外一个人给办了。而老外一般很少有互相劝酒的,都是劝自己喝酒,这是一个本质的区别。咱们再说这玩儿。你看一群老外抢一个球,那一定是欧洲人——踢足球。看俩人在那儿较劲,你一拳、我一拳一定要把对方给干到地下,那是美国人——拳击。两个人不吱声皱着眉头在那儿玩儿桥牌,动智商的,这个一般也不符合我们亚洲人的习惯。那我们喜欢玩儿什么呀?玩儿麻将啊!麻将才符合我们的精神,才符合我们的智慧。咱们玩儿麻将时一般都是这样,四个人在一起玩儿麻将,一般都是盯着上家、看着下家、防着对家,我胡不了,你们谁也甭想胡,我就是死活不点炮。所以这个就是玩儿的不同。有一个电影叫做《刮痧》看过吧?其实刮痧是我们中国非常好的一个治病的办法,刮刮皮肤,什么病都好了,只不过会在皮肤上留下一些斑斑点点的血印子。美国人就想不明白,觉得是虐待孩子,这看着让人生气。王姬演那个《北京人在纽约》看了吧?中草药,他老公愣说是树根子,喝着苦,废话!中药能不苦吗?良药苦口利于病!你UNDERSTAND吗?可是老外就是不明白呀,所以要取消你的抚养权,因为你给孩子喝巫术的东西。什么叫巫术?其实是对我们中医不了解。还有香水,咱们中国人也想掸香水,其实错了。千万别跟外国人学,因为外国人身上有严重的体臭,所以他必须掩饰体臭才掸香水。我们中国人起码是正常的,所以我们根本不需要掸香水,这点您一定要记住了。如果您要是看见两个俄罗斯人打架,多半是因为他们喝多了;如果你看见两个印度人打架,多半是因为他们姓氏不同;如果你看见两个以色列人打架,多半是因为他们政治信仰的不同;如果你看见两个东方人在打架,80%是争着结帐:今天的费用我来结帐,我看谁敢和我抢……。

对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。

中西方友谊差异的研究报告论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。 所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...

中西方友谊观差异论文文献

由于学习语言专业,接触到不少外籍教师,有来自北美洲,澳洲和西欧的。和其中一些教师有比较多的书信来往,相处也不错。他们常常会说“我们是好朋友”。然而,对于朋友之间的友谊,中西方人却有着很大的理解上和态度上的差异。多数中国人很难理解西方人所谓好朋友的概念。尽管随着我国的对外开放政策,越来越多的西方文化涌入中国,更多的人渐渐懂得了哪些该问,哪些不该说,以尊重朋友的隐私,但是由于受到长期文化传统的浸透,双方对于保持友谊的做法上差异很大。 例如,在我们这里,一个人会很爽快的答应他的好朋友陪他去购物的邀请,即便他手头上有一些事情要做。好朋友之间会长期分享同甘共苦的感受。袒露各自的秘密。而在西方人看来,你完全可让一位朋友和你一起做某件事,但是你不要期待他会放下他在做的事,去陪你去做类似于购物那种不是很紧迫的事。即使是非常好的朋友也应该接受对方说‘不’,只要对方能够给出理由。其间的独立性是显而易见的。在西方,居住地的搬迁,工作的更换,学业的结束,婚姻的变化等等,都有可能使得深厚的友谊发生改变。这也说明他们的友谊较多地建立在互相经常性的来往上。一旦这种频繁的交往变的稀少或停止,那么他们的友谊就会凋谢并消亡。这和我们传统中所说的‘两情若到久长时,又岂在朝朝暮暮’相去甚远。中国人比较多的是希望良好的友谊能够永远保持下去,直到一生。然而,西方人在一个时间内会有很多好朋友,但是这种友谊往往同特定的条件与情况有联系。一旦情况发生改变,朋友也就发生改变。他们更多的是独立性,而非依赖性。他们不喜欢一方过多的依赖另一方。在中国,我们常常可以看到一个人对于他人在经济上经常性的资助,而在西方这可能更多被看作为让被资助方产生依赖性,也不符合他们对于个人品质培养的原则。而在中国,朋友间更多是需要得到具体实在的帮助。比如,找一份不错工作,请一位好的医生,职务的提升等等。西方人会因为对朋友带来哪怕是非常小的不便而向他致歉。在十分亲近的朋友间也使用很有礼貌的语言。而在我们这里,往往相反。比如,朋友不言谢。不必客套等等。所有这些差异都有其深远的文化背景与传统影响。我们只能互相尊重,互相理解。了解中西方之间在观念,思维,习俗,人际交往上的差异会有助于彼此建立起更良好的关系。 虽然亚洲人和西方人对友谊有不同的看法。但是人们不需要因为这些差异而裹足不前,不与西方人为友。 回想一下,在公共汽车上或是餐厅里,坐在外国人旁边的情形。当时你或许期望自己知道要怎么和他搭讪;也许你因为太紧张而不敢尝试;或者你不知道要如何开始与不同文化的人士作朋友。中国人和西方人对待友谊的方式的确有很大不同。其实,跟一些外国人交往,会发现大有收获。 在开始和西方人聊天时,不要稳态隐私的问题。例如,年龄和薪水。还有,最好也不要评论对方的外表。由于他们的外表和身边所有的中国人都不一样,他们也许会感到不自在。“你真的很美”之类的赞美之词也可能令他们不舒服。与刚刚结识的外国人,谈谈家庭、兴趣、工作或教育,一定不会错的。有关他们的故乡以及旅游,也是很好的话题。 亚洲人与西方人对友谊的期待也不相同。在西方文化里,通常和特定的活动有所关联:西方人和这个朋友打篮球,和另外一朋友散步,和另一群朋友看电影 …… 许多西方人士很注重他们的个人隐私。如果你不被希望参与他们的某项活动,不要感到惊讶,这对于担心朋友会孤单的中国人来说,可能觉得有点奇怪。中国人常常期望好朋友能给些忠告,并且在各方面都被关照。但从西方朋友身上很难得到如此关怀。因为大部分的西方人很重视独立自主,如果别人觉得他不能照顾自己,对他们来说是一种侮辱,他们会假设你也有同样感受。 当然,不能一概而论,也许不能适用在所有西方人身上。接触的每个人对友谊都有自己的一套看法。当你感到迷惑时,不用怀疑或担心,直截了当的询问。西方人对中国人的文化同样也有很多问题,或许他么也在犹豫该不该问呢。 敞开心胸真诚对待朋友,尊重彼此的差异。你们所建立的友谊可能会成为终生受用不尽的宝藏! 美国的年轻人从1935年起,就把每年8月的第一个周日定为国际友情日。这一天属于聚会和友情,他们一起分享工作、生活中的点点滴滴,诉说平时不曾说过的心情故事,分享彼此珍藏在心底最深的感触。而如今,友谊日也随着中西方文化的交流,开始被不少中国人接受,尤其是在上海的一些外企,在西方文化的带动下,不少公司都开始在友情节前的周五给员工一个小时的假期,让自己的员工联络各自的朋友。这一个小时里,送出的也许只是一句简单的问候,或者一杯共享的百利,但却可以让朋友们知道彼此的牵挂。

中西友谊观对比人处在社会中,不能独自生活,必须和社会接触,必须结交朋友,须得到他人的赞同,须得到别人的关怀。因此,朋友在每个人的日常生活中甚至每个人的生命中都扮演了一个举足轻重的角色。对友谊的需求是全人类普遍存在的现象,无论对于中国人还是美国人,朋友都是非常重要的人际关系,正如我们中国人的一句友谊格言所说:“没有真挚朋友的人,是真正孤独的人!”美国人对待友谊的看法也有类似的格言:“Without a friend, the world is a wilderness.(没有朋友,世界成了荒野)。”由此可见,朋友对于任何人而言有多么地重要。但由于东西方文化的差异,在对待交朋结友这件事上,中国人的友谊观与美国人的友谊观存在着明显的差异。今天,我最主要从以下六个方面来谈谈中美友谊观中存在的差异:一、从定义看新华字典中对于朋友的解释为“同学,志同道合的人或特指恋人”,由此可知,中国人内心里对“朋友”的界定非常明确,内心有一把非常清楚的尺。而美国人的“朋友”概念却相对宽松。在牛津高阶英汉双解词典第七版中对“朋友”一词的定义为“喜欢的人、支持者,不是敌人,讨厌的人”等,由此我们可以看出,对于友谊美国人相比较中国人而言更加开放更加随性。有个留学生曾经概括说:“当一个美国人称某人为‘朋友’,大多数情形下他只是在表示礼貌友好,而不是真的要跟他建立一种友谊。”二、“友谊”持续时间在中国,友谊往往是坚固、稳定甚至是终身的。就算是分别两地,朋友之间往往都会相互联系,或许是通过打电话或是聚会等,两者的友谊并不会随着时间的流逝而消逝。外国人对友谊并不一定追求“永恒”,美式友谊就有些“速溶咖啡”的味道了,朋友交得快,忘得也快。美国是全世界流动性最大的一个国家,这种流动性使得美国人的人际关系相对淡薄。美国人对朋友的热情很快能从一个人转移到另一个人。因此,在美国,朋友之间如果一段时间内不联系、不见面,他们的友谊就会迅速地枯萎甚至死亡。三、“友谊”延伸的范围及领域在中国人看来,朋友间的亲密程度是较高的,朋友之间往往会形成一种互相依靠的合作关系。美国人之间的友谊,大多数局限在某个领域,而不会自然而然地延伸到彼此生活、工作的其他领域之中。大多数美国人认为友谊需要保持一定的距离。因此,和老外做朋友,有一种“君子之交淡如水”的感觉。四、交友目的的差异在中国,交朋结友本身就是一种乐趣,很少有人从一开始就想从对方那里获取利益。中国人交朋友往往建立在有共同语言、志趣相投的基础之上,交朋友的目的相对单纯并且感性。在美国,实用主义是美国人的独特信念,这种实用主义自然而然地反映在美国人的友谊观上,美国人找工作时的一句名言“重要的不是你会什么,而是你认识谁”这反映了美国人“交朋结友”,其意在扩大自己的交际圈,为自己未来的发展预留机遇和空间,以及增加自己的收入方面所发挥的举足轻重的作用。五、建立及维系友谊方式的差异(一)建立友谊的差异中国人对建立友谊非常谨慎,也就是第一道心理防线是非常高的,所以当他们和陌生人见面时往往比较谨慎,彼此之间要接触相当长的一段时间,交流到了一定的深度,摸清彼此的习性和脾气,发现彼此是志趣相投或是共同经历“磨难”之后才会在心里承认彼此是朋友,才会看重这段友谊。如“路遥知马力,日久见人心”。在中国的传统文化中,友谊意味着朋友间一生的信约,是要慢慢培养的,因为友谊一旦形成就终身相随。中国人所交的朋友必须是志同道合,兴趣相投,性格相近,否则就不能为真正的朋友,只能算是点头之交,泛泛之辈。

中西方建筑研究现状的差异论文

中外古代建筑差异从根本上说,中西方建筑艺术的差异首先来自于材料的不同:传统的西方建筑长期以石头为主体;而传统的东方建筑则一直是以木头为构架的。这种建筑材料的不同,为其各自的建筑艺术提供了不同的可能性。 不同的建筑材料、不同的社会功用,使得中国与西方的古典建筑有了不同的“艺术语言”。 不同的语言,表达着不同的思想,流露出不同的情感;不同的建筑,承载着不同的文化,体现着不同的信念。西方的石制建筑一般是纵向发展,直指上苍的。这样一来,能否将高密度的石制屋顶擎入云霄,便成为建筑艺术的关键所在,而执行这一任务的柱子也便成了关键中的关键。所以,西方建筑的“基本词汇”是柱子,即那些垂直向上、顶天立地的石头。如果说柱子是西方建筑艺术的“基本词汇”,那么屋顶则是其“主要句式”。屋顶的不同,导致了其风格类型上的差异,如希腊式、罗马式、拜占廷式、格特式、巴洛克式等等。 与西方的石制建筑不同,中国古代的木制建筑以斗拱为“基本词汇”。所谓斗拱,是将屋檐托起的交叠的曲木,它可以将纵向的力量向横向拓展,从而构造出多种多样的飞檐。同西方建筑的屋顶一样,作为中国古代建筑的“主要句式”,飞檐也有许多类型,或低垂,或平直,或上挑。其不同的形式制造出不同的艺术效果,或轻灵,或朴实,或威严。不仅亭、台、楼、阁都要用飞檐来标明自己的身份,表达自己的情感,而且飞檐的高低、长短往往会成为建筑设计的难点和要点。正所谓“增之一分则太长,减之一分则太短”,飞檐的设计必须恰到好处才能显得轻灵而不轻佻,朴实而不机械,威严而不呆板。 还有就是中国人对建筑的态度是以新为贵,而外国人则对古老建筑充满尊崇与敬意 还有就是西方建筑充满着宗教神秘主义的情绪,而中国的建筑则是儒家文化的反映。。 另外这里有一篇比较系统的, 或许更清晰一些。 不过大体说起来也就是这么几点,下面的要概括一些。 陈安国:中外城市建筑文化对比 中西建筑形式上的差别,是文化差别的表现,它反映了物质和自然环境的差别,社会结构形态的差别,人的思维方法的差别以及审美境界的差别。 1. 建筑材料的不同,体现了中西方物质文化、哲学理念的差异。从建筑材料来看,在现代建筑未产生之前,世界上所有已经发展成熟的建筑体系中,包括属于东方建筑的印度建筑在内,基本上,都是以砖石为主要建筑材料来营造的,属于砖石结构系统。诸如埃及的金字塔,古希腊的神庙,古罗马的斗兽场、输水道,中世纪欧洲的教堂……无一不是用石材筑成,无一不是这部“石头史书”中留下的历史见证。唯有我国古典建筑(包括邻近的日本、朝鲜等地区)是以木材来做房屋的主要构架,属于木结构系统,因而被誉为“木头的史书”。中西方的建筑对于材料的选择,除由于自然因素不同外,更重要的是由不同文化,不同理念导致的结果,是不同心性在建筑中的普遍反映。西方以狩猎方式为主的原始经济,造就出重物的原始心态。从西方人对石材的肯定,可以看出西方人求智求真的理性精神,在人与自然的关系中强调人是世界的主人,人的力量和智慧能够战胜一切。中国以原始农业为主的经济方式,造就了原始文明中重选择,重采集,重储存的活动方式。由此衍生发展起来的中国传统哲学,所宣扬的是“天人合一”的宇宙观。“天人合一”是对人与自然关系的揭示,自然与人乃息息相通的整体,人是自然界的一个环节,中国人将木材选作基本建材,正是重视了它与生命之亲和关系,重视了它的性状与人生关系的结果。 2. 建筑空间的布局不同,反映了中西方制度文化、性格特征的区别。从建筑的空间布局来看,中国建筑是封闭的群体的空间格局,在地面平面铺开。中国无论何种建筑,从住宅到宫殿,几乎都是一个格局,类似于“四合院”模式。中国建筑的美又是一种“集体”的美。例如;北京明清宫殿,明十三陵,曲阜孔庙即是以重重院落相套而构成规模巨大的建筑群,各种建筑前后左右有主有宾合乎规律地排列着,体现了中国古代社会结构形态的内向性特征,宗法思想和礼教制度。与中国相反,西方建筑是开放的单体的空间格局向高空发展。以相近年代建造、扩建的北京故宫和巴黎卢浮宫比较,前者是由数以千计的单个房屋组成的波澜壮阔,气势恢宏的建筑群体,围绕轴线形成一系列院落,平面铺展异常庞大;后者则采用“体量”的向上扩展和垂直叠加,由巨大而富于变化的形体,形成巍然耸立、雄伟壮观的整体。而且,从古希腊古罗马的城邦开始,就广泛地使用柱廊、门窗,增加信息交流及透明度,以外部空间来包围建筑,以突出建筑的实体形象。这与西方人很早就经常通过海上往来互相交往及社会内部实行奴隶民主制有关。古希腊的外向型性格和科学民主的精神不仅影响了古罗马,还影响了整个西方世界。同时,如果说中国建筑占据着地面,那么西方建筑就占领着空间,譬如罗马可里西姆大斗兽场高为48米,“万神殿”高43.5米,中世纪的圣索菲亚大教堂,其中央大厅穹窿顶离地达60米。文艺复兴建筑中最辉煌的作品圣彼得大教堂,高137米。这庄严雄的建筑物固然反映西方人崇拜神灵的狂热,更多是利用了先进的科学技术成就给人一种奋发向上的精神力量。 3. 建筑的发展不同,表现了中西方对革新态度的差别。从建筑发展过程看,中国建筑是保守的。据文献资料可知,中国的建筑形式和所用的材料3000年不变。与中国不同,西方建筑经常求变,其结构和材料演变得比较急剧。从希腊雅典卫城上出现的第一批神庙起到今天已经2500余年了,期间整个欧洲古代的建筑形态不断演进、跃变着。从古希腊古典柱式到古罗马的拱券、穹窿顶技术,从哥特建筑的尖券,十字拱和飞扶壁技术到欧洲文艺复兴时代的罗马圣彼得大教堂,无论从形象、比例、装饰和空间布局,都发生了很大变化。这反映了西方人,敢于独辟蹊径,勇于创新的精神。 4. 建筑价值的不同,显现中西方审美观念的异殊。从建筑的价值来看,中国的建筑着眼于信息,西方的建筑着眼于实物体。中国古代建筑的结构,不靠计算,不靠定量分析,不用形式逻辑的方法构思,而是靠师傅带徒弟方式,言传手教,靠实践,靠经验。我们对于古代建筑,尤其是唐以前的建筑的认识,多从文献资料上得到信息。历代帝王陵寝和民居皆按风水之说和五行相生相克原理经营。为求得与天地和自然万物和谐,以趋吉避凶,招财纳福,在借山水之势力,聚落建筑座靠大山,面对平川。这种“仰观天文,俯察地理”是中国特有的一种文化。古代希腊的毕达哥拉斯、欧几里得首创的几何美学和数学逻辑,亚里士多德奠基的“整一”和“秩序”的理性主义“和谐美论”,对整个西方文明的结构带来了决定性的影响,一切科学和艺术,它们的道路都被这种理念确定了命运。翻开西方的建筑史,不难发现,西方建筑美的构形意识其实就是几何形体;雅典帕提隆神庙的外形“控制线”为两个正方形;从罗马万神庙的穹顶到地面,恰好可以嵌进一个直径43.3米的圆球;米兰大教堂的“控制线”是一个正三角形,巴黎凯旋门的立面是一个正方形,其中央拱门和“控制线”则是两个整圆。甚至于象园林绿化、花草树木之类的自然物,经过人工剪修,刻意雕饰,也都呈献出整齐有序的几何图案,它以其超脱自然,驾驭自然的“人工美”,同中国园林那种“虽由人作,宛自天开”的自然情调,形成鲜明的对照。早在2000年前古罗马奥古斯都时期的建筑理论家维特鲁威就在他的著名《建筑十书》中提出了“适用、坚固、美观”这一经典性的建筑三要素观点,被后人奉为圭臬,世代相传。17世纪初建筑师亨利·伍登提出优秀建筑物必须具备三个条件;“坚固、实用和欢愉。”西方人把“坚固”和“实用”作为评价优秀建筑物的第一和第二原则。因而当中国古老的建筑物随着时间的流逝而被毁坏或“烟消云散”的时候,西方古希腊、古罗马、古埃及的建筑依然完好地保存着,用实物体形象演绎着自己的文化。通过对中西方建筑的比较可见出中西方在观念文化上,制度文化,物质文化上的不同。

建筑作为一种文化符号, 事实上成为了文化表 象的外在载体,只有从文化角度进行深层次的思考, 才能真正理解建筑形式的根本动因。正如M ·海德 格尔所言:。这种关于建筑的思考,并非要去揭示建 筑学的观念,也并非只是绐出建筑的规则。这种思考 的尝试并非建筑看作一门艺术或一门建造技术, 而 是把建筑追溯到万物所是而归属的领域。 __ 建筑起源于人类遮风避雨的实际需要。自人类 文明诞生,建筑的形式表现又被赋予了文化内涵。从 建筑的单体形象到建筑群的组织, 乃至对建筑空闻 的原初认识,都无不被打上文化体系的标签。在中西 方两种文化体系下,由于人们对世界、宇宙的认识和 对哲学、宗教、艺术的看法的不同,自然也带来了建 筑文化的差异。 一 、原始空间认识 原始民众在最初的空间体验中,所直接感受到 的是超自然力的存在, 因而人们对空间的认识最初 也是源自于巫术。比较而言,由文献所知的古代中国 人的巫术,多着意于环绕人类自身的外在宇宙的空 间形式,即以方位作为巫占礼仪的主要内容 而古代 欧洲巫术,多着眼于建立一个与周围环境不大相同 的神圣的区域,并将这一圣域与其他区域严格地划 分开。由此,中国建筑文化的空间认识在于将自身空 间与宇宙、环境空间融合,而西方建筑文化则强调创 造有别于周围环境的空间。 在许多宇宙神话中,存在两种基本的模式 一种 是垂直向的宇宙模式,其核心的中枢性构成是“宇宙 树”,将宇宙理船为天、地和地下三界空问模式 另 一种是水平向的宇宙模式, 认为宇宙是由四方形的 水平状大地构成, 一般有四个或八个与中央相对立 的区域。西方在经过一系列的文化综合之后,终于确 立了以上帝为主导的七方位立体空间观 在犹太人 以及基督徒的观念中,强化了垂直系统的空问序列, 表现在建筑上更注意立体的效果, 更着意建筑向上 甚至向下的发展。与西方人的选择相反,尽管在历史 的进程中中国人一直没有放弃向往上界的追求,但 最终还是务实地选择了对“绝地天通”理论的认可, 选择了心甘情愿地匍匐于大地之上的现实;进而从 理论上放弃了重视垂直向空间系列的七方位立体空 间图式,选择了在大地上水平铺展的五方位或九方 位平面空间图式,使之成为中国传统文化中的基本 空间模式。 二、建筑空间的组织方式 无论是建筑单体的室内空间, 还是群体建筑围 合成的室外空问,空问序列的形成都是围绕轴线展 开的。中、西方建筑的原始空间组织也都运用了轴线 的概念,所不同的是:西方建筑一般运用在单体建筑 空间的组织上,并且采纳东西向轴线;而中国是运用 南北向轴线组织建筑群。这两种不同方向轴线观念 的形成大多与原始宗教以及星象观察、祭拜和巫术 活动有关。 西方由原始宗教而产生的原始空间概念是竖向 立体的,但是在实际的建筑过程中,沿垂直方向上布 列建筑形式往往是一个十分浩大的工程, 于是人们 渐渐地用东西方向的轴线来取代竖直方向的轴线。 因为西方人在对太阳的崇拜中, 把太阳的朝起步落 理船为出生与死亡的完整过程,所以用背依太阳沉 沦的西方、面对太阳升腾的东方,来代替背依大地、 面向苍茫的轴线取向,成为组织建筑平面空问序列 的轴线 在中国,以农业为主要生产形式的古代先民,注 意到了北斗七星的特殊重要性, 并以此观察四季的 变化。北斗星一个特点是每天都绕北极星旋转一周, 并且七星中天枢星与天璇星的连线永远都指向居于 北天空中央的北极星。由此,中国人渐渐产生了“北 面为尊 的观念,直至后来采用南北向轴线组织建筑 群。另外,中、西方文化的不同对建筑空间的展开也 构成影响,这一点在宗教建筑中反映的尤为充分。

中西方文化差异研究现状论文

不同的文化传统,使得人们价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象,同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际,避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,接人待物,举止言谈以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生,老张,老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如,一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要优质的产品质量,而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面,在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

3.1日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”,如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们会产生误解,认为你是想请他们吃。,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如,中国人见到熟人习惯问:“去哪里?”,如果对西方人也这样问候,他们可能会很不高兴地回答:“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”,熟人间也可以说:“Hello”或“Hi”.

3.2日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”,对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊重,西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,Mrs.Ms等。

3.3感谢

一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

3.4请客

在请客吃饭时,主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时,我们通常习惯于先客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说,对方就不会坚持再劝你,很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

3.5隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私,因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时,经常问“你在干什么?”,在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

3.6节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等,英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中,文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,例如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子,而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么,避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司,2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社,2009年3月.

[3]叶朗,朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社,2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社,1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社,1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”,的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同,和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时,坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet,如:“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献:

[1]易中天,《餐桌上的文化》,《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津,《跨文化交际研究》,福建人民出版社,1996.10:92-127.

[3]李天民,《现代国际礼仪知识》,世界知识出版社出版,2003.12:109.

中西方教育文化差异论文篇二 《浅析我国英语教学中中西方文化差异教育》 摘 要:本文对中西方文化存在的差异进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了加强中西方文化差异教育的 措施 ,以期能够更好地促进英语教学的长远发展。 关键词:英语教学;中西方文化差异;教育;措施 一、中西方文化差异的分析 为了更好地进行中西方文化差异教育,就需要对中西方文化存在的差异进行必要的分析,这样才能更好地对其研究,提出相应的对策,更好地英语教学的发展。具体来说,中西方文化主要存在以下几个方面的差异: 1.宗教信仰存在的差异 我国有着悠久的历史,在历史的发展过程中关于信仰、宗教等方面也几经变迁,最后行为了儒家、道家、佛家三足鼎立的局面,所以我们经常会说“仁爱”、“阴阳”、“神明”、“菩萨”、“如来”等词汇;而在西方的历史发展过程中,____在其生活工作中占据着重要的地位,而这种文化,就使得在其语言中出现和基督____的词汇,诸如我们熟悉的angel(天使)、religion(宗教)等。 2.生活状态、环境存在的差异 在西方的文化中,很多词汇都是和英国的环境有着很大的关系的,其很多词汇中都很航行、水、鱼等涉及到大海的词汇有关,诸如我们比较熟悉的a ship in the sea(萍水相逢之人);all at sea(不知所措);to teach a fish to swim(班门弄斧)等;我国主要的还是以陆地环境为主,有关航海、大海等方面的词汇并不是非常多,但是我国生长竹子,所以有相应的势如破竹等相关的词汇,地理环境、生活方式存在的差异,也使得双方在语言表达上存在着一定的差异。 3.历史 典故 存在的差异 双方的典故的来源不一样,西方典故主要来自于《圣经》、喜剧、英美文学、罗马神话等方面,诸如Achilles' hee(l唯一致命弱点)、meet one's waterloo(一败涂地)等;我国的历史典故则包罗甚广,不但包括名著小说,还包括民间 传说 ,一些正史、野史以及传统的体育项目,其中比较经典的“曹冲称象”、“刻舟求剑”、“烽火戏诸侯”等,这些内容都反映了我国深化的历史文化内涵。 4.价值观存在的差异 西方注重自由、民主,自我意识比较强力,这种“自我”(self)的观念已经深入其文化中,具体体现在self-absorption(自我专注)、self-admiration(自我赞赏)等方面。而我国讲究的是先人后我的思想,讲究的是奉献,大局观念和全局意识非常强烈,诸如“居庙堂之高则忧其民处江湖之远则忧其君”就充分的体现了这种思想。 5.风俗习惯存在的差异 中西文化的差异还体现在风俗习惯上,诸如我们认为将人家唤作狗是十分不礼貌的用法,但是英国人却将狗作为昵称。诸如此类风俗习惯在中西的文化中体现之处比较多,在这里就不一一赘述。 6.社会礼仪存在的差异 我在我国的家庭文化中,“谢谢”这个词很少被提到,家长照顾儿女,儿女孝顺父母被当作理所应当的事情,这主要是受到我国深厚的伦理积淀的影响。如果偶然在家庭成员中说出了“谢谢”,反而疏远了彼此之间的关系。而在西方的社会礼仪中,“thank you”被使用的频次非常高,几乎在所有人之间都会遇到。在这里就体现了双方社会礼仪方面存在的差异。 二、加强中西方文化差异教育的措施 在了解了中西方文化存在的差异之后,就需要为改善这种状况而努力,这样才能更好地促进英语教学的长远发展,使学生能够在文化背景的支撑下更好地 学习英语 ,激发其学习英语的积极性和主动性。具体来说,应该从以下几个方面着手: 1.加强对应于文化内涵的渗透 中西方文化存在着一定的差异,这些差异使得学生在学习的时候有可能产生疑惑,这样就限制了学生的纵向深入和横向发展,对于学生英语的终身发展存在着很大的制约。为此,教师在进行教学的时候,不但应该注重对学生能力的教育,还应该在教学中渗透相关的文化内涵,这样才能更好地促进学生的长远发展。语言和社会是分不开的,其是社会发展到一定阶段的产物,并且随着社会的发展而发展,在不同时代其呈现出不同的特色。在语言中不但传承着民族的文化、风俗、历史等,还影响到人们的 思维方式 、价值理念,对于人们的生活、工作、学习等方面都有着重要的影响。只有在进行教学的时候,加强对文化内涵的渗透,加强对社会文化的了解,才能更好地加深学生的语言理解能力,才能激发学生的学习兴趣与潜能,更好地促进其英语水平的提高。 2.完善相关西方文化方面的素材 “巧妇难为无米之炊”,要想更好地进行中西方文化的差异教育,就需要拥有足够的素材,只有加强对英语国家相关文化的了解,开展相关的情境对话、实践活动,才能更直观地向学生展示 英语文化 中的人文风俗、地理文化、神话典故等方面的内容,这样就能激发学生的学习积极性,使其更加自觉地加强对西方文化素材的挖掘,加深对西方文化的了解,这样就能使其更好地明白中西方文化之间的差异,从而使其更加分明地利用英语进行交流。 3.挖掘和扩展教材中的相关的文化知识 教材是学生进行学习的基础,如果离开了教材,那么在当前的社会环境下,学生的英语成绩将很难保证。进行中西方文化差异教育要为学生的能力素质的提升服务,因此,教师在进行相关的安排的时候,应该充分考虑到教材的要求,联系教材输入相关的文化,只有津贴教材,才能使这些西方文化知识能够更好地提高学会僧的英语能力和水平。此外,教师还可以安排相关的活动,来对教材进行相关的扩展,诸如英语角、兴趣小组等,只有尽量创造真实的情境,才能激发学生交流、沟通的兴趣,才能增加其沟通、交流的能力。 参考文献 [1]韩琴.文化差异与英语教学[J].安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(03). [2]党俊英.英语教学与文化导入[J].科技资讯,2007,(24).中西方教育文化差异论文相关 文章 : 1. 中西方教育差异论文1000字 2. 中西教育比较论文 3. 中西教育差异论文 4. 浅析中西方教育的差别论文

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