发布时间：
Calculated that machine is playing the vital role in the modern society life, but follows with it is the document which the massive documents moreover are some use frequently. According to people's physical demand, proposed based on computer network's network document management system's design proposal. This system is deposits user's document on the Internet, the convenient user “carries” their document, facilitates other users “sharing” their document.This article in the research analyzes the MVC pattern, J2EE to develop the platform and so on vanguard technology in the foundation, applied these technical design and has realized one based on the MVC pattern, applied Struts the frame the J2EE network document management system. This article mainly contains four parts, the network document management system's system analysis part, including feasibility analysis, demand analysis and so on; The preliminary design part mainly introduced the system function design and the database design; The detailed design part explained the functional module realizes the process. The measurement component has carried on the test to system's function.
With the continuous development of computer network technology and network education and traditional pen and paper test format has been unable to adapt to the current development needs, computer online examination is gradually replacing the traditional test, to a certain extent reduce the effects examination of human subjectivity, while reducing the workload of teachers. Design of online examination system based on this design.This in first chapter main described online examination system of research background and research meaning; second chapter described has the system of needs sexual analysis, including on system of configuration, system by needs of features and system of needs analysis; third chapter describes has system of system structure and database in the table of structure; fourth chapter put background features stopped has figure, while with has related of core code, and added has corresponding comments. Fifth chapter describes the relevant elements of system testing用ie浏览器的Bing翻译不错，我一直就用这个。虽然IE浏览器没有内置翻译的功能，不过我们也可以通过简单的设置，在IE浏览器中添加Bing翻译，一键实现网页快速翻译的功能。而且很多用户认为微软的Bing翻译比Google翻译和其它的在线翻译都更加准确、贴近原意。
Along with modern society's development, the people also more and more trust the database management system which consummates in the function. Database management system enormous reduction enterprise's work load, therefore is an enterprise resource management very important content, in order to can help the business management well, nowadays has developed the intelligence management system management system, it causes the enterprise not to need the extremely specialized programming development personnel, so long as the grasping system application method and some basic programming recognition, may act according to also own actual demand, develops suits an enterprise the database management system. This article first introduced the database management system development survey, introduced the database management system development course, as well as the development intelligence database management system necessity, then introduced the intelligence database management system characteristic, is may according to user's actual need, carries on the browsing function the definition, the data display function definition as well as to the database structure definition. The function must realize which to each system module has given detailed showing, and elaborated its concrete realization process, for instance: Contact surface design, code compilation and database connection and so on. The system develops the application procedure with Delphi, with SQL the Server 2000 foundation databases, has realized the application procedure and the database connection with the ODBC data pool and BDE Administrator. This article elaborated Delphi emphatically in the database aspect development, introduces SQL briefly the Server 2000 surveys and the characteristic. This system has profited from some thought quite mature quite advanced intelligence management system management system development and the design, as well as some have the intelligent function example. Has provided the quite perfect function and the good contact surface, has realized data sharing, has the strong versatility, suits carries on the actual management in the majority enterprises, also may for other exploiters to refer.水平有限,仅供参考!
中文：感激涕零~2．2顾客忠诚营销 培养顾客的忠诚度。忠诚的根源是顾客对自己与产品生产者、服务提供者之间关系的良好感受。真正的忠诚来自顾客感受到的、通过双向沟通所传递的价值和相互关系。忠诚营销法是一种销售策略，指在通过能够给双方增值的长期沟通，发现、维持并赢得由最主要的客户带来的增量收益。忠诚营销方面最著名的咨询机构之一贝恩策略顾客公司认为。顾客忠诚营销项目的成功者之所以成功，是因为这些企业的整个经营活动是围绕顾客的忠诚建立的，而且没有将建数据库的经费挪用到竞争激烈时的短期反击中去，或将其用到其它形式的促销手段上。他们深知顾客的忠诚是通过不懈的超值产品或通常企 业80％的收入来自20％的顾客，这部分顾客在数据库中最有效益。光靠技术不足以充分发掘这部分顾客的效益，技术只是执行手段，但是忠诚营销项目必须得到技术支持。建立资料库，忠诚营销项目的核心是关联数据库，它由一系列记录营销项目不同侧面的子库组成，这些数据库彼此可交叉查取信息。数据库的结构要便于获取、分析和利用顾客各方面情况，包括偏好、人口学信息以及个人生活方式等信息。成功的企业利用数据库使宣传更有针对性，从夹在常规宣传邮件中的插页，到产品升级以及进行系列产品“交叉推销”的宣传。营销者必须确定目标市场的特点，以及应该传达什么样的信息。落实到具体的营销项目上，宣传的风格、口径和宣传产品的制作质量必须适应目 标市场的情况。2．3“顾客职工化”营销 顾客职工化营销主要是用一种亲情的服务方法让顾客觉得你是他家中的一员，你卖给他保健品不是为了赚钱而是为了他的健康。“保健品的功效不在保健品本身而在于服务”，在产品同质化的今天，这句话更具有现实意义。当营销看上去不是营销而是一种亲情化的服务时，对于顾客，尤其是老年人，也许自己的儿女也没有你们对他好，这种感动是最好的“疗效”。若趁此机会让顾客帮你作宣传，帮你介绍他的交际圈的人来买你的保健品，必定是事半功倍，长此以往，就会形成一个良性循环。这样，顾客变成了公司的职工了。翻译1：Wing ~ 2.2 Customer Loyalty Marketing Cultivate customer loyalty. The root causes of customer loyalty is the product of their own producers, the relationship between service providers feel good. Real sense of loyalty from customers, through the two-way communication by transmitting the value and mutual relations. Loyalty Marketing is a sales strategy that will give the two sides through the long-term value-added communication, found that the most important to maintain and win customers from the incremental revenue. Loyalty marketing, one of the most famous Bain strategy consulting company that customer. Customer loyalty successful marketing project's success is because of these enterprises is the focus of the business activities of the establishment of customer loyalty, and no funds will be diverted to the database at the time of intense competition in the short-term counter to, or used other forms of promotional means. They know that customer loyalty is through the unremitting value of products or enterprises are usually 80% of the revenue comes from 20% of the customers, this part of the customer in the database in the most cost-effective. Technology alone is not sufficient to fully exploit the benefits of this part of customers, technology is only the means of implementation, but the loyalty marketing programs to be technical support. To establish a database, loyalty marketing is the core of the project related database, which records a series of different aspects of marketing the project composed of a subset of the Treasury, these databases can be cross with each other to access information. The structure of the database to facilitate access, analysis and use of all aspects of customers, including preferences, demographic information, as well as information such as personal lifestyle. Successful enterprises to take advantage of the database so that more targeted publicity, publicity from the folder the message in the conventional insert to product upgrades, as well as a series of products "cross-marketing" campaign. Marketers must determine the characteristics of the target market, as well as what should be to convey information. To specific marketing projects to promote the style, size and production of quality promotional products must adapt to the target market. 2.3 "employees of the customer" marketing Customer marketing staff is a method of family services for customers to feel that you are at home, he is a member of health care products you sell him not to make money but for the sake of his health. "The effectiveness of health care products health product is not in itself but the service", in the homogenization of products today, this is more practical significance. When the marketing is not looked but a family of marketing services, for customers, especially the elderly, and perhaps their children do not you to him, and this is the best move of the "efficacy." If customers take the opportunity to help you make propaganda, to help introduce you to his social circle of people to buy your health care products, must be effective, the long run, will create a virtuous circle. In this way, the customer into the company's employees had.翻译2：Feel grateful ~ 220 customer loyalty marketingTo cultivate customer loyalty. Loyalty is the root cause of the customers with products of his relation between producers and service provider of the good feelings. True loyal customers feel, from which pass through two-way communication of value and relationship. Loyalty marketing method is a kind of sales strategy, in both the value through to communicate, discovery, maintain long-term and win by most customers incremental revenue. Loyalty is the most famous marketing consultancy company strategy of customers that Ben. Customer loyalty marketing project success, because these enterprises for the success of the business activities of customer loyalty is established, and the database will be built not misappropriate the short-term to fierce competition in the back, or will the other forms of promotion methods. They know that customer loyalty is through unremitting value-added products or usually enterprises income from 20% of the inheritance of 80%, this part of the customers in the client database most benefit. To fully tap on technology, this part of the customer benefit technology, but only execute marketing project must be loyal technical support. Establishing a database, loyalty marketing project is the core of the associated database, it consists of a series of record of different marketing project repository, these databases can cross check each take information. To facilitate access database structure, analysis and utilization of customers all aspects, including demographic information and personal preferences, lifestyle, etc. Successful enterprise using databases make more pertinency, publicity in conventional promotional emails from the centerfold, to upgrade and series products of "cross selling". Marketers must determine the characteristics of target market, and should convey what kind of information. To carry out specific marketing projects, publicity and promotion of style, the product quality of manufacture must adapt to mesh mark market.230 "customer" marketing staffThe marketing major customers worker is a family of customer service method that you are a member of his health, you sell him not to earn money, but for the sake of his health. "The health care efficacy lies in itself and service", the product homogeneity in today, this sentence has more practical meaning. When marketing looks not marketing, but a friendly service for customer, especially when your children, maybe people are not good for him, you are the best curative effect "moved." If you take this opportunity to allow customers to help you introduce him to help you, maintain the people to buy your health, is twice, in the long run, it would form a virtuous cycle. So, the company's customers into a worker.翻译3：感激涕零 ~ 2.2 customer loyalty marketing foster customer loyalty.customer loyalty is the root of the dircted and producers, service providers on the relationship between the good feelings.real loyalty from customer experience to two-way communication, through the delivery of value and relationships.loyalty marketing method is a sales strategy, which refers to the two sides through value-added long-term communication, discovery, maintain and won by the most important customers incremental gains.loyalty marketing aspects of the most famous one Bain policy advisory body of the company considers customer.customer loyalty marketing project winners succeeded because these business activities of the entire enterprise is built around customer loyalty, and no database will be built to competitive funding crackingchen when short-term counterattack, or use it to other forms of promotion tools.they are acutely aware that customer loyalty through tireless Super-value product or industry enterprises typically 80 per cent of income from 20 per cent of the customer, this part of the customer in the database in the most cost-effective manner.technology alone is insufficient to fully explore this part of its customers the benefits of the technical means, but loyalty marketing project must get technical support.establish a database, the core of loyalty marketing project is associated with the database, which consists of a series of records marketing projects in different libraries at the side of the child, the databases don't cross - checking information.structure of the database you want to make it easier to obtain the customer, analysis and utilization of all the circumstances, including enterprises'preference, demology information and personal lifestyle information.successful business using database so that publicity efforts to clamp on the general publicity from the message in the subject, to product upgrades and cross - selling series products “. ”marketers must determine the characteristics of the target market, and should be used to convey what kind of information.the implementation of the themâ of marketing, publicity, drameter and nstyle product quality produced publicity must adapt to the aim market situation.2.3 staff of ” “ customer marketing customer trade marketing is primarily useful affection service methods allow customers to think you are his home in a member of the health - care products you sold him not to make money for the sake of his health.the efficacy of “ health products and health products is not in itself but in the product, service ” judeg today, more realistic meaning.When marketing is marketing doesn't look rather an affection of customer service, for the elderly, especially, perhaps their children without your good to him, feeling is the best ” “ effect.to take this opportunity to allow customers to help you with publicity to help you with an introduction to his contacts to buy your health care products, must be Crabby Office Lady, it remains a problem, it will form a virtuous circle.in this way, customers have become the company's employees.
在google在线翻译中找，里面没有就找北京译顶科技，人工翻译反而更好
毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范：
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文）
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次。
原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次。
原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
扩展资料：
文献翻译要求
1、翻译要注重专业、准确
文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科，每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如，从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握，这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。
2、翻译要注重知识更新
文献翻译涉及到各种学科，这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此，译员也要与时俱进，随时掌握最新的知识，这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。
3、翻译要注重本地化
无论是将国外的文献翻译进来，还是将国内的文献介绍出去，翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化，符合目标语言的习惯。
4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅
文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学，逻辑的连贯严密，另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此，这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。
参考资料：百度百科-文献翻译
在某宝上面输入“毕业论文翻译神器”一下子就找到了。我用过，速度很快。当然好东西，也就不是免费的。不过，也不贵。也就一两块钱一页。我翻译了上万字，才花了10块钱。你可以去试试。这总比自己一句句翻块多了
不太建议直接抄袭，抄袭的文章查重的时候就过不了，不过你可以去试试找北京译顶科技，那边可以帮到你的
这个是可以的，百度文库有现成的，这个也是允许的这只是学习的材料。先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。 文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
自然和科学两个免费的文学呢！ ！您的图书馆也可能是多啊，还有，你应该有一个专业的外国文学！ ！ 一些外文网站，但我一直没能降低我的老师说要免费的！ ！ MPMI，植物病理学，植物病害，PNAS，科学1，细胞的公共图书馆，
去中国知网看看
财系统的设计与实现的外文翻译和文献综 肯定知道
翻译 ：老师出的？ 很难的。要知道要写翻译程式，必须写一下几个子程式： 词法分析->语法分析->语言优化. 你必须深入理解 汉语和 英语的语法. 根本不用去做,应为这是专业人员写的
文献综述就是用资料，只不多有一个比较固定的格式。 主要是，关于你的论文主题，国内外学者提出多点看法和主张。某某学者在某某文章中，就你的论文主题，提出看法认为如何如何 都是这样的语句，写出来就ok了。需要大概七八篇文章的论述，最好是高阶的人物写的文章，发表在高阶期刊上的。 知网搜寻文章，搜出来的文章，看看摘要就能写进综述里了，不用下载，中国知网，自己搜寻 合适采纳啊 外文翻译，如果学校图书馆上网有购买国外资料库，例如springerlink或者sci的，可以资料库找 如果没在学校可以谷歌学术搜寻相关英文关键词
涉及论文上的翻译可以在相应的翻译机构中完成即可。例如翻译达人，也是不错的选择，涉及的业务广而语种多，适合每种需求的客户
既然叫做外文文献综述，那就是根据相关课题的研究进展的相关文献（包括中文，英文）进行英文书写综述，若果只是要求中文文献综述，那也可以找一篇相关外文综述进行翻译。 望采纳，谢谢楼主
推荐你到 三七毕业设计网看看 真的不错~他们那里有专门的文献综述专区，参考一下肯定能搞定
不管是什么论文，只要是引用了某些书籍刊物的文字图片等内容，都要注明出处。所以，不但要有书名，同时也要注明章节。
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下：
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有：
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；
③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料：
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库：
http://ep.espacenet.com/ （免费 文摘）
美国专利商标局专利数据库：
（免费 文摘、全文）
WTO知识产权组织：
（免费 文摘）
IBM专利数据库资源：
（免费 文摘、部分全文）
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文 。
扩展资料：
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
需要。
论文题目由教师或学生指定，并由教师同意决定。两者都应该是该学科的发展或实践中提出的理论和实践问题。
学生应该被选中进行科学研究课题，审查，复习文献，制定研究计划，设计科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，分析，证明和得出结论。撰写论文和其他项目的初步培训。
撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。
毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。
一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下：
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有：
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；
③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料：
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库：
http://ep.espacenet.com/ （免费 文摘）
美国专利商标局专利数据库：
（免费 文摘、全文）
WTO知识产权组织：
（免费 文摘）
IBM专利数据库资源：
（免费 文摘、部分全文）
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：
Ebanking,a new kind of financial service,emerges along with the development of Internet. Compared with the ordinary banks,the operation of ebanking is simpler and faster. Based on the case study of China Merchants Bank,this thesis analyzes the problems of ebanking and provides respective suggestions. In general,the thesis can be devided into the following four parts: firstly,the brief introduction of the history of CMB; secondly,the analysis of the status quo of the CMB's ebanking; thirdly, the analysis of the existing problems of the CMB's ebanking service; lastly, the suggestions for the future development of the CMB's ebanking. 写到论文里的时候 这几个部分不要分列 直接写成一段就好 现在这样便于你对比我毕业了 当初被论文折磨的不行还好有个好结果 我们导师好严格~ 加油！呵呵
元照英美法译文，流畅精准！research on the development of retail banking business of commercial bank ABSTRACT:the retail banking business of commercial bank is the important business domain and its resource of revenue.so far the retail banking business play an important role in the revenue of the developed countries's commercial banks.however,retail banking business of CHINA's commercial banks is in the initial stage,its development is relatively falling behind,also has more problems.in 2006,CHINA's financial sector has opened up completely.the competition is more and more fierce from foreign banks.how to accelerate the development of the retail banking business of commercial banking has become the serious question which CHINA's banking systems can get survial and development. so it has realistic and far-reaching significance that research on the present situation and existing problem about the commercial banking system's retail banking business,discussion on the strategic development of retail banking business. this lecture begins with the present situation of development of CHINA'S commercial banks and the existing problems,sovles the the most important strategic significance about CHINA's banking development.CHINA' commeicial banking systems should take measures to deal with a series of issues in the fierce banking competitin. 英美法流畅标准！
译文：abstract
英［＇æbstrækt］
释义：
adj.纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n.摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v.摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
［复数：abstracts；第三人称单数：abstracts；现在分词：abstracting；过去式：abstracted；过去分词：abstracted；比较级：more abstract；最高级：most abstract］
短语：
abstract algebra［数］抽象代数；近世代数；［数］抽象代数学；代数结构
扩展资料：
词语辨析：summary，abstract，digest，outline，resume
这些名词均含“摘要、概要、概括”之意。
1、summary普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
2、abstract指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
3、digest侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
4、outline指配以释议文字的提纲。
5、resume源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
On the commercial banks in the development of retail banking Commercial banks commercial banks in the retail business is an important business areas and a source of income. At present, commercial banks in developed countries, income, retail business occupies a decisive position. China's commercial banks and retail business is still in its infancy, development is lagging behind, there are many problems. China's financial industry in 2006 to completely open up, from foreign banks increasingly competitive, how to speed up the development of commercial banks in the retail business to become China's commercial banks to survive and development. Therefore, the study of commercial banks in the retail business development status and problems to explore the response of retail business development strategy with realistic and far-reaching significance. In this paper, mainly from the development of China's commercial banks in the status quo and development problems, the answer to the development of China's commercial banks retail business major strategic significance, as well as banks in the increasingly fierce competition, China's commercial banks should adopt a series of measures programs,