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基于UG的模块化机械设计方法研究摘 要]本文采用模块化设计思想和UG二次开发技术,解决了用UG软件进行机械设计时,许多常用件需要多次重新设计的问题。常用件模块以菜单的方式结合在UG软件中,这具有良好的可扩充性和可移植性。[关键词]模块化设计 机械设计 UG二次开发Unigraphics(简称UG)是美国EDS公司推出的CAD/CAM/CAE一体化软件。它的内容涉及到平面工程制图、三维造型、装配、制造加工、逆向工程、工业造型设计、注塑模具设计、钣金设计、机构运动分析、数控模拟、渲染和动化仿真、工业标准交互传输、有限元分析等十几个模块。近年来UG发展迅速,已广泛应用于多个领域,更是进行机械设计的常用软件。虽然UG功能非常强大,但在进行机械产品设计的时候经常会遇到一些标准件以外的常用件,若每次对它们均从头开始设计,则要做大量的重复性工作。为了提高劳动生产率,降低设计成本,将已经广泛应用于电子、计算机、建筑等领域的模块化设计思想引用到机械设计中,形成基于UG的模块化机械设计。1模块化机械设计1.1模块及模块化的概念模块是一组具有同一功能和结合要素(指联接部位的形状、尺寸、连接件间的配合或啮合等),但性能、规格或结构不同却能互换的单元。模块化则是指在对产品进行市场预测、功能分析的基础上划分并设计出一系列通用的功能模块,然后根据用户的要求,对模块进行选择和组合,以构成不同功能或功能相同但性能不同、规格不同的产品。1.2模块化机械设计相关性模块化设计所依赖的是模块的组合,即结合面,又称为接口。为了保证不同功能模块的组合和相同功能模块的互换,模块应具有可组合性和可互换性两个特征。这两个特征主要体现在接口上,必须提高模块标准化、通用化、规格化的程度。对于模块化机械设计,可见其关键是怎样划分模块,这里主要通过综合考虑零部件在功能、几何、物理上存在的相关性来划分模块。(1)功能相关性零部件之间的功能相关性是指在模块划分时,将那些为实现同一功能的零部件聚在一起构成模块,这有助于提高模块的功能独立性。(2)几何相关性零部件之间的几何相关性是指零部件之间的空间、几何关系上的物理联接、紧固、尺寸、垂直度、平等度和同轴度等几何关系。(3)物理相关性零部件之间的物理相关性是指零部件之间存在着能量流、信息流或物料流的传递物理关系。1.3模块化机械设计的优点模块化机械设计在技术上和经济上都具有明显的优点,经理论分析和实践证明,其优越性主要体现在下述几方面:(1)可使现在机械工业得到振兴,并向高科技产业发展;(2)减轻机械产品设计、制造及装配专业技术人员的劳动强度;(3)模块化机械产品质量高、成本低,并且妥善解决了多品种小批量加工所带来的制造方面的问题;(4)有利于企业根据市场变化,采用先进技术改造产品、开发新产品;(5)缩短机械产品的设计、制造和供货期限,以赢得用户;(6)模块化机械产品互换性强,便于维修。2模块化机械设计在UG中的实现2.1总体构思在用UG进行机械设计时,为了将常用件模块化,首先要把常用件的三维模型表达出来。对于系列产品,可按照成组技术的原理进行分类,一组相似的常用件建立一个三维模型,即所谓的三维模型样板。根据UG参数化设计思想,一个三维模型样板可认为是一组尺寸不同、结构相似的系列化零部件的基本模型。把众多的三维模型样板按类分开,每一类放在一个集合里,这样每类都形成了一个三维模型样板的模块库。为了使模块库与UG的集成环境有机地结合在一起,把每个模块库都以图标的方式放在用户菜单上,以方便调用。为了实现这一总体构思,综合运用了UG/Open MenuScript、UG/Open Ulstyler、UG/OpenAPI、Visual C++等UG二次开发技术,其程序流程图如图12.2模块库菜单设计为了与UG菜单交互界面风格保持一致,模块库采用了分级式下拉菜单,下拉菜单通过UG/Open MenuScript模块开发实现。即利用MenuScript提供的UG菜单脚本语言,编写成扩展名为“.men”的文本文件,将其放在用户目录下的/startup目录内,通过设定UG的环境变量,UG在启动时会自动加载用户菜单文件。为了方便用户调用时快速检索到所要的常用件三维模型样板,将下拉菜单的最大深度设计为3级,且每一条下拉菜单最多不超过15个按钮。末级菜单上每一个按钮对应一个常用件三维模型样板名称,点击末级菜单按钮即调出创建相应产品的三维模型样板对话框。2.3三维模型样板对话框设计利用UG/Open Ulstyle制作UG风格的对话框,按照模型样板的参数生成包含数据输入框、文本框、按钮、图片等控件的对话框。在对话框上部显示零配件图片,在对话框左上角显示对话框标题,在UG系统窗口左下角显示操作提示信息,这样可以使用户很方便地设计或选用常用件三维模型,三维模型样板对话框设计完成后,生成扩展名为“.dlg”文件。所有对话框都有6种基本同调函数,分别是Apply按钮的回调函数,Back按钮的回调函数、Cancel按钮的回调函数、OK按钮的回调函数、对话框构造函数和对话框析构函数。其中对话框构造函数在UG构建对话框完成之后、用户应用程序执行之前调用,将常用件三维模型的常用规格及技术要求显示到信息窗口,供用户创建产品时作参考。对话框析构函数在UG用户对话框关闭时调用,程序编写时利用它进行关闭、清除信息窗口以及释放申请的内存空间等操作。2.4应用程序动态链接库(*.dll)创建UG/Open API应用程序是用C/C++语言编写的,它除了能够在UG的环境下对UG进行功能调用外,还能在程序中实现软件的文件管理、流程控制、数据传输、窗口调用、数值计算等C/C++语言支持的全部功能,使用非常灵活。UG/Open API应用程序牵涉到UG提供的头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)及以C/C++语言编程环境,需要对Visual C++编译环境进行设置,下面给出了Visual C++6.0编译环境设置方法及动态链接库的创建过程:(1)建立一个空的动态链接库工程。(2)配置程序头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)的目录路径。其中头文件包括UG头文件,Visual C++6.0库文件。(3)将对话框生成的C语言源文件模板文件*.template.c添加到Project中。(4)编制应用程序。进入对话框回调函数内部进行程序编制,定义变量及UG对象,运用C/C++语言和UG/Open API函数进行参数化建模设计。(5)生成动态链接库(*.dll)文件。UG启动时会自动加载动态链接库文件,供用户菜单调用。3结束语随着装备制造业的飞速发展,产品种类急剧增多且结构日趋复杂,只有产品设计周期不断缩短,才能够满足企业激烈竞争的需要。用UG软件进行模块化机械设计符合机械产品快速设计的理念,符合装备制造业的发展需要,是机械设计的发展方向之一,具有较高的实用价值和经济价值。参考文献[1]袁峰UG机械设计工程范例教程[M]北京机械工业出版社2006[2]王志张进生于丰业王鹏任秀华基于模块化的机械产品快速设计[J]机械设计2004,21,8[3]滕晓艳张家泰产品模块化设计方法的研究[J]应用科技2006,33,2[4]董正卫田立中付宜利UG/Open API编程基础[M]北京清华大学出版社,2002 你自己用有道翻译吧！
机械论文网上有英语机械类论文并附有翻译机械英文论文翻译附原文《Patent Abstracts of Japan pub. No. 04133991 of Jul. 5, 1992 "Method and Device for Driving Man-Conveyor"》 机械英文论文翻译附原文《Extending Blender: Development of a Haptic Authoring Tool》 网站上都是机械类资料应该有你想要的
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
The application of reconfigurable logic to high speedCNC milling machines controllers高速数控铣床控制器的可远程控制逻辑的应用摘要 可远程控制型逻辑已经在高速计算机数控数字控制器中达到资料检索能力，在这种控制器中现代伺服系统上的高速处理速度是临界的。因为它们的开放式体系结构使得它们适于单芯片应用系统，像现场可编程门阵列的可远程控制装置因其相似的逻辑复杂性而优于微处理器和的数字信号处理。这项工作的贡献是为了达到现代伺服系统要求应用于高速数控铣床现场可编程门阵列的基础上的比例-积分-微分控制器的发展。结果表明比例-积分-微分控制系统的功能性，它已经合成为现场可编程门阵列平台，成功地应用于高速数控铣床。R 2007埃尔斯韦尔有限公司（R 2007 Elsevier Ltd）保留所有合法权利。关键词：可远程控制逻辑，高速数控，现场可编程门阵列，现代伺服系统导言 高速电脑数控机床运转控制包括大于40米/秒进料率以及高于1克的加速动力，有时候是2克(引自Wang, Liu, & Ai, 2003)。 由于这些因素，相对于传统速度电脑数控，对高速电脑数控机床的运转控制器在电子设计上具有较高要求，这就需要较高的减少在线加工有效时间的取样比例（现代伺服系统）并行存储器地址计数器(Delta Tau, 2005)和数字微型电路-180 (Galil Motion, 2004) 是一些基于现有数字信号处理器的最通用的市场上可买到的电脑数控控制器和它们专用控制算法设备的微型载体，在这里额外的设施也是为在一个固定的封闭的体系结构上的处理器支持，这种架构非常适于标准速度处理。由于商用数字信号处理和微处理器上的连续的处理数据流程，对高速控制取样比例的增加可以在处理器运作上强加严厉的限制；因此，为了达到在线运转，其他信号处理交替必须予以考虑。 高速伺服系统控制器作为硬件附设印刷电路板隐藏在个人电脑（PC机）中，这种电路板不受需要大量资源的计算的约束。现场可编程门阵列 (FPGA) 已经以单芯片系统(SOC)应用软件在赢得市场，这是因为它们可以整合由用户定义的使硬件内外部设备逻辑联系起来的处理组件，这种组件组合了不依赖厂商或特殊的平台的开放式体系结构。为整合处理组件以及它们作为SOC进入现场可编程门阵列相关的外部逻辑支持，该装置给设计者提供了足够的自由在完善生成廉价单片机的构建能级时去完成特殊任务。 现场可编程门阵列是基础的逻辑板的阵列，在这里使用者可以定义其内部连结性，使得它们在整个开式结构中可编程。因此，现场可编程门阵列具有一般用途的处理器和可以远程控制许多次的专业化电路的优点，好像直到得到要求的泛函性。现场可编程门阵列的速度和大小比得上专用集成电路(ASIC)，但是现场可编程门阵列更灵活，它的设计流程由于可远程控制而更短。现场可编程门阵列超出数字逻辑电路的简单设备；它们可被用于专门体系结构的设备去执行加速演算法。进入现场可编程门阵列运行演算法的专门体系结构比数字信号处理（DSP）中的设备或者为处理器可有高10-100倍的运行速度。另一方面，数字信号处理和微处理器有固定的用于运算的连续体系机构，在样本之间的处理时间大量减少时，该机构可以毫不费力的负载，而现场可编程门阵列有一个简单自然的并行体系结构进行高速计算。除了优越性已经被证实以外，现场可编程门阵列的发展在硬件描述语言(HDL),的情况下被完成，这一点使得便携式和台式不受约束，这倒不是市场上可买到的数字信号处理器或微处理器的原因。 通过与其它装置相比较，突出其最终工业应用的多功能型、效用性和实用性，本文的主要目的是表明用现场可编程门阵列为电脑数控在比例-积分-微分控制器设计中的有利性和优越性。试验结果表明一种经济而简易的选择，这中选择可满足在电脑数控工作母机控制上的精确性和联机处理时间要求必备的条件
摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队，其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器，最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器，是审查。 这个装置表明，高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重，低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构，可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器（无级变速器）之间的积极和消极 比率，可以涉及两个平移速度，两个 旋转速度，或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器（图1 ） ，六自由度动力 合作机器人，并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 ， 3 ] 。通过本论文中，我们表明， 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。
在上次的基础上做了对应的调整和适当的修改。望分析体会，以求能有所收获！AbstractThe article is entitled as Process Tooling Design and CAD/CAM of the Rocker Axle Base from Chao Yang Diesel Co.,Ltd.. The design aims to complete the module design of 195 diesel rocker axle base, the draw up of its processing line and procedure card and the design of manufacturing special fixture, etc.Model-designed by the 3D shaping software Pro/E, the content consists of the following: solid mold which spares and blanks are built by the spare mold, design for the investment casting molds involving the analysis, calculation and design of mouldjoint, gating system, ejecting machine, punch-cum-blanking die and the die base,etc. Then complete the final assembling drawing according to the engineering module and the CAXA electronic drawing board. Establish the spares processing techinical procedure,including the select of the processing method, the sketch out of the processing line and the definition of the maching allowance. Then calculate the techinical parameter and establish corresponding process card in light of the technical schedule. Design two sets of special milling machines and one set of special drilling machine. After the analysis, select and design, finally accomplish the engineering drawing by use of CAXA electonic sketch board.The design difficulty is the jigs and the moulds. After refering to plenty of documents, settle down these problems and round off the design under the guide of teachers.Key Words: solid model, module, jig, procedure
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Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ，既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现，最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示，被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量，低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios， 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度， 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1)， a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2， 3]。 通过本文路线，我们显示出， mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
• The Lathe and Its Construction车床及其结构 A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges. 车床是主要用于生成旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows:根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被安装刀具的数量和自动化的程度，车床—或更确切地说是车床类的机床，可以被分成以下几类： (1)Engine lathes(2)Toolroom lathes(3)Turret lathes(4)Vertical turning and boring mills(5)Automatic lathes(6)Special-purpose lathes(1)普通车床(2)万能车床(3)转塔车床(4)立式车床(5)自动车床(6)特殊车床 In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation. These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in Fig.11.1. 虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过普通车床这一最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图11.1所示普通车床的主要部分的描述。 Lathe bed. The lathe bed is the main frame, involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. 车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱上水平横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸造而成。It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably.它上面有能让大拖板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。 Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed). The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. 主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，它包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在主轴箱内的齿轮箱驱动。The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds). Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional ,electrical ,or hydraulic drives.齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度(通常是6到18速)。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动的无级调速主轴箱。 The spindle is always hollow, i. e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted. 主轴往往是中空的，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。Also, that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe center. The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck, a face plate, or the like.同时，此孔为锥形表面可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴外表面是螺纹可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。 Tailstock. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. 尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架体和套筒轴。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，它有一定位装置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock. The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. 尾架体为一能横向运动的铸件，它可以调整尾架轴线与主轴箱轴线成一直线。第三部分，套筒轴是一淬硬钢管，它能根据需要在尾架体中纵向进出移动。This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw, around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged. The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars. The quill can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device.这通过使用手轮和螺杆来达到，与螺杆啮合的是一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装车床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点。 The carriage. The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds. It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed. 大拖板：大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产生纵向和/或横向进给。它实际上是一由车床床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.大拖板能手动或者通过溜板箱和光杆(进给杆)或丝杆(引导螺杆)机动。 When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. 在切削螺旋时，动力通过丝杆提供给溜板箱上的齿轮箱。在其余车削作业中，都由光杆驱动大拖板。丝杆穿过一对固定在溜板箱后部的剖分螺母。When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed, together with the carriage, along the bed. When the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage stops.当开动特定操作杆时，剖分螺母夹在一起作为单个螺母与旋转的丝杆啮合，并带动拖板沿着床身提供进给。当操作杆脱离时，剖分螺母释放同时大拖板停止运动。On the other hand, when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm gear. The latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length.另一方面，当使用光杆时则通过蜗轮给溜板箱提供动力。 蜗轮用键连接在光杆上，并与溜板箱一起沿光杆运动，光杆全长范围开有键槽。A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears. It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate levers. 现代车床一般在主轴箱下装备快速变换齿轮箱，通过一系列齿轮由主轴驱动。它与光杆和丝杆连接，能容易并快速地通过简单转换适当的操作杆选择各种进给。The quick-change gearbox is employed in plain turning, facing and thread cutting operations. Since that gearbox is linked to the spindle, the distance that the apron (and the cuttingtool) travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed.快速变换齿轮箱可用于普通车削、端面切削和螺旋切削作业中。由于这种齿轮箱与主轴相连，主轴每转一圈溜板箱(和切削刀具)运动的距离能被控制，这距离就可以被认为是进给。
兄弟，这么长，就出五分，你也太葛朗台了吧
2.1. Seed quality evaluation 2.1.1. Mechanical damage Three replications of 100 seeds were soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. The seeds with seed coat damage swelled visibly and were counted using a hand lens. The split (%) was obtained by passing 200 g of seed through a 4.00mm round hole sieve. The material that passed through the sieve was termed as ‘‘splits’’ and then weighed (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1 豆种质量评估2.1.1机械损伤经过3遍流程的100颗豆种在1%的漂白液中浸泡10分钟。种子以及种皮的很明显地膨胀损坏可以通过手持透镜观测到。 破裂指数通过200g的种子经4毫米圆洞筛网筛选得到。通过筛网的原料被称作“破裂”然后称重。2.1.2. Germination test Germination ability was determined according to the Association of Official Seed Analysts (Anonymous, 1981). Three replications of 100 seeds were placed in presoaked germination paper and were then placed in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the percentage of seeds germinating normally was recorded. 2.1.2 发芽力检测发芽能力是按照官方的种子专家学会去定义的。经过3次流程的100颗豆种被放置在发芽试纸上预浸，人后在发芽力检测仪上以251C的温度放置7天。 7天之后， 发芽种子的比例被记录下来。2.1.3. Seed vigor The seed vigor tests were conducted according to the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) method (Anonymous, 1985). Sheets of paper towel with 350 seeds were kept in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the lengths of germinated seedlings were measured in centimeters. The vigor index was calculated as vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated. 2.1.3 种子的活力种子活力的检测是按照国际种子检测协会的步骤操作的。350颗豆种放在纸巾上，在种子发芽力检测仪器内以251C的温度保存7天， 7天之后， 以厘米为单位去测量种芽的长度。活力指数是按照vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated.（此处由于有乱码， 无法翻译）2.1.4. Accelerated aging This test was used to predict the storage potential of seed. It combines the stresses caused by high temperature and high humidity to which seed maybe exposed. It is expected that the seed lots which record a higher level of germination in the accelerated aging test can be stored for a longer period than others. Two replications of 50 seeds were kept in perforated plastic boxes. These boxes were kept at 401C and at 100% relative humidity(r :h:) for 96 h. The germination of these lots was recorded as outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1.4加速老化这个检测是用作预告种子的储存潜力的。 它包括也许种子露天放置时，由高温度和高湿度造成的作用。人们预计在发芽力检测中有高记录的那批种子能够在加速老化测验中比其它的种子储存的更久。经过2次流程的50颗种子保存在穿孔的盒子当中。这些盒子被放置在401C温度及100%相对湿度中96个小时。这批的发芽力被ISTA作为要点记录下来。2.2. Determination of moisture content The standard oven method outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985) was employed. Three replications of 10 g seed were kept in a hot air oven at 1021C for 24 h. At the end of this period, the samples were transferred to a desiccator for cooling. The samples were then weighed and moisture content calculated on a dry mass basis. 2.2 含水量的定义ISTA大纲中的标准加热程序被引用到这里。经过3次流程的10g豆种被保存在干烤箱中以1021C的温度放置24小时。 在检测最后， 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。然后样品称重，并计算含水量，按照折干计算。2.3. Evaluation of damage due to free-fall To determine the effect of height of fall on the seed quality, three replications of 100 seeds, drawn from each treatment, were dropped from a height of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0m on to a cement floor or a galvanized iron floor. The dropped seeds were tested for germination and vigor as before. 2.4. Statistical analysis of data The data collected during the experiments were analyzed using ANOVA (Anonymous, 1992) to study the effects of m:c:; process stages and heights of free-fall on the parameters of seed quality. The differences in means were examined using the Tukey test of significance.2.3 由自由下落造成损失的评估为了确定下落高度对种子质量造成的影响， 经过3遍流程的100颗种子， 分别从0.5， 1.0， 1.5， 2.0米处下落到水泥地或者镀锌铁板上，象以前一样，下落的种子被检测种子发芽力以及活力。2.4数据统计分析使用ANOVA分析了在实验当中所收集的数据，研究了含水量，加工平台以及自由下落的高度参数在种子质量方面的影响。检测方式的差异已被Tukey test of significance.验证。
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
In view of the pivotal role of rolling bearing in rotating machinery and equipment, it is very important to diagnose the fault, and it is the best way and means to establish a set of efficient and convenient bearing fault diagnosis system. Most of the traditional diagnostic system depends on a number of professional hardware equipment, these instruments are obviously difficult to meet the requirements of information technology, and caused a lot of hardware redundancy. With the rapid development of computer technology, the virtual instrument technology has been applied to the field of bearing fault diagnosis has become a trend. This paper introduces the characteristics and structure of virtual instrument technology. On this basis, the resonance demodulation technique is introduced into the signal analysis of virtual instrument to extract and analyze the bearing fault signal. Finally, based on LABVIEW platform, a set of virtual instrument for bearing fault signal analysis is developed.
用谷歌翻译的，悬赏能快些给我吗？算我祈求，我有急用！！谢谢，真的有急用，我现在都要哭了！！车削机床机床工具被广泛用于工业，以生产各类机械零件。有些是一般用途的机器，和其他人用来执行高度专业化的操作。使用最广泛的机床是普通车床，它提供了一个旋转轴的主要原则的议案，同时适当传授饲料动议的工具。的工件，必须牢牢掌握，经常在一个夹头。酒吧也可举行collets ，其中包含一个分裂套管推或拉对锥面。工件形状的尴尬往往是由螺栓的面板。 包含的启闭机制的驱动器，通常将改变齿轮和变速驱动器。长期工件支持他们最后提出了中心举行尾座。这个工具本身是一个工具举行后，允许设置工具的角度（横向和纵向） 。该工具后是安装在一个马车，而这反过来又获得支持的方式加工的床，确保刚性和免受震动。悬垂部分，停机坪的运输，可从事与饲料棒给予连续进给运动，或与丝杠切割的线程。很长工件的担保反对过度偏转的两个手指中心稳步休息休息或螺栓的车床床;后续其余贴近马车。 有时工具后坐在休息复合工具结合幻灯片，可以设置在任何角度，因此，圆锥表面可以通过手喂养工具。参观双向工具后可旋转约竖井，并允许快速变化的工具，在预设的立场，从而加快连续行动。示踪剂或重复车床的设计制造形状不规则零件自动。基本操作这一车床如下。模板的任何一个单位或三维形状是放置在一个时段。阿导或指针然后继续沿着这条形状和其运动控制的切削刀具。重复可能包括方形或锥形，肩膀，半径，沟槽，蜡烛，和轮廓，工作，如电机轴，主轴，价值茎，活塞，杆，汽车车轴，涡轮轴，以及各种其他的物体也可以打开使用这种类型的车床。转塔车床的生产车床是用来制造任何数量的相同件。 螺杆机类似的建设炮塔车床，但他们的头上旨在保持和饲料长期酒吧的股票。否则，没有什么区别。
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
2.1. Seed quality evaluation 2.1.1. Mechanical damage Three replications of 100 seeds were soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. The seeds with seed coat damage swelled visibly and were counted using a hand lens. The split (%) was obtained by passing 200 g of seed through a 4.00mm round hole sieve. The material that passed through the sieve was termed as ‘‘splits’’ and then weighed (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1 豆种质量评估2.1.1机械损伤经过3遍流程的100颗豆种在1%的漂白液中浸泡10分钟。种子以及种皮的很明显地膨胀损坏可以通过手持透镜观测到。 破裂指数通过200g的种子经4毫米圆洞筛网筛选得到。通过筛网的原料被称作“破裂”然后称重。2.1.2. Germination test Germination ability was determined according to the Association of Official Seed Analysts (Anonymous, 1981). Three replications of 100 seeds were placed in presoaked germination paper and were then placed in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the percentage of seeds germinating normally was recorded. 2.1.2 发芽力检测发芽能力是按照官方的种子专家学会去定义的。经过3次流程的100颗豆种被放置在发芽试纸上预浸，人后在发芽力检测仪上以251C的温度放置7天。 7天之后， 发芽种子的比例被记录下来。2.1.3. Seed vigor The seed vigor tests were conducted according to the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) method (Anonymous, 1985). Sheets of paper towel with 350 seeds were kept in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the lengths of germinated seedlings were measured in centimeters. The vigor index was calculated as vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated. 2.1.3 种子的活力种子活力的检测是按照国际种子检测协会的步骤操作的。350颗豆种放在纸巾上，在种子发芽力检测仪器内以251C的温度保存7天， 7天之后， 以厘米为单位去测量种芽的长度。活力指数是按照vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated.（此处由于有乱码， 无法翻译）2.1.4. Accelerated aging This test was used to predict the storage potential of seed. It combines the stresses caused by high temperature and high humidity to which seed maybe exposed. It is expected that the seed lots which record a higher level of germination in the accelerated aging test can be stored for a longer period than others. Two replications of 50 seeds were kept in perforated plastic boxes. These boxes were kept at 401C and at 100% relative humidity(r :h:) for 96 h. The germination of these lots was recorded as outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1.4加速老化这个检测是用作预告种子的储存潜力的。 它包括也许种子露天放置时，由高温度和高湿度造成的作用。人们预计在发芽力检测中有高记录的那批种子能够在加速老化测验中比其它的种子储存的更久。经过2次流程的50颗种子保存在穿孔的盒子当中。这些盒子被放置在401C温度及100%相对湿度中96个小时。这批的发芽力被ISTA作为要点记录下来。2.2. Determination of moisture content The standard oven method outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985) was employed. Three replications of 10 g seed were kept in a hot air oven at 1021C for 24 h. At the end of this period, the samples were transferred to a desiccator for cooling. The samples were then weighed and moisture content calculated on a dry mass basis. 2.2 含水量的定义ISTA大纲中的标准加热程序被引用到这里。经过3次流程的10g豆种被保存在干烤箱中以1021C的温度放置24小时。 在检测最后， 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。然后样品称重，并计算含水量，按照折干计算。2.3. Evaluation of damage due to free-fall To determine the effect of height of fall on the seed quality, three replications of 100 seeds, drawn from each treatment, were dropped from a height of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0m on to a cement floor or a galvanized iron floor. The dropped seeds were tested for germination and vigor as before. 2.4. Statistical analysis of data The data collected during the experiments were analyzed using ANOVA (Anonymous, 1992) to study the effects of m:c:; process stages and heights of free-fall on the parameters of seed quality. The differences in means were examined using the Tukey test of significance.2.3 由自由下落造成损失的评估为了确定下落高度对种子质量造成的影响， 经过3遍流程的100颗种子， 分别从0.5， 1.0， 1.5， 2.0米处下落到水泥地或者镀锌铁板上，象以前一样，下落的种子被检测种子发芽力以及活力。2.4数据统计分析使用ANOVA分析了在实验当中所收集的数据，研究了含水量，加工平台以及自由下落的高度参数在种子质量方面的影响。检测方式的差异已被Tukey test of significance.验证。
2.1 。种子质量评价2.1.1 。机械损伤3次重复的100个种子浸泡在1 ％的次氯酸钠溶液为10分钟左右。 种子种皮损伤肿胀visiblyand计数用一只手的镜头。分裂（ ％ ） 获得绕过200克种子通过4.00毫米圆孔筛。材料通过筛被称为''分裂''然后权衡（无名氏， 1985年） 。 2.1.2 。发芽试验发芽abilitywas决心根据该协会的官方种子分析家（无名氏， 1981年） 。 3次重复的100种被安置在presoaked发芽纸然后被放置在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。后7天内，这个比率的种子发芽normallywas记录。 2.1.3 。种子活力种子活力，进行测试，按照国际种子检验协会（土改）方法（无名氏， 1985年） 。张纸毛巾3 50种子被保存在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。经过7天内的长度树苗发芽测定厘米。活力指数计算公式为活力指数¼一日nxgermination -％ þ幼苗长度ð cmþ; 其中n是多少种子发芽。 2.1.4 。加速老化这项测试是用来预测贮存潜力的种子。它结合了讲所致高温高压humidityto其中种子也许暴露出来。我们预计这种子地段纪录更高层次的萌发，在加速老化试验可以储存一一段较长的时间内，比别人。两个复制的50个种子则留在穿孔塑料盒等。 这些箱子存放在401c和100 ％相对湿度（比R ： H ：已）为每小时96发芽这些地段被记录为概述撞土改（无名氏， 1985年） 。 2.2 。测定水分含量标准烤箱法概述由土改（无名氏， 1985年）被聘用。三复制的10克种子被保存在一个热风烘箱，在1021c为24小时在这一时期结束时， 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。样品，然后权衡和水分内容计算，就drymass基础。 2.3 。评估损害的，由于自由下落以确定影响身高的下降对种子质量， 3次重复的100个种子， 从每一次治疗，分别下降了，从高处的0.5 ， 1.0 ， 1.5 ，或2.0米就以一个水泥厂地板或镀锌铁楼。掉落的种子进行了萌发及活力作为前。 2.4 。数据的统计分析收集到的数据，在实验进行了分析用方差分析（无名氏， 1992年） studythe影响男： C组： ;进程的阶段和高度自由下落对参数的种子质量。 差异是指检验用tukeytest的意义。