中西方音乐差异英语毕业论文

中西方音乐差异英语毕业论文

我发的只有封面，不过还是望采纳，谢谢楼主酒醉倚枪笑红尘

是电影和音乐还是电影音乐？

电影折射中西文化差异摘要：随着全球化的进程，当今世界各种文化逐渐融合，但彼此间还是存在着一定的差异性，中西文化作为人类整体文化具有其一致性，但在其发展路径上确实存有诸多差别。本文将透过电影这一文化载体讨论中西文化间的一些差异。由此学习西方发达国家文化的优秀之处，并且保留传统文化的精髓，处理好本土文化与外来文化的关系。 关键词：电影 文化差异 电影是一个很好的文化载体，是反映了文化方方面面的一种媒介。电影很像一个容器，它可把人生中的各种滋味都纳入其中，作为现代人去表现对对过去日子的总结，对现在生活的理解，对未来发展的向往。 1．自由和民主——《勇敢的心》VS《英雄》在课上看的由梅尔.吉布森主演的《勇敢的心》，这部摄于1995年的好莱坞电影，将公元十三世纪的苏格兰人民大起义这一重大历史事件搬上银幕，以宏伟壮阔的气势为影片赢得了史诗巨片的称号。在影片中我们看到苏格兰的山脉、森林和村庄，凄婉的风笛和苏格兰人民在贫困痛苦中发出的反抗的凄厉的呼号，真切地感受到了历史。片中主角华莱士是一个不折不扣的英雄，他的心向着独立和自由，在斗争中献出了自己的生命，虽败犹荣，不禁让人想到我国古代荆轲刺秦的故事，所谓的艺术大师张艺谋根据这一题材拍摄的电影《英雄》，虽然在票房上获得了不小的成绩，但是他所表现的英雄到最后还是屈服于统治阶级。影片的主旨是秦始皇统一中国是顺应生产力发展的，是正确的。在这样一个前提下，所有英雄们的反秦活动都是愚昧的，无名在最后意识到了错误，甘心死于秦兵的乱箭下。与之不同，在《勇敢的心》中，统治者始终是小丑的身份出现，他们用各种见得人或者见不得人方式维持自己的政权和夸大自己的势力范围。人民永远都是他们的羊圈里的羊。所以电影中把权力阶级搞得比较猥琐是顺应人类发展的潮流的，杀死狗官都会让人觉得解恨，节日般庆祝。如同巴赫金所说的，“与官方节日相对立，狂欢节仿佛是庆祝暂时摆脱占统治地位的真理和现有的制度，庆祝暂时取消一切等级关系，特权，规范和禁令。这是真正的时间节日，不断生成，更新和更替的节日。它同一切永恒化，一切完成和终结相敌对。它是面向永远无限的未来的。”在《勇敢的心》中，残暴的英格兰国王杀了华莱士的父亲、哥哥、爱人。华莱士不是战争狂人，没有战争癖，他是被一步步逼成英雄的有。而在《英雄》中，无名、残剑、飘雪等人精心计划的刺秦变得毫无意义，刺秦之前那么多人做的那么多的事都变成了愚昧的人做的愚昧的事。我们的唯物主义历史课本说，人民群众是历史车轮的推动者，而不是由仅仅几个大人物决定的。的确，在《勇敢的心》中有很多士兵征战的场面，还有华莱士独自出征被捕的镜头。但是，在《英雄》中，历史被几个大人物操纵着，其他小人物小百姓连扔块石子的机会都没有。什么是英雄？英雄不仅是指为了某种事业能够英勇死去的人。英雄还要有人格魅力，有魄力。华莱士算是个英雄，死之前还高呼自由，让人激愤万千。而《英雄》中无名也死了，但死之前他承认了错误，承认了自己不懂历史发展规律，但懂了之后又太迟了，按照法律秦始皇要杀他，一个所谓的英雄就这么窝囊的死去。 2．爱情观——《喜宴》透视婚姻与爱情同性之爱也是爱情的一种，但它包含了更多的矛盾与冲突。近年来蜚声国际影坛的华人导演李安，在第78届奥斯卡上凭借这一题材的《断臂山》获得了最佳导演奖。在1993年他就导演了相同题材的一部电影——《喜宴》。在《喜宴》中，李安就借助这个题材向我们展示了东西方文化中的一些明显差异。电影一开始就介绍了旅美华人伟同在美国的纽约曼哈顿区生活，他和他的同性爱人西门过着自由快乐的生活。他们两人在早上亲密吻别，对于邻居的注视他们视而不见。但可以看到注视他们的人惊恐和鄙视的眼神。这就向我们展示了在美国文化背景下同志的生活环境，即便没有太高的地位，但也没有人来制止你的行为。但是反观中国的同志们，绝没有人敢毫无顾及地在光天化日之下“亲密”。这样的文化差异就给予后面影片的矛盾和碰撞展开了铺垫。在电影里，作为伟同的父母，一对传统的中国老夫妇。表现出了东方的婚姻观：男大当婚，女大当嫁。于是伟同的父母不远万里来到了美国，要为他们儿子的终身大事“操心”了。为了应付伟同父母的这次行动，伟同决定和威威假结婚。故事发展到这里，文化的差异又开始了：在美国人的眼里，结婚是浪漫的事情，可是在中国人的眼里结婚是“面子”的事情。在中国领了结婚证还没有完全算是结婚，要摆了喜酒才是大功告成。本来以为按西方方式结婚就算完事的伟同，却因为父母需要“面子”只得按中国人的传统在美国举行一场婚宴。伟同和威威婚后，威威怀孕了。西门知道后，和伟同发生了争执和冲突。在西门看来，作为自己爱人的伟同是不能也不应该和异性发生关系的，这是不道德的，是不可容忍的。而伟同却觉得只要他的心属于爱人就好。这就使电影到达了高潮，表现出东西方人爱情观的巨大差异。这不仅在《喜宴》里有所表达，在《魂断蓝桥》、《红与黑》、《简爱》等许多影视作品和文学作品里都有关于西方国家的爱情观的描述。也许这就是在不同文化熏陶下建立起来的思想，是无法轻易改变。影片的结局是，伟同的父亲知道了事情的真相，而西门、伟同和威威决定共同生活。镜头在他们三人目送伟同父母离开结束，两个老人离去的背影成为他们三人心中的痛。电影留给我们无尽的思考空间。当我们在“己所不欲，勿施于人 ”、“父母在不远行”、“不孝有三，无后为大”、“勿管他人瓦上霜，只扫自家门前雪”许多这样充满了“仁义”与“自私”的矛盾的道德教育里生活了一代又一代，一个世纪又一个世纪之后，我们该如何看待我们的文化？如何看待在这样的文化背景下生活着的我们？如何看待我们热情歌颂的爱？ 3．道德观念——婚外恋之《一声叹息》&《廊桥遗梦》道德一词在我国古代的解释是：“道” ，即道路，引伸为原则、规范、规律、道理的意义。老子说：“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。”“德”，就是实行某种原则，心中有所得。按庄子的理解，“物得以生为之德”，强调天地万物的自然本性。在古代中国，这种建立在内心规则、信念基础之上的道德理解，体现了对道德的形而上思考。但是由于“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，道家的思考失却了主导社会的机会。在儒家，虽然其道德思考具有某种程度的形上性，但其道德从根本上来说是从家庭人伦出发的，再加上其道德实践中注重人伦之“礼”，因此，儒家的道德从本质上说是注重现实社会的伦理道德。与此不同，在西方从古希腊到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，以希腊文化和基督教文化为标志的西方文化，要么对人进行类的抽象，以理性作为建立道德大厦的基础；要么对个体作“超越的突破”，将上帝作为个体永世追求的道德目标。因此与古代中国以儒家道德为主体的伦理性道德不同，西方的道德是建构在对人性的抽象和超越的基础之上的，它是抽象的，是形而上的。这种缺乏以家庭为背景的人伦之理的道德，形成了与中国伦理性道德的明显分野，也构成了西方道德的实质和核心，是西方社会发展至今的原始动力，也是解释现今西方社会政治、经济、文化发展主流和种种社会矛盾的最本源性的、最权威的典章。传统的伦理精神会不自觉渗透，在中国，由于受传统伦理道德影响，《一声叹息》中表达的是应该保持传统的婚姻家庭，即使爱情并不是婚姻的基础，婚姻当中还是应该由亲情和责任占主导地位。虽然该片没有对当事人作任何评判，只是尽可能客观地讲述，但是以另外一种方式苦口婆心劝戒观众，表现婚外恋的累与苦，结局处更像是在警告：婚外恋这东西只要一沾上，就是没完没了。而西方人崇尚自我，以弗洛依德的精神分析为发端，西方的艺术作品并不回避人的欲望和本能。《廊桥遗梦》描写的也是婚外恋，男女主角四天的恋情被描绘得甜蜜美满、充满激情，两人长久的相思以及心灵上的痛苦构成了艺术上凄凉的美、古典式的悲剧美，使得《廊桥遗梦》带有古典浪漫主义的味道。《廊桥遗梦》受到了许多人的青睐，在一定条件允许的情况下，已婚男女短暂的共同生活也变得可以理解，也就是说，已婚男女爱异性的自由的，是可理解的，是有权力的。虽然两部影片都以主人公回归家庭作为结局，但是观众还是可以看出在中西方道德观念的影响作用下两者对婚外恋的态度是有差异的。 电影就像一个世界文化的大熔炉，仅仅通过对这几部电影的粗浅探讨虽然还远不能深刻地反映中西方文化的差异。但是电影的直观性及其文化效应使得它具有多方面的不可替代的社会文化价值。中西音乐文化比较音乐如同语言一样，具有很强的民族性，随着民族、地域的差异，存在着巨大的差异，就像不同语言之间语法、词汇的诸多差异。中西方音乐是存在着巨大的差异的，这与中西方的文化差异是分不开的。音乐是人类社会发展到一定程度的产物，是人类文明的重要组成部分。在人类文化地域性差异形成的时候，音乐的差异性也就随之产生。 前人定义音乐的形式是音乐活动在其无数次重复后所逐渐形成的技巧、结构、程序和模式，是音乐艺术高度发展的一个标志。而文化，则决定着生命是以何种方式，遵循着何种轨迹进行运作并做出物化表现的。因而要想使音乐充分展示出其固有的活力，只有借助文化这一艺术原创力的冲击才有可能。 越是高度发展的音乐，我们就越是有必要将其与最初创造它的文化、生命相接通，本文就仅从中西音乐的调式、织体和节奏等方面的细节特征，来探视一下它们与中西文化差异的深层联系。 一、中西音乐调式的差异 专业术语：“西方音乐体系调式构成的基础是四音音列。包含两个全音音程和一个半音音程，有3种不同样式的四音音列。由这3种不同的四音音列可组成12个调式，这些调式被称为“中古调式”或“教会调式”。后来，欧洲经历了文艺复兴时期，在专业音乐创作和民间音乐中爱奥尼亚调式、利底亚调式和混合利底亚调式逐渐合为一组，演变为自然大调，伊奥利亚调式、弗利及亚调式和多利亚调式也逐渐合为一组，演变为自然小调。并由于自然大、小调相互渗透，又逐渐形成了和声大、小调，旋律大、小调。” “而中国音乐的调式构成的本质和特征是五声性，其构成的核心是三音小组。这三音小组共分两类，第一类由大二度和小三度构成，第二类则由两个大二度构成。第一类三音小组在这个音乐体系中具有典型意义，因为这是它所特有的。此类三音小组又分为两种，第一种的结构是小三度在上方，大二度在下方，第二种恰好相反。由这两种三音小组进行不同方式的组合，可构成宫、商、角、徵、羽五种五声调式。” 这两种调式比较而言，五声体系和七声体系确实存在着一定的差别：前者比较单纯、质朴、简洁，后者比较复杂、丰富、精致；前者适合于表现明朗、刚劲、粗犷的风格，后者适合于表现细腻、婉曲、华丽的色彩。但这个差别仅仅具有风格上的意义，而不具有判别高下、优劣的能力。复杂的、精致的不一定就好，就先进；简单的、质朴的不一定就差，就落后。然而，中国古代并非没有七声音列，自先秦起，中国即有许多乐器（如古琴、古筝等）能够演奏七声音列。甚至连十二音音列也已经早在先秦即已出现，比西方的十二音体系要早1800多年。就是说，在中国音乐活动中很早就已出现七声音列和十二音音列，但中国音乐并没有选择它们，而是选择了五声体系。 而中国文化从一开始就表现出一种相反的倾向：疏旷、单纯、简洁和明快。中国人不喜欢拐弯抹角，不喜欢繁琐论证，无论在学术上还是在艺术上，他们都尽可能的直截了当，追求顿悟见性，洞察本质，总是力求用最少的文字来表达最多的内容，以最少的笔墨来制造最动人的韵味。返朴归真，确实是中国人生活的最高旨趣，也是中国人艺术的最高旨趣。 西方人之所以追求细致、缜密，中国人则追求简朴、单纯，是因为这两种倾向各有其不同的文化本体，因而形成不同的功能张力。简单地说，西方文化是以知识为本体，中国文化是以生命为本体；西方艺术的功能张力是娱人，中国艺术的功能张力是娱已。比如学术研究，西方是重在体系的完备、逻辑的严密、证明的充分，因为他们的成果是有待于外部实践的检验，有待于对方（读者）的被说服，并且只有在其成果被验证、读者被说服中才算实现了自身的价值。而中国学术所重的则是对事物的直觉把握和洞察的深度，所以它往往只是写出思考的结果、问题的结论，而很少去作逻辑的推理或事实的论证这些中间过程。中国哲学始终以语录体形式著述就是最典型的例证。究其原因，正是因为，在中国学者看来，他只要把自己所体认到的东西写出来就够了，他不需要说服读者。中国学者对读者当然也有自己的期望，但这期望不是被说服，而是能引发他们作同样的体验和感悟。而且，尽管有期望，却并不执着，也不勉强，因为他们的学术研究、学术著述本身就是自得、自足的。重视证明，追求说服力，所以西方人的思维趋于细致、缜密；而着眼个人的领悟，内心的会意，则自然趋向于简朴、单纯。中国音乐之所以没有选择七声音列和十二音音列，而独独选中了五声系列，应该正是出于这样的文化底蕴和美学追求。 二、中西音乐织体的差异 专业术语：“所谓织体，是指多声部乐曲的旋律得以组织搭配的方法或规律。织体二字是纺织体型的缩写。纺织体是纵横（经纬）结合的结构，借用这个名词是说明音乐的写作既有纵向的结合，又有横向的结合，还有纵横综合关系的结合。一般地说，强调横向的结合是复调音乐的写法，强调纵向的结合则是主调音乐的写法；前者是以横向伸展为主的线性思维，后者是以纵向配合为主的网状立体思维。” 西方音乐体系在处理多声部关系时，倾向于纵向的立体思维，即特别注重主调旋律与其它声部的和声关系。与之不同，中国音乐体系在织体思维方面则表现为横线性，即注重各声部旋律自身的横向性线型展开。中国音乐中绝大部分均为单声部，其织体与旋律是重合的，其织体就是旋律仅仅作单声部的横向展开。 所以，在西方音乐中，主调音乐体系占有绝对的优势，构成西方音乐体系的主干。在其音乐体系中，音乐的织体思维主要是以纵向和声为主的网状立体性的织体思维。中国则是单纯的横线性织体思维。中国音乐的织体之所以会向横向的线型思维发展，而没有向纵向的和声思维发展，原因可能是多方面的。 中西音乐织体不同的更为深刻的原因，似乎还是在文化精神之中，在各自的文化传统与美学传统之中。大致说来，西方文化是空间型的，而中国文化是时间型的。唯其是空间的，所以是固定的，有边界的，因而可以分解，也可以组合；西方的科学型文化就是在此基础上建立起来的。因其是时间的，所以是整体的，流动的，无边界的，因而是不可分解、也不可组合的；中国的审美型文化则建筑在这一根基之上。西方文化着眼于空间性，故而其艺术必然以实体的块面为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的雕塑感、立体感、体积感。西方绘画的重视透视，重视明暗，重视色块就是最好的证明。与之相应，西方音乐也就尤其重视纵横交叉、网状铺叠的立体状织体思维，着力追求绵密厚实、紧凑和谐的富有块面感的音响效果。 中国文化则着眼于时间性，故而其艺术自然以游动的线条为基本的造型手段，必然追求艺术的节律感、深邃感和虚灵感。中国音乐也格外重视单线延伸、蜿蜒游动的横线型织体思维，努力追求单纯婉曲、深邃渺远的富有韵律感的音响效果。同样是时间的、动态的艺术，但总体上，西洋音乐是将乐曲的音响（织体）块面化、立体化，体现了西方文化将时间过程空间化的倾向。因其块面（织体）化、立体化，故西方音乐多有“汹涌”之势，而少“游行”之迹。中国音乐则充分体现了中国文化的时间性特征，使空间的形态时间化。中国音乐的最高旨趣不在音响的浑厚、结实，而是旋律在线型游动时所作的起伏、强弱、虚实、迟速等方面的变化所生的节律感。所以，中国音乐很少作大规模的合奏，故不要求各样乐器之间的紧密配合；即使偶有合奏，也总是小范围的，且合奏时也尽量挪出空来让有特色的乐器独奏或轮奏。 三、中西音乐节奏的差异 专业术语：“节奏是各音在进行时的长短关系和强弱关系，是旋律在进行时的自身律动。由于不同高低的音同时也是不同长短和不同强弱的音，音乐的节奏有两种类型，一是均分律动，二是非均分律动。均分律动的时位感是均匀规则的，就是“有板有眼”的，它可以打出拍子来。非均分律动的时位感则是不规则、不均匀的，用常用术语说就是“无板无眼”，它不能打出拍子来，现代音乐上往往称之为“散板”。在前一类均分律动中，则又可以分为两种，一种是强弱拍有规则地、可称之为“功能性均分律动”；一种是虽也有强弱拍的循环往复，但不受小节线的限制，可称为“非功能性均分律动”。 在西方音乐中的节奏几乎全部是“功能性均分律动”型的。在这个节奏体系中，几乎完全不用散板，强弱拍的交替极有规则而且均匀，强弱的幅度变化也十分明显，而且形成了固定的模式：所以，西方音乐的节奏感特别强，因为它是强弱拍的极有规则的重复更替。 中国音乐也运用“功能性均分律动”，也有均匀、规则的强弱拍安排，但中国音乐常常又加入其它的变化性节奏，使乐曲的节奏更自由，更富变化。中国音乐中的节奏是随着音乐表现的需要由创作者自主决定的，在创作之前没有一个固定的模式一定要往上套。 实际上，中西音乐节奏的弹性与刚性之差异，还和哲学上的重自然与重人为有着直接的联系。刚性节奏是折线型的，其轨迹挺直而且有棱角；弹性节奏则是曲线型的，其轨迹柔和而且袁婉。前者是重视人为，以人力改造自然的结果，后者则是尊重自然，人力顺其自然的结果；前者与追求知识，注重区别相一致，后者则同追求生命，注重联系相一致。西方文化就是一个刚性模式，它倾向于将时间的过程空间化，人为地分出界线，定出规则，划出等量的段落；中国文化则为一弹性模式，倾向于将空间的状态时间化，强调整体，注意联络，追求变化，尤其注重不规则的、“神龙见首不见尾”式的美学原则。 如今，随着中西方经济、文化的不断交流，中西方音乐也会彼此取长补短，以更好地服务人们的生产生活、为人们提供一个更加美妙的视听文化。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方音乐差异对比研究论文

以《乱世佳人》和Ⅸ红褛梦))的剧中音乐为切入点，从声、调、器等方面i展秀了中西艺术音乐的比较研究。笔者认为，中西艺术音乐的差另I}根本源萱_备自的文化侉系的；|!：：同。l关键词】影视音乐声调器自然人工灾化引曹本课题所论及的影视艺术音乐是指中西著名的、业已成经典的、具有艺术性的影视剧作品剧情音乐：所说的中西洲艺术音乐也是指业已成为经典的、能够体现民族特色的、区域特征的、具有艺术性的经典音乐。电影音乐是随着现代电影艺术而发展起来的一种新的音乐体裁．是电影艺术综合体的有机组成部分．电影音乐在突出影片的抒情性、戏剧性、烘托剧情方面有着重要的影响和作用．音乐已是优秀影视剧的的点睛之笔、点金之手：是影视不可或缺的组成部分。优秀的、经典的影视剧音乐常常使人难以忘怀。这些音乐往往有一个重要的特点．就是富于民族性和地域特色的。如电影《乱世佳人》、电视剧《红楼梦：》(以下乖躐乱》《红》)为代表的影视音乐。这些音乐也往往与自己的文化背景、价值观念、认知体系有着紧密的联系。欣赏这样的作品往往使人产生不同的审美体验。就拿着以上两部风格绝然不同的中经西典影视音乐来比较的话，我们发现以《乱》为代表的西方的影视艺术音乐的创作，一般是建立在欧洲古典音乐的基础之上。也就是说，无论是从乐队的编制、配器、音响、调性色彩的运用，几乎都是以西方交响音乐的骨架为母本进行剧情创作的。币蘸红》的音乐的民族音乐是建立在民族管弦乐基础之上的．它所依据的是民族的乐器、民族的调性色彩、民族的配器、编制。如在《ILl,为代表的西方影视音乐中，我们时而感到背景音乐的气势磅礴整体划一．时而感到弦乐的丝丝蝉鸣、优美华丽，时而感到木管的和煦如春、娓娓道来：又时而感觉到铜管的惊涛骇浪、乌云压顶。同样的审美体验，我们也可在电视居0《红》中找到。但是，这种感觉体验的产生是明显不同于以上的、而由另一种声音色材料所引发的。拿弦乐来说，《红》中我们听到的是胡琴近乎人声的吟唱、倾诉、叙说：而在《乱》中的弦乐几乎听不到这种近人声的吟唱诉说，更多感受到的是整体弦乐近乎人造的、中庸的“器声”的表现。类似的情况还可以在音乐本体的调性、乐器的材料、记谱法等诸多方面找到差异。因此。本课题就以《tL)、《红》为切入点，在音乐本体及外延的一些方面做一些比较研究。本体涉及的主要是一些形而下的、具体的、技术层次的本体形态。外延主要涉及形而上的文化思想、价值观念、哲学认知等对音乐的本体有着具体影响的抽象形态。声这里所指的“声”是指中欧音乐的音色特征。也就是乐音的音质特征。我国的学者认为中国乐器的音色与欧洲乐器的一个明显不同，是欧洲的乐器在音质上远离人声，而中国乐器则接近人声【1]。所谓“器声”也就说。这种声音在自然界并未有。而是人为制造的结果。所谓近“人声”．就是指乐器发出的声响接近自然人的声音。欧洲乐器在很早就完成了自身的标准化和统一工作，很早就将音乐处理成具有相当抽象性的形式体系，这就决定了欧洲乐器在发声一个突出的倾向：是音质尽量远离“人声”，而接近“器声”。而欧洲古典艺术音乐所使用得乐器，也均是人为制造的器物。而接近“器声”的结果可以使各种材料乐器、各种声部的乐器，在音色上获得一种“共和”、“共通”、“协调、统一”的效果。这种共性的音色可以使得许多不同声部不同材料的乐器。在演奏时获得一种整体的有机、有效融合的效果．从而大大提高乐队的整体表现力。我们在《乱世佳人》、《叶赛尼亚》等欧洲经典音乐中所听到的就是这种接近“器声”的演奏。这种音色“共和”、“共通”、“协调、统一”，或者说是“中庸”，其特色不明显，个性不突出，强调的是整体的有机融合。这种音色即使在单独使用某一组如铜管或弦乐时，也是在不危害整体音色协调统一的条件下实施的。中国音乐的音色，从先秦时期礼崩乐坏时期就进入一个以民间音乐为美，以人声为美的审美价值取向中。没有将自身从人的嗓音中超越出来，抽象成单纯的形式体系，进入一般的“器声”．而是始终停留在处于自然自发的“人声”的层面．始终以接近人声为自己最高的智趣。从另一层面来说。中国乐器之所以近“人声”，除了以上所说的礼崩乐坏有直接的关系外，还与自己几千年的传统有着密切的联系。古人日：“奠酬而工。升歌发德也。歌者在上，匏竹在下，贵人声也”【2】o《尚书大传粉i云：“古者帝王升歌《青庙》，大琴练弦达越，大瑟朱弦达越。以韦为鼓。不以竽瑟之声乱人声”[3]。这说明在先秦时期。人声的歌唱就其地位来说是高于其他乐器的。在汉代风靡一时的相和歌就有着“千人唱万人和”的记载。唐代段安节《乐府杂录》说：“歌者，n。习l生王I竖士l乐之声也。故丝不如竹，竹不如肉，迥居诸乐之上”[4]。陈B粼乐书》日：“以无所因为上．已有所待为下。”人声，即“无所因”者，故贵之：匏竹，则“有所待”者，故贱之”[5】这说明在中国古代的歌唱一直有着高于器乐的地位，而且对于器乐的发展有着重要的影响。时至现代。中国乐器的发展也是按着“丝不如竹．竹不如肉”的审美观念进行的。近“人声”成了所有乐器价值审美的标准。纵观中国的“丝”乐器的琴、瑟、琵琶、二胡等乐器的音色几乎都是有着近“人声”的特点。在各地的不同剧种和说唱曲艺伴奏当中，这些乐器在今天还可以模仿出各种人声和动物的叫声。在《红涮中，我们听弦乐的胡琴演奏，就好似人声在诉说一般，充满了人世间的苦辣酸甜：听古筝的音色好似在表现柔弱女子的铮铮风骨’《红涮中音乐很好地体现了这个特点。中西追求“器声”“人声”的不同，与各自的文化体系有着密切的关系。西方与客观自然世界的关系是征服与被征服、认知与被认知。由此产生了认识自然世界征服世界规律的知识体系。西方的乐器制造也同时深受这一传统观念体系的影响。就小提琴来说。其音色抽象概括。不受地域、国别、时代等艺术客观环境因素的影响．皆可发挥其表现力。其音色几乎可以胜任与其声部相适应的任何角色。和小提琴一样。其他的西方乐器也同样具有同效。／与西方乐器不同的中国乐器，则讲究个性的张扬、色彩的独立、表现力的独到。由于在现实生活中，长期受封建礼教的约束．使得中国古人在反映主观内心精神为主的艺术方面，表现的更为洒脱、自由、独到、脱俗。与此息息相关的音乐音色也受其影响．极具个性色彩。与现实整体化一。伦理井然的封建秩序大相径庭．个性色彩极为突出、张扬、洒脱、自由。就拿《乱》《红》剧中的乐队演奏效果来说，《乱》的乐队演奏几乎是严格规整。整划一，逻辑性极强。其重在突出整体。而《红》的剧中音乐重在突出角色个性，所以在配器时不同色彩的乐器融合性较差，乐队编制多以小型为主．尤其在突出一些个性十足的丫环仆人等角色时．配器就更加独特。把民族器乐的个性发挥到了极致。因此，二者的差异皆可追溯到各自的文化、哲学、价值体系的差异。调这里所说的调就是指中欧的调式体系。也就是乐音的组织方式。乐音的组织方式所形成调性调式的不同，也是造成中欧艺术音乐根本区别的原因之一。西方音乐体系的调式结构的基础是四音列。有三种不同的四音列克组成十二个调式，这些调式称为“中古调式”或“教会调式”。在文艺复兴时期在专业创作中和民间调式结合产生演变为自然大调：爱澳利亚调式、弗利吉亚调式和多利亚调式也逐渐合为一组，演变为自然小调。后来进一步演变，又逐步形成了和声大小调，旋律大小调。其无论是大调还是小调均是七声调式。其后又发展为十二平均律体系。万方数据与西方调式体系不同的是，中国音乐调式的构成是五声性。由五声音阶构成的各调式统称“五声调式”。根据“宫、商、角、徵、羽”．ttl：；N位置的不同．便有五声宫调式、商调式、角调式、徵调式、羽调式等物种五声调式。在中国传统文化里，“五声”是古人的称法，属于古代阴阳五行的哲学范畴。在中国乐理中．“五声音阶”的地位十分重要。它是传统音乐各种音阶的基础o《左传·昭公二十五年》日：“为九歌、八风、七音、六律、以奉五声”[6】。古人将超过五声的音阶如七声音阶种基本的“五声”称为“五正声”。在中国，也有各种七声音阶。是由七个“声”构成的音阶。这些七声音阶只是不占主要的杨b作用。起“奉五声”的辅助作用。比较而言。中国的五声体系与西方的七声体系有一定的区别。五声音阶较为简洁、质朴、单纯、调性突出、个性鲜明、区域风格独特o《红涮中．主旋律的四度、五度大跳是经常性的。这并没有破坏剧情．反而使剧情更为紧凑简洁。西方七声体系相对来说较为复杂、精致、细腻。音乐的语言共通、共有，区域风格较为接近，相同的乐思的表现手法接近。在《乱捌中。整体弦乐组对斯佳丽内心的刻画细腻、精致、有度，而在西方其他的经典影视音乐中如(叶赛尼亚：}也有类似的手法。中国的五声音阶体系与西方的七声体系相比。并没有孰先进孰落后之分，就象《乱涮和《红涮一样都是优秀的经典的作品。差别的之处在于风格的不同，风格的不同源自各自不同的文化体系。中国艺术一直走的是从繁就简的道路。先秦时期的编钟编磬也是复杂化、标准化、统一化。用的调式也有七声性．到后来．越来越简单。受此影响．一些具有民族特色的影视音乐的创作．几乎都采用的是五声性的调式。西洋则是一个由筒到繁的过程。从早期教堂简单的圣咏到后来复杂的交响乐，欧洲的艺术音乐的发展与其科技文化的发展极其相似．影视音乐的创作同样不例外。中国艺术的发展和精神一直受中国文化精神的深深浸润，中国在文化方面一直是以儒家精神为主，佛道是其有益的补充。这必然造就了出世与入世两种截然不同的表现形态。一则社会秩序井然有序，一则内心深处的恣情无序．纵情山水、率性使真、体验生命的欢乐、享受生活的惬意!反映在艺术领域则多是后者。因此．中国艺术文化属于内省式的，艺术讲究重生命、享受生活、讲就诗意、重顿悟、返璞归真!因此。溅红涮听音乐，在中国式园林、五声调性的音乐、传统诗词歌赋等中国文化符号的烘托下。我们就好像进入富于诗意的、山水般的中国文化大观园．是那样的空灵、玄妙．不仔细品、咂摸、推敲．是参悟不了其中的内涵和韵味的!而在该剧的外围又隐隐笼罩着一层摸得着打不破的封建伦理纲常。西方文化则属于海洋性文化。征服海洋需要合作，需要同舟共济，需要创新。因此，其思想活跃、外向协作能力强，人与自然的关系是征服与被征服的关系，他们可以得出客观世界的规律性认识，可以建立起庞大的哲学体，可以推演出复杂的逻辑系统，计算出微乎其微的差距，建立起科学的知识体系。与此相适应的艺术也有着复杂的体系。浑厚的织体．高度概括抽象的语言等等。可以说，欧洲文化充满了理性之美、进取之美，一方面是与自然的搏斗进取，一方面是艺术的高度规范性。我们从《乱》剧的剧情和音乐中可以个明显地感到这种文化力量。如家道败落后的斯佳丽一方面显示出与世抗争的不屈精神，而另一方面背景音乐却是整体划一地、如暗潮涌动般在烘托这种气氛．鼓励这种拼搏精神。因此．调式的不同从另一个侧面也反映了文化的不同!曩这里所说的“器”是指中西乐器的风格和制作材料的不同。前面讲了，中西乐器在音响上的区别是进“人声”和“近器声”。这也造就了中西乐器音响上的天壤之别。中国乐器一直以人声的富于歌唱作为自己的审美标准。人声的千差万别个性突出。受此影响中国乐器的音色也是千差万别。总的有一个特点是个性十足、色彩鲜明，无论是古琴、琵琶．还是笛子、唢呐等，几乎都有着自己独特的曲目和演奏技法。而西洋乐器由于受标准化、统一化的影响，追求和同、融合．所以其各种声部的乐器在音色上有一个统一的尺度和标准。这也形成了西方乐器与中国乐器比较个性不突虬色彩不鲜明，整体融合性较强的特点。在乐器的虚用上。中国乐器的集体合作演奏的能力较差，乐器的合奏一般以小型为主．大型的合奏非常少。在作品的织体方面，中国乐曲的乐思以单线的横向思维为主。有时也有纵向的交叉但不多。这与中国独特的人文环境有着密切的关系。具体说来，中国的审美文化是以时间性展开的。从先秦的文字、建筑到后来的诗赋书法字画等均是以时间性、线条性展开的。“山重水复疑无路。柳暗花明又一村”是其真实的写照。受此影响。中国乐器也好乐曲也好．均体现出强烈的个性倾向。一只结构简单、材料质朴的小喇叭(唢呐)可以演绎出一场动物狂欢会《百鸟朝凤》)．一把两根弦索的胡琴可以演绎出一场场旷世奇观的悲欢离合：一把五弦的琵琶可以演绎出一场千古战争：一张古朴的七弦琴又可导引出～段段千古佳话!《红嬷9音乐如同剧情一样。是在“山重水复疑无路．柳暗花明又一村”的大观园中进行的，线性的旋律、不断变化的动机．既有诗词歌赋的韵味．又有书法线条的道劲、明快，同时又有乌云压顶的不安，总之给人以无穷尽的感觉。其乐队以小型化为主，乐器以张扬个性为其主要特色。如以古筝表现宝黛的不屈。以二胡、笛、箫等来刻画人物的咖厶：而象征封建势力的音响则非常简单就用一个大铜锣。因此．在《红》乐器不多，乐队不大，以小取胜。这丝毫没有影响其对剧情、人物、关系的刻画、描写和烘托渲染。西洋乐器的整合能力非常强，常常善于大规模的组合演奏，而且题材、体裁多样丰富．音响的交响性特强，能够做到整齐划一。在音乐织体的组织应用方面，乐思是以空间性展开的，讲究n司l生丑生士l织体的浑厚、立体、交叉、虚实等等。这种交响性融合性必然要求乐器要以付出个性追求共性为代价。个性多色彩强必然会损害整体的融合性。此根源可以追溯到西方文化艺术精神的特点。大致说来，西方艺术精神是以空间性的展开为主，从油画的透视、明暗、色块的写实应用．到西方建筑的高耸等等皆源于此。因此，在《乱》中我们聆听到的剧情音乐大多为整体乐队演奏．即使是局部刻画内心的弦乐。也是以弦乐组为核，厶演奏的，单独的小提、大提刻画内心的并不多。总的说来，《乱》的音乐以整体取胜，但是这并不影响对剧中人物、形象、关系的将厶刻画、烘托和渲染。在制作材料方面，中西的区别较大，各有不同的倾向。西方注重人工化、标准化统一化的材料，如提琴家族的木质选料．管乐家族的金属选料等等都是经过人工细细遴选。在制作上，更讲究不同声部乐器的严格标准尺寸。中国乐器的制作材料比较自然化、特性化。如埙就是利用泥土烧制的。笛子就是将竹子掏洞定音即可吹奏．二胡、琵琶等乐器的制作也是同样的道理。天然材料的使用意味着对材料属性的尊重和保护，自然材料的多样性又赋予乐器更多的个性色彩。在制作尺寸上。中国乐器的制作没有严格的标准，同一调的笛子用不同地域的竹子差异很大，音色因材料的地域不同而不尽一样在演奏发声方面。中国乐器是尽量发挥材料的自然属性，因而使得音色独特。西方乐器则尽量减少材料在发生中的作用，进而达到音色的统一一致。以上的差别．还是根源于不同的文化艺术精神。西方与自然的关系是对立的，是征服与被征服的关系，西方人一直以驾驭、改变、征服自然为荣。人与自然的关系一直是对立的、疏远的、冷漠的。西方的艺术到18、19世纪才出现自然的作品。中国与自然的关系则不同于西方。中国并不把自然作为自己的征服对象。中国与自然的关系一直是亲近的、相互尊重的、和谐的，把自己作为宇宙的一部分。“天人合一”“神人以和”是最好的说明。因此，材料、发声的自然化个性化就不难理解了。总之，中西艺术音乐的区别很大。还可以从其他的一些方面作一些比较的研究。笔者只是仅仅以中西两部不同的影视音乐作为切入点．选其中有代表的一些方面作了一些探索式的比较。不妥之处望予指正。

关于“中西方音乐”小论文音乐无国界。中西方的音乐各有各的特色，一曲《高山流水》旋律古朴、典雅、优美、深沉；节奏平稳、舒展；音调缠绵、柔婉秀娟；体现出阴柔美。 一曲《命运交响乐》节奏明快、急促、音域宽广，曲调明朗、刚健、情绪激昂、气魄宏大；体现出阳刚美。而要说中西方音乐的差异，应该还是要从中西方文化的差异说起。首先，中西方的政治制度的制度不同。中国几千年来实行的是封建制度，因而在当时来说，许多音乐都是以贵族上层为服务对象的，而反映的也是贵族的享乐生活。但这也并不代表在民间也没有音乐可享受，并且这些音乐对我们来说更有研究价值，因为音乐向来是寄托思想情感的最佳载体。而在西方实行的是资本主义制度，在西方的思想较中方而言更为开放，因而题材也相对广泛。对于我们来说，要了解一个国度的音乐，必然要去了解其政治背景。再次，中西方的地理环境不同，那么两者所歌咏的对象、方式自然而然也不同。西方，以欧洲为代表的主要处于平原地带。在中国，地貌形式则多种多样。这也是中西方音乐产生差异的原因之一。中西方音乐的表现形式不同主要体现在乐器上。在中国，最有代表的要数琵琶、古筝、二胡等拨弦乐器。在传统观念中，中方音乐以江南最具代表性。而江南是水乡，其音乐特色是柔和委婉动听的，可以让我们静静聆听，感受自然之美。而西方音乐大多数都是以交响乐的形式呈现，乐器像大提琴、小提琴等在整个过程中虽然扮演着不同的角色，但都有着重要的作用。在演奏过程中，多种乐器的结合给我们带来了全面的感受。虽然两者的形式不同，但同样让人感受到美。这便是音乐的魅力！在此次研究过程中，我们都充分感受了音乐的魔力，中西方音乐的大不同，让我们的心灵又多了一份震撼，多了一份对祖国的热爱！一、西方音乐的起源：西方音乐起源于古希腊；但由于古希腊的音乐史料流传下来的较少，人们便把中世纪作为研究西方音乐的一个重要起点；所以可以说中世纪前期的西方音乐就是基督教音乐。而罗马教皇格列高利一世所编写的格列高利圣咏（Gregorian Chant），使得宗教音乐与整个西方音乐的发展连系得更加的紧密。二、西方音乐的发展阶段：从17世纪初的巴洛克音乐开始到现在，西方音乐的发展大致经历了巴洛克音乐时期，古典音乐时期，浪漫主义音乐时期，民族音乐时期，印象主义音乐时期，新音乐时期以及现代音乐时期风几个阶段。而每一个时期都有其各自的风格特点，所以每一个时期的音乐都可称为当时所流行的一种音乐流派。三、西方传统音乐的特征：所谓的西方传统音乐既是：巴赫至贝多芬之间的古典音乐时期。被称为“复调音乐之父”的巴赫、“交响乐之父”的海顿、“音乐神童”莫扎特以及贝多芬就是这一时期的杰出代表。这一时期的音乐风格，是理性化、生活化、程式化，且曲风严谨的。中 国 部 分一、中国音乐的起源：中国音乐有着悠久的历史，其发端于原始人类的生产活动，且与社会经济的发展和各国文化的交流密切相关。中国传统音乐是在以黄河流域为中心的中原音乐和四域音乐以及外国音乐的交流融合之中形成发展起来的。因此，中原音乐、四域音乐、外国音乐是中国传统音乐的三大来源。中原音乐指的是以黄河流域为中心而发展起来的音乐，这是一种以汉族为主体的音乐文化，其中，殷商和西周时期的音乐文化具有代表意义。四域音乐指的是除中原华夏族为主所创造的黄河流域音乐文化以外的中华大地各民族的音乐文化。其中，长江流域、珠江流域等地区，与黄河流域同为中华民族的文化发祥地。中国音乐与外国音乐的交流由来已久。在汉代，伴随着佛教的传入，印度教音乐和天竺乐开始传入中国；隋唐时期，大量外国音乐的输入，不仅带来外国乐曲，而且也引进了乐器、乐律和音阶。二、中国音乐的发展阶段：一、中国音乐的形成期（约公元前21世纪至公元3世纪），包括从夏、商、西周到春秋、战国、秦汉。这一时期为中国音乐以后的发展奠定了基础，其最具有代表性意义的音乐艺术形式是钟鼓乐队。二、中国音乐的新生期（约公元4世纪至10世纪），包括从魏、晋、南北朝到隋、唐。中国音乐在这一时期发生显著变化，开创了音乐国际化的新乐风。一方面世界音乐为中国音乐的发展做出了贡献，而另一方面中国音乐也开始走向了世界化。三、中国音乐的整理期（约公元10世纪至19世纪），包括辽、宋、金、明、清。这一时期的音乐文化与普通的平民阶层保持着密切的关联，呈现出世俗性和社会性的特点。其代表性音乐艺术形式是戏曲艺术及其音乐。三、中国传统音乐的特点：强调旋律和音色是中国音乐突出的特点，而重点又放在每个音符的发音和变音上面。多数乐曲都基于五声调式，或者说五声音阶，但七声调式也作为五声调式的扩充使用。古乐曲基本上都是采用五声调式调式，而七声调式多在北方民间音乐中使用。 中西方传统音乐的比较一、中国传统乐的音阶一般是五至七声；而西方传统音乐的音阶却是七至十二声。二、中国传统音乐一般不转调；而西方传统音乐有大量的转调。三、中国传统乐器高音强低音弱，各种乐器的音色不易溶为一团；西方传统乐器高中低音较平衡，大多数乐器的音色可溶为一体。四、中国传统音乐的创作思维一般是“砌砖式”，即越加越高，越加越长；然而西方传统音乐的创作思维却是“细胞分裂式”，即越变越多，越变越长。由此看来，西方传统音乐是已高而不易再高，中国传统音乐是不高而大有机会再高。

中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文

无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文文呢？下面是我精心整理的中西方艺术歌曲审美差异分析论文，希望对大家有所帮助。

不同国家由于文化特征的差异，其歌曲艺术的表现形式也不同，但表达情感是共通点。中西方音乐美学在思想内涵、演唱方法、思维模式等方面，存在着显著的差异。

摘要：

中西方艺术间存在着差异，又有一定的融合之处，由于文化环境不同以及社会环境不同，使得中西方艺术存在差异。中国艺术审美习惯于综合，而西方艺术审美则惯于分析，加强中西方艺术差异性研究，有利于促进中国艺术文化的发展，具有学术研究价值。本文从音乐美学视角出发，对造成中西方艺术歌曲审美间差异的原因，做以一定的论述。

关键词：

中西方艺术;歌曲;审美;差异;音乐美学

1中西方艺术歌曲审美的相同点

1.1重视创作形式

中西方艺术歌曲审美在创作形式方面存在着共同点，均重视改编民歌。西方艺术歌曲是基于本国民歌发展而来的，我国的艺术歌曲则是受西方文化影响，在发展传统文化的同时加强民族音乐的研究，使得我国的民族音乐得以发展。在民歌创作方面，西方以美声唱法为主，譬如《我的太阳》《友谊地久天长》等，这些作品被广泛的流传。而我国本身是多民族国家，不同民族的文化不同，民歌演唱的形式较多，以民歌为主题的代表作包括《玛依拉》《在银色月光下》等，是基于民歌进行改编的。

1.2重视织体调性的创作技巧

中西方艺术歌曲重视伴奏织体的创作技巧，因为伴奏织不仅能够使得歌曲的情感更加的丰富，同时能够烘托歌曲的气氛，展现和声的优美之处。西方艺术歌曲多以浪漫的旋律为主，发挥伴奏织体与调性的作用，使得歌曲的艺术情感更加的浓郁，代表作包括《菩提树》与《魔王》等。与此同时，中国的歌曲创作者也重视旋律伴奏的创作，多采用民族调性的织体，进行歌曲写作，极具本民族特色，代表作包括《茉莉花》与《教我如何不想他》等。

2中西方艺术歌曲审美的差异分析

2.1美学思想上的差异

由于地域环境以及人文环境不同，使得中西方艺术歌曲的美学思想存在差异。中国音乐美学思想在不同时期的发展不同，最早起源于西周，受礼乐思想的影响较深。在春秋战国时期，受百家争鸣的文化思想影响较深，观点迥异的音乐美学思想层出不穷，与此同时，中国音乐美学思想也深受儒家与道家思想的影响。但是由于受到封建统治思想的制约，使其处于保守发展状态。

而西方音乐美学思想最早起源于古希腊，西方音乐美学在中世纪时期，受宗教思想的禁锢，在近文明时期-20世纪期初，才得以发展。音乐成为专业学科，是以“五线谱”的出现与应用为标志，伴随新美学思想的出现，使得西方音乐艺术得以快速发展，西方美学思想呈现批判创新的发展态度，重视联系具体作品，以解决作品中的审美问题。

由于时代背景与文化的差异，影响着作曲家们的音乐视角与审美情感。以中国的《玫瑰三愿》和西方的《野玫瑰》为例作比较：这两首歌曲均是将玫瑰花作为创作素材，其中《玫瑰三愿》这首歌曲是以“淞沪会战”为创作背景，歌曲表达着对美好生活的向往之情。采用小提琴与钢琴作为伴奏，旋律以淡雅宁静为主，弥漫着忧郁的情绪，而作品《野玫瑰》是歌德根据德国的一首民谣改编的，作品具有浪漫主义情怀，旋律较为明亮简洁，内透着欢快活泼。

2.2歌曲演绎方法上的差异

歌曲的演绎方法最能体现歌曲的情感内涵，不同的演绎方式与方法，则会给观众带来不同的感受。西方艺术歌曲多为美声唱法，注重胸腔共鸣发声，采取科学的发声方式，演唱时追求感情细腻，声音较为宏大，并利用声音来描绘作品的意境。美声唱法咬字较为靠后，需要演唱者做到气息流畅，咬字圆润，善于运用声音的穿透力，来展现歌曲作品的欢快情绪。中国艺术唱法融合了美声唱法与戏曲唱法、民歌唱法等，歌词咬字的位置相对靠前，利用喉咙的上下移动，来调整歌曲的声音，注重淡雅，追求高洁的`艺术意境，这与我国民族歌曲的审美相符，譬如：作品《玫瑰三愿》的演绎，注重旋律强弱的变化，歌曲的整体速度较慢，演唱者不仅要表现出女性柔情的一面，还需要确保音色统一。

2.3思维方式上的差异

第一，思维方式的差异分析。中国音乐作品审美观念注重感性思维，不受固定思维观念的拘束，属于非逻辑性思维。中国歌曲作品讲究意境美，歌曲追求的深远意境，能够给人遐想的空间，使个人的思想情感能够得以升华。而西方音乐审美思维方式则重视科学与逻辑思维，在20世纪前，由于西方在包括心理学、数学、生理学等领域的发展，使得西方音乐思维方式，也朝向科学与逻辑思维方向发展。在创作作品时，创作者重视调式和声的合理布局，以及伴奏织体技巧的使用，其作品多崇尚理性思维，歌曲结构鲜明，且技法细致，多数艺术歌曲作品中，大胆采用了调式和声。

第二，以歌曲作品为例分析。以中国的《玫瑰三愿》和西方的《野玫瑰》为例做对比分析：作品《玫瑰三愿》采取单二部曲式结构，共分为两部分。其中一部分，使用的是E大调，这部分的旋律优美，但略一丝伤感，主要对绽放的玫瑰其绚丽多彩的形象进行刻画，而另一部分，采用关系小调#c，进行调性调整，旋律逐渐增强，将歌曲推向高潮来描述玫瑰花，同时抒发人们对美好生活的期许，使得歌曲耐人回味。而舒伯特的《野玫瑰》是采用调试和声，在转调与变和声等方面，进行了创新，作品共由三段歌词组成，采用的是G大调，歌曲旋律悠扬，富有逻辑性，歌曲将前4小节，作为创作主题动机，贯穿于歌曲的全部，其曲调明亮且流畅，同时，使用临时升降记号来转换调性，旋律多采用四度与六度跳进，歌曲中的钢琴伴奏旋律较为简洁。至于歌曲的间奏与尾奏，多使用顿音与装饰音，作为写作手法，营造活泼的气氛。

2.4创作方式上的差异

就音乐作品的创作方式而言，中西方音乐审美艺术存在差异。中国音乐作品的创作方式具有集体性与一体性，多数作品不是作曲家的个人行为，而是凝聚了多人的共同创作思想，作曲家还需身兼作品歌唱者或演奏者的双重或多重角色，与此同时，作品演奏或者歌唱过程具有即兴性。然而西方音乐作品创作具有个体性，其一度与二度创作是分离的。而且西方歌曲作品主要是作曲家的个体劳动，具有较强的个性化特点，作曲家不需要兼顾演奏家的职能，只需完成乐谱创作即可;再则，中国音乐作品强调意境与气韵，追求创作妙趣，作品较为含蓄与婉转，而西方音乐作品则带有浓烈的宗教气息与道教色彩，作品表现形式较为固定，作品具有神圣感。西方后期作品更多融合了生活气息，使得作品的表达更加直白与强烈。

本文基于音乐美学视角，对中西方艺术歌曲审美差异做以了简要的论述，试图强调中西方艺术歌曲审美差异主要表现在美学思想差异、歌曲演绎方法差异、思维方式差异、创作方式差异等方面，以帮助受众更好地理解中西方艺术歌曲审美趣味的区别。

参考文献：

[1]王健.从音乐美学视角看中西方艺术歌曲审美差异——以黄自《玫瑰三愿》和舒伯特《野玫瑰》为例[J].艺术百家，2015(05)：228-229.

[2]彭小哲.从对艺术歌曲的赏析分析中西方音乐审美差异[J].大家，2011(24)：41-42.

一、中西绘画艺术特质的差异

无论你的艺术造诣有多高，你就无法很清楚的看到中西方在绘画时的特质，因为我们知道，要想看清这一点首先要知道他们二者的特质是什么，当你看过中方的画展之后，你会被里面的山水画的美丽风景所迷住，好像畅游在其中不能自拔，而这时如果让你突然去看西方油画时你就会发现，这二者完全是处在不同的一个世界中，因为这二者的绘画艺术的特质不同。无论是从色彩、形状。还是画面的层次感来看都是不一样的，这就是二者的特质不一样的缘故。也许从绘画艺术的角度上来说其本质是一样的，但是我们要知道他们都是有着自身的特质，这种特质就是在特定环境下所造就的艺术形式的不同。

在中国由于封建和古老的神学影响下，使得画面不能出现任何反抗的情绪体现，更加注重对美学形体的概念的描绘。情调黯然，强调用真实的环境描写来体现自身情感，大多都是封建神学的描写，所以缺乏真实性和科学性。对于这一点我们要清楚认识到，不能再用以前的眼光来看待绘画艺术的特质，要用一种发展的眼光去对待新事物，是中方的绘画艺术能够上到一个更新的层次中。视觉感官使我们观察事物的唯一途径也是最直接最明确的方式。我们都是需要用眼睛去观察事物的，用笔画出来的也是如此，都需要用眼睛去观察只有这样我们才会有审美情趣。由于社会环境的不同，地理位置的不同，所以造就的审美感官也就不同，中方和西方在观察事物方面是存在差异的，这也就造成了二者在绘画艺术方面存在不同的表达方式。所以我们要求同存异，兼容并蓄的对待绘画艺术的特质。

二、中西方绘画艺术形态的差异

绘画艺术形态是中国与西方存在着不同的世界观和艺术观所形成的艺术意识形态，在世界观和艺术观上，中国和西方就有着自身不同的特点，例如在绘画风格上就有着很大的不同，中国在绘画上以温柔婉转为主，画风柔情，能够很具体的表现出作者的个人思想感情。只有一少部分，有一些写实的部分，他们喜欢对一些细节进行描写，例如风景画。中国的风景画的特点显而易见，带有虚幻的绘画艺术特点，忽隐忽现，若现若离。这样的画风会让欣赏者产生一种莫名的好奇感和神秘感，会增加对艺术的审美情绪。大大提高了绘画本身的艺术性，从而获得一种特殊的艺术形态。而西方就大大不同，一般来讲，西方的绘画更加真实和可靠，因为他们往往喜欢描写一些真是的场景和画面，他们强调人对自然地作用，在他们的绘画艺术形态下，从画中可以体会到人对自然的控制和改造。而中国认为人是自然地一部分，人应该与自然和谐发展，不应该破坏自然来满足自身的需要和欲望。

而西方认为人类是万物的主宰者，人是自然地救世主是自然的主人。这样的观念差异使得中西方在绘画艺术形态上的表达方式存在很大的差异，例如在中国的绘画中动物的地位很高，绘画者在绘画时多注重对动物细节的描写，他们会去看画中的花鸟鱼虫是否有生气、有灵性，是不是栩栩如生。而西方则注重人物的细节描写，无论是在什么环境和场合人物的形象都是最突出的。所以这就是二者的绘画艺术形态的差异。我们在对待这种差异时应该把二者的特点结合在一起去看待，要不偏不倚，只有这样才能使中西方的绘画艺术形态水平不断提高，共同进步。

关于中西方音乐的差异的调查报告XXX XXX XXX （组员）一摘要：随着社会的发展，21世纪以来，人类社会更加趋向于全球一体化和文化多元化的态势，国际音乐教育学会积极推行世界多元文化音乐教育的主张，将音乐作为一种文化或文化中的音乐来学习和理解。在这种态势下，促使我们必须掌握我国本民族音乐与西方音乐的联系与区别，才能更好地适应这种趋势，在吸收西方音乐先进技术的同时，更好地发扬我国本民族的音乐。二关键词：音乐 比较 思考三研究方法：上网收集四小组分工：组长XXX 组员XXX XXX XXX五正文中西方音乐的差异，首先表现在审美的差异：正如《中国音乐审美导论》中提到：“在审美追求上，中国音乐艺术以‘和’为理想，尚虚无，求空灵，讲韵味，求深邃，讲意境，求气韵生动，强调直觉与领悟，注重生命本体。这与西方音乐求深刻，强调理性与思想，把实有，意义与情感作为精神支柱的音乐审美特点形成鲜明的对比”。在我看来，当今的音乐美学史，实际上是一部中国音乐美学思想与西方音乐美学思想互相斗争、交融、互补的历史。中国传统音乐主要表达儒家的和谐，礼仪之美；道家的自然，天人合一；佛家的空灵，悟性，禅意等，相对比较主观。这和中国的绘画，书法追求神韵，重意境的审美情趣是相通的。所以多讲求和谐、 幽美、深沉，旷达等。是人的内心世界在一定的自然环境下的自然流露， 突出“情”和“景”的交融。如在听《梅花三弄》时，你首先能感受到的是景，然后通过此曲结构上采用循环再现的手法，重复整段主题三次，每次重复都采用泛音奏法，体现了梅花洁白，傲雪凌霜的高尚品性。西方古典音乐在西方戏剧的发展背景下，着重美学及功能性，故此比较客观。西方古典音乐以深刻严肃见长，突出主客对立，大都带有正剧或悲剧色彩，体现出来的是一种艺术精神的“壮美”。所以多音域宽广，曲调刚健、情绪激昂、气魄宏大。一样是表现人的不屈精神，《命运交响曲》就显得深沉而铿锵了，首先就是通过强节奏的开奏震撼人心。其次，音乐创作和音乐理念的差异 ：中国传统音乐，没有一套完备的作曲理论与法则，较易失传。而西方古典音乐技术层面上有理论，有规范，有大量的文字和音响文献，易于流传。中国传统音乐以线条为主，而西方古典音乐更讲究和声。就如中国的绘画和书法讲究的是线条的艺术；西方的绘画讲究的是面，立体，光影的艺术。中国传统音乐注重气息，神韵，而西方古典音乐更讲究节奏，气势。就如中国的绘画注重写意，似与不似之间；西方的绘画注重写实，表现盛大的场面。再次，乐器发展的差异：上面提到，中国的音乐多是单音，旋律的，所以中国的乐器结构简单，多是不能演奏和声的。如笛，二胡等，但越是简单的乐器越是能表现悠远的意境（中国的水墨也简单得只有墨的黑色，却能幻化出形态万千）比如埙，简单的原始土陶乐器，却能吹出千古幽思。中国民族乐器比如说琵琶、扬琴、箫、笙，唢呐多以“丝”“竹”为材，故称丝竹之乐，具有柔，细，清的音乐特征。西方乐器比方说圆号，小号，萨克斯等多以金属为材。西方古典音乐是和声的，多声部的，所以乐器多很复杂，机构精细繁复，多能演奏和声，如钢琴，吉他等。故音色丰富，音域宽广，表现力强。中西方音乐由于历史、文化等原因,存在着一定的区别,其主要表现在中国音乐着重于情韵,而两洋音乐注重的则是音乐本身的和谐性;中国音乐发展自然过渡,一脉相承,西方音乐发展则呈块状结构和阶段性特征;中国音乐体现为单纯的模线性织体思维,以线条为主,而西方音乐则倾向于横交叉的立体状织体思维,更讲究和声;中国音乐语言偏重心理,略于形式,极富变量,为开放性结构,而西方音乐形式严谨,结构具有封闭性特征;中国音乐尚善尚美,追求虚静空灵的意境,注重感觉,而西方音乐却讲究理性与情感的统一,追求力度与强度,乐思明晰而实在.西音乐功能上的这种不同，其根源即在于中西文化上的差别。这个差别是：西方文化重外部知识的获得，中国文化重自身生命的享受；西方文化传统是以知识为本体，中国文化传统则以生命为本体。所谓以知识为本体，是指西方人将知识的获得作为自己生命的动力和目的，作为衡量一个人之所以为人的根本标志。人是理性的动物这一定义在西方人的信念中具有两千年不动摇的统治地位，就正说明了这一点，因为知识正是理性的花朵，智慧的结晶。早在古希腊，西方人就以追求知识的执着而著称于世。在西方人的心日中，追求知识已不仅仅是人类生存的一种手段，而直接就是自己的生命所在，就是人生的全部意义所在。在古希腊人的心目中，似乎除了追求知识的科学之外，就没有什么东西值得他们去追求，也没有什么东西能够满足他们灵魂的需求，赋予他们的生存以意义。总之，中国音乐有中国音乐的魅力，西方音乐有西方音乐的情怀，虽然有差异，但我相信，通过中西方音乐的交流就一定能创作出更好的音乐，为我们呈上更大的听觉盛宴！感想与体会：经过这次的学习，我对中西音乐的差异有更加深入的理解。我相信中西音乐在相互交流中会更加的好，更加令人痴迷。

英语毕业论文中西方文化差异

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

There are some cultural differences between Chinese and western inorder to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding caused and trouble. First, Chinese concept of privacy isrelatively weak. People count on their in-group to look after each other. Sothe Chinese are often very willing to understand other people's ups and downs, andthe others are willing to share. But to the westerners, violation of personalprivacy does not allow, For example, we tend to ask one's age, marital status,children, occupation, or income when first met each other, which is a polite inChinese, but in the West it will be considered as a violation of their privacy. Second, westerners deeply believe that time ismoney, so they are much cherished time in life, and they often do a carefulplanning at a fixed time, they have a good habit of Keep the appointment on time.But Chinese people are not very focused on time. Westerners have often feltuncomfortable about it. Third, Chinese people are willing to be modestmostly. When communication with others, we often praises others and belittle ourselves,we think that modesty is a virtue. For example, when we were praised, we often say"No, I am not. I just did what I should do.” But in the same case the Westwill always say” Think you” to accept. So we always think that westerners aretoo-confident and pride, and when hear the Chinese people that deny otherstheir own praise, westerns would be very surprised and think that the Chinese peopleare dishonest. Finally, the Chinese nation's fine traditionof hospitality is known. In social situations, Chinese people often toast eachother and offering each other cigarettes, even if filled with delicious food,the owner has always used to say a few words such as” bear with me”. Sometimesthe owner will use chopsticks to take their food the guest's bowl, using a varietyof ways to persuade the guests more than a bite, drink more. But in Westerncountries, people have respect for individual rights and personal privacy. So theywill not use various means to persuade guests to drink, you will not need todrunk so far.您采纳，我很开心。

英语毕业论文中西方饮食差异

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g.four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

从这几篇 英语 作文 中，可以适当了解到中西饮食 文化 的巨大差异。下面是我给大家带来中西饮食文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅!

The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.

Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.

Differences in Concepts

Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.

The major differences of eating culture between the West and China

a.The use of tableware

As we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.

b.The way to cook

China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.

c.The order of saving dishes

In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.

The Western diet culture difference

Western diet due to geographical characteristics, influence of

climate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regional character. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".

Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)

Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color,

fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and we

approximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.

Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, but at the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to

maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。

To be fair, when it comes to nutritional problems also hit the biggest weakness of the Chinese food。

While we pay attention to diet, a healing cuisine, food, attention to diet to keeping fit, but we cook in search of delicious as the first

requirement, resulting in many nutrient losses in the process. Chinese chefs to participate in cooking contest in the world in recent years, others set out clearly a vegetable nutritional components on the side, we come up with this material. People ask questions, also flounder at some

moment, greatly eat the suffering which cannot be told to others!

We have always been primary purpose is as a pursuit of delicious eating. Folk saying "to eat for days, fresh taste first." When people praise the food and always says "smell good", but that is because we feel the color, flavor and sensory organs "eyes, nose and mouth" up and down the order. People in the "color, smell and taste", has always been the "" character "King".

Because of the extreme importance to the Chinese people, as well as the carrier of Chinese food just tastes, such as recognized luxury menu your cake and the sauce, shark fin, sea cucumber, hump, similar to its main constituents are cheap pork skin gelatin, itself is delicious, fresh soup to feed it, feed it, then use it to feed the people. Did this is not the flavor carriers to the core﹖

The Chinese emphasis on taste, is reflected in everyday conversation, such as family banquet, as soon as the main dish on the side table, the owner often say with modesty: "the meal well, not necessarily your taste. "He would never say:" does not have much nutritional value of vegetables, not enough calories。”

Cook about nutrition in the West at the expense of taste, at least for

primary purpose is not to taste enjoy. They to cold drink table, iced of cold wine also to then plus ice, and tongue surface throughout of taste neural once iced, will greatly lost taste of sensitivity, gradually to cannot differentiation taste; that with blood of steak and white fish, and white meat, raw of vegetable, white water Cook beans, and cook potatoes, although has "taste" and does not into "road", all are reflect has Western people on taste of ignored. They refuse to use monosodium glutamate, is sufficient to prove that such people are not aware of, and are not "known view" guest of honour!

Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners more raw

vegetables, not just raw tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, is the cabbage, onion, broccoli (broccoli) are also eaten raw. So their "salad" is like a plate of rabbit feed, make it difficult for us to accept. Modern Chinese people also talk about nutrition and health, know vegetables upon heating, vitamins, is destroyed, so we all for Mong Kok hot fries. It also bring down the content of vitamins, but not completely lost, but taste was more than delicious rabbit feed. Nutrition and taste of Chinese modern

gastronomy to the pursuit of optimal balance under balance, of course, is also a "happy medium"。

Standard and optional(规范与随意)

Westerners in the diet emphasize science and nutrition, has acted strictly in accordance with the standard of science of the whole process of cooking, steak tastes the same from New York to San Francisco, steak dishes are only a limited number of tomato, potato, lettuce. In addition, standardized amount of cooking requires sauce added accurate to the gram, cooking time is accurate to seconds. In addition in 1995 of the first issue of the digest was published overseas the eating in the Netherlands were also described in the article "Netherlands people's kitchens equipped with scales, liquid measuring cups, timers, scales, Spice rack size line up neatly on a standard bottle dozens of kinds of seasonings, like a chemical laboratory. ”

Chinese cooking and very different, not only the major cuisine has its own flavor and characteristics, is of the same cuisine with a menu, side dishes and a variety of spices used in the match, also according to the chef's personal characteristics are different. Is the same Chef a menu, despite its own generating method, but may vary according to different seasons, different, eat different identity, to be adjusted (such as rich in winter, light in the summer, the wedding to be colorful, funeral banquet taboos red Qiong Han to kill oil-greedy should be concentrated and thick sauce, gormandizer dine together should be fresh and unique). Also Cook your own tele mood changes, some kind of impromptu playing. Therefore, Chinese cooking is not only not emphasizing the second and g

standardization, but also places particular emphasis on randomness.

On the randomness of the food processing, first causing the Chinese recipes to space again and expanding: variety of raw materials, cutting skill variety, variety of spices, cooking methods and diverse and cross combination, a raw material can be made of several dozen types of dozens of kinds of dishes. For example, most commonly used raw

chicken, Cantonese cuisine chef hands, making dozens of road as well as hundreds of dish-LEGO. Other raw materials as well. And in is rich in a species raw materials of local, often can to this a raw materials made into table of Banquet, as Beijing of "full duck I", Yanbian of "full dog I", Guangdong of "full fish I", and "full Ho I", Changsha Li He WINS of "full cattle I", Beijing some halal restaurant of "full sheep I" and Beijing sand pot home of "full pig I", misery are reflected has China cooking of arbitrary derived out feast of dish type.

Machinery and interest(机械性与趣味性 )

Due to the standardization of Western dishes make, Cook became a mechanical work. Old KFC fried chicken recipe ingredients, and oil temperature, time of fried chicken, also must act strictly according to the specifications, and Chef's work becomes an extremely monotonous mechanical work, he is like an automated assembly line worker, or even by a robot that took its time. In addition, Westerners eat first aimed at

nutrition, as long as enough nutrition standards, others to be tolerant, thus today potatoes, steak, steak potatoes tomorrow, chefs in Diners in a very tolerant attitude of non-critical, repeated the day of mechanical work, of course, no fun at all.

In China, the cooking is an art, as female writer San Mao hotel in the desert article says: "I have always been on the family are hated, but the cooked dish is very interested, some onion, a few slices of meat,

scrambled out of a dish, I very much appreciate the art. "Cooking is an art, it is, like the other arts, reflects the rigor and the unity of off the cuff, so cooking has a very strong interest in China, even with certain games, attracted to food for the life of the Chinese people.

Fun cooking is traditional in China, drawing of Han dynasty

unearthed in the kitchen, would like an acrobatic troupe performed scenes. In the beauty of Du Fu's "machete fenlun" poetry, mention of this on the back of a knife a lot of bells, and is said to be the former chef of the Tang dynasty can be used while cutting the tinkle of music is played. Unfortunately, this tool and surgeon's skills have been lost.

Mongolian hot pot, and with similar spicy hot pot, Guangdong, Sichuan seafood hot pot is widely loved, in the fresh and hot, eat at ease,

and it moved to the main part of the cooking table, for people to

experience the fun of cooking over dinner. Also Xian with mutton soup, steamed bun of the very hard, to guests yourself broke to pieces, seems to eat than Cook chopped up and enjoy. Beijing-style "barbecue season" barbecue was disappointing, an exclamation he ' ll never be, is that it also changed it yourself "gentleman's not his fists". This modified, modified to have lost all interest in Sth., eating is not hard, it is not know how fun cooking in China, arbitrary orders out of the tragedy of such a pursuit of joy of cooking, Chef is definitely not in the West. Western motto is "work while you work, game game", it appears from the dichotomy of their mechanism, games are in dereliction of duty, game is to lose money on the sale, are "I don't." Advocates for a holistic and Chinese, "working in the game, a game in which", is the world.

Cooking Chinese have always regarded as a lot of fun, and to engage in this work to enrich the lives of positive performance. Youdaoshi "there is paradise, there are kitchen" cooking in China, just as with music, dance, poetry, painting, with improving the life realm of great significance.

So, in the final analysis is the difference between the perceptual and the rational. However, the difference seems to be changed with the development of science of fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to not only pay attention to color, smell and taste of the food, and pay more attention to the health and nutrition. Particularly experienced after SARS.

1、What people like to eat depends on the environment and custom. There are two main kinds of food which are Chinese food and western food. They are different. 人们喜欢吃什么取决于环境和风俗。有两种主要的食品，中餐和西餐的。他们是不一样的。 2、First, cook techniques are different. Chinese people tend to use stir-fry or quick-fry method. Western people like to have their vegetables or meat either steamed or boiled. Second, Chinese food and western food have their own characteristics. Chinese people think taste is more important. Chinese cooks always spend much time on taste. Western people think nutrition is more important. They have a balanced diet. Their food must contain vitamin and protein. Third, there is also a huge difference. Chinese people use chopsticks. They just use chopsticks to pick things and pass it into your mouse. Western people use fork and knife. They use fork to hold the meat and cut it by knife and use fork to help to get that piece of meat into mouse. Finally, the banquet forms are different. Chinese like to eat dinner together at a big table. Western people like to eat buffet. They like to eat freely. 首先，烹调方法不同。中国人倾向于使用旺火炒或者爆的方法。西方国家的人喜欢蒸或者煮蔬菜或肉。第二，中餐和西餐都有他们自己的特点。中国人认为味道更重要。中国厨师总是在味道上花很多时间。西方人觉得营养更重要。他们有着均衡的饮食。他们的食物必须含有维生素和蛋白质。第三，还有一个很大的区别。中国人使用筷子。他们只是用筷子夹东西进嘴巴。西方人使用刀叉。他们用叉把肉定住，用刀把它切小，之后再用叉把肉放到嘴巴里。最后，宴会的形式也是不一样的。中国人喜欢一起在一张大桌子边吃晚餐。西方人喜欢吃自助餐。他们喜欢自由自在地吃。

英语毕业论文中西文化差异

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...