中西方差异论文英文文献

中西方差异论文英文文献

例如：朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。一人得道，鸡犬升天。衙门八字开，有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯：正如英语中一句谚语所说的：“So many countries, so many customs.”在对狗的态度上，中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起，如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等，[5]（P83）虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调，这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来，如：狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手，更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友，是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分，甚至将其视为家中的成员，与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后，为其安葬立碑的事。因此，狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的，人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中，常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如：You are a lucky dog.你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks.老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯，但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛，胆小如鼠”；英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威，所以有谚语：March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.三月来如猛狮；去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at home.狗是百步王，只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a mouse.老鼠也能帮狮子；弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地，而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子，无论南方北方都产老虎。[6]（P73）从前，老虎数量繁多，常出没山林，侵扰人民，甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王，对虎十分敬畏，有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法，把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征，因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如：山中无老虎，猴子称大王。 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异，以及人们对自身环境的不同应战，发展出各自不同的社会文明，从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊，由于土地的贫瘠，海上通道的开辟，再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙，使得他们很早就发展起商业经济，创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会，人们从事着频繁的商业活动，正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-keepers.”（英国全民皆商，外表富强）。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己，在于自己的才干。[7]（P22-23）商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得，这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes first.自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us all.个人为自己，上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of nature.保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups worse.指望别人，难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大，也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again. Forbidden fruit is sweetest.Catch as catch can.Discontent is the first step in progress.Life is a battle from cradle to grave.人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in progression. 人生必须永远前进，才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the bold. 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人，喜欢表现自己的个性，乐于标新立异，爱出风头，尊重个性、自我，并鼓励个性发展，对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受，这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the oil.吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes differ.个人品位不同。Every man after his fashion.个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt it.这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感，就应该让人瞧瞧。[8]（P334）而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同，农业的收获往往不在耕种者，而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7]（P23）另外农业见效慢，而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动，这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5]（P23）

Chinese and Western Culture ComparisonWhat are the major differences between chinese and western culture? I'll list down a few differences:West:1. Western culture is based on individualism rather than on mass (collectivism). For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family are placed above your own self.2. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. For instance, bungee jumping is considered adventurous and common in western culture, but you will probably find no-one doing such a thing in China.3. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship.4. West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that's based on human relationship rather than law. 5. West uses 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god.6. A culture that expands and develop outwards.Chinese Culture:1. A culture based on masses (collectivism). People placed country and family above your own self.2. A culture that is based on humanism and people3. To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一)4. To resolve people and people's relationship, chinese uses ethics and tolerance (中恕之道)5. To resolve human and spiritualism, chinese emphasizes internal cultivation (修身养性)6. A focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way'. You don't go into extremism. Peace is always honoured.7. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. (敬仰天地,思乡怀土) This was accorded to the fact that chinese had been a farming civilization and therefore will be more prone to remember their land.8. A culture that expands internally rather than outwards.Some of the disadvantage of old chinese culture:1. Debase women and chauvanistic2. An over-emphasis on past history instead of present (lacks pragmatism)Can you list some more differences? Any comments and contributions are appreciated.-----------And I must say I am surprised you didn't note the fact that Westerners can be incredibly, crassly ignorant about the world around them, and be arrogant and overbearing about that to boot. I don't believe it is a generalisation when I say that alot of the corporate West's interest in the East is selfish, exploitative, and self-serving.

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

中西方服装差异论文中英文文献

Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture；differences；aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同，从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服，第二部分写中西方服饰的差异，第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因，第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述，最后得出结论，中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色，她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化，让我们自信起来吧！ 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰；文化；差异性；审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural characteristics.Chapter 1 Chinese and western dress 1.1 The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. 1.2 Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. 1.2.1 The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. 1.2.2 The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.

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1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

中西方婚俗差异英文论文文献

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪，或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞，以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐，首先介绍个对象不说，还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”，那我就简单说几句吧，相亲，是我们国家的俗称，大多数是男的相女的，哈哈，接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”，后边才结婚呢，结婚当天也不是那么简单的，“通路”、“接亲”等等，就是事情比较多，也比较麻烦！现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点：隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a honeymoon.Whether ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.

西方文化（此处的西方文化，定义为以英语为母语的文化）一个最显著的特质（trait），是崇尚性情上的真诚善良与情感上的温馨浪漫。而其中最有代表性的，要数让无数青年人心向神往的教堂婚礼仪式了。(牧师先宣布婚礼开始：)今天我们大家聚在这里，见证这对男女汤姆·克鲁斯和尼可·基德曼的结合，见证他们神圣的、无上荣耀的婚约。这对新人即将成为夫妇。(接下来，牧师按惯例对新人和来宾进行质询：)现在，在场的所有人中，若有任何光明正大的理由，认为他们不宜结合，请马上提出，要不就请永远保持缄默.请务必明白，只有符合主的意愿的婚姻才可称为合法。(众人没有意见，牧师开始询问新郎：汤姆·克鲁斯，你是否愿意娶尼可·基德曼为你的合法妻子，依照主的意旨和她共同开始神圣的婚姻生活？是否愿意从今日起爱她、敬她、抚慰她、呵护她，在你们的有生之年，除她一人以外不再有其他念想？新郎回答：我愿意。(下面牧师质询新娘，重复同样的誓词) 新娘也回答：我愿意。(现在开始交换戒指仪式 牧师先从男傧相手中接过新娘的戒指，念祝词)这枚小小的戒指代表了强大的约束力，你们对彼此的爱情凝聚其中。这个圆圈完好无损、连续不断，没有尽头，因为你们对彼此的爱与承诺也永远没有尽头。戴上戒指，两个各自独立的生命就连在一起了。看到这个戒指，你一定要记得今天在这里对她作出的承诺。(新郎给新娘戴上戒指)牧师以同样的祝词祝福新郎的戒指，新娘给新郎戴上戒指。接下来牧师正对新郎新娘：现在我宣布，你们二人结为合法夫妇。请把对彼此许下的诺言以吻封缄。（对新郎说）现在你可以吻新娘了。婚礼到这里进入高潮，但并没有结束，随后的祈祷将从另一个高度把众人的情绪继续向上抬升，直至完全的浪漫境界。牧师，让我们祈祷主啊，我们为所有已婚夫妇祈祷，他们能够继续彼此付出，能够继续相互原谅，并且每天都能经历越来越多的您的快乐。特别是（新郎名）和（新娘名），一起开始他们的新婚生活，愿他们能够得到您的帮助，永远得到朋友们的支持，健康的度过一生。愿您全部的祝福带给（新郎名）和（新娘名），祝福他们直到永远。阿门。结婚誓词也是多种多样的，一般说来有问答式和自述式两种类型。如：汤姆·克鲁斯，你愿意娶尼可·基德曼为合法妻子，共同过婚姻生活吗？你是否愿意爱她，尊重她，慰籍她，呵护她？不论她是疾病还是健康，在你们的有生之年你能从一而终，真诚对待她吗？我接受你做我的合法妻子/丈夫，自今日起相偎相依；无论贫穷还是富有，不管健康还是生病，爱你宠你，至死不渝。拜堂开始。一拜天地；二拜高堂；夫妻对拜。入洞房。婚礼到这里进入高潮，但还是没有结束。接下来的祝词和闹洞房让婚礼继续往闹剧的方向发展。歌师再唱养小子，要好子，穿蓝衫，戴顶子；养女子，要俏子，十六牡丹冒轿子。婚礼一成就先说最关键的部分，要生养，而且生男做大官，生女嫁大官，总之，一切都为了有实际用途的未来。相比西式婚礼，中国的婚俗少了很多浪漫，却多了不少功利。

中西方教育差异论文英文文献

2007-2-2 作者：曾芝兰 来源：太原师范学院学报(社会科学版) 2006年1月 [摘要] 家庭是对儿童进行启蒙教育的最主要场所，对其日后良好习性的养成和智力开发有着十分重要的作用。中美两国在家庭教育上存在显著差异，如在家庭成员的相互关系上，我国家长大多处于统治地位，而美国家长更注重与孩子平等相处;在育儿观上，中国家长大都希望孩子能出人头地，而美国家长更看重提高孩子的生存适应能力；在教育方式上，中国家长喜欢包办替代，而美国家长更愿意让孩子自己动手实践，这些差异导致了两国儿童成人后在生存适应能力上的明显差距。正确认识并借鉴国外先进的教育方法，对促进孩子健康成长、提高未来人才的素质具有很重要的现实意义。 [关键词] 家庭教育；育儿观；传统；素质教育 家庭教育指的是在家庭互动过程中父母对子女的成长发展所产生的教育影响，也是全社会各个教育环节中最重要的一环。中美两国由于在文化传统、观念意识、生活方式以及社会习俗等方面存在诸多不同之处，导致了两国在家庭教育方面也存在着很多差异，正确认识和了解两国之间的这种差异，对于促进我国当代家庭教育的良性发展有着十分重要的指导作用和现实意义。 看过《刮痧》这部影片的观众一定会注意到其中一个场景：一位中国父亲在看到自己儿子丹尼斯与他的外国老板的儿子打架时，让丹尼斯向老板的儿子道歉，遭到拒绝后给了自己儿子一个耳光。这位父亲这样做是出于对他老板的尊敬，隐含的意思就是“因为你的缘故我才惩罚我的儿子”。但这一幕却让他的老板感到特别吃惊，很迷惑为什么一个父亲要通过打自己的儿子来表示对别人的歉意?这就是中美两国在家庭教育上存在着的一个明显差异。[1]传统的中国式教育强调仁爱与服从，而美国家庭则注重公正和自由。中国家长通常喜欢“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按自己的意愿去发展。他们往往用自己的理性来干涉孩子们的自然发展，因此很大程度上剥夺了孩子自由选择的权利。美国家庭则更重视孩子们的自主权，让孩子学会在社会允许的条件下自己做决定，独立解决自己所遇到的各种问题。其差异大致可归纳为以下几点： 一、两种不同的家庭成员关系 我国当代家庭教育受传统的家庭观念影响，家长总是意味着权威，作为统治者在家庭中处于核心地位。孩子在父母眼里永远是长不大的，父母对孩子的教导可以持续到孩子长大以后许多年。另外，在中国人的逻辑中有这么一条，即“长者恒为师”，在家庭中，年长者一定可以教育年幼者，这就在家庭内部形成一种人际关系的不平等，儿童也由此学会了对不同的人说不同的话，懂得了父母比朋友重要，长者是权威的象征。长期处于这种环境下，孩子慢慢习惯了在多重规则下生活。然而随着物质生活水平的提高和计划生育政策的执行，许多家庭走向另一个极端，让孩子在家庭中处于特殊地位并加以重点保护，孩子成了中心人。对孩子采取百依百顺的态度，好吃的让孩子独享，该让孩子做的却由父母包办代替了。他们过分满足孩子的任何需要，生活上过分优待孩子，经济上过多偏重孩子，这就造成家庭关系的另一种不平等。 而在美国家庭，家长更注重自由与平等的相处。从小就尊重孩子，重视给孩子的个人自主权，让孩子学会在社会允许的条件下自己做决定，独立解决自己所遇到的各种问题。他们把孩子当做一个独立的个体平等对待，给孩子应有的尊重和理解。孩子在父母面前可以畅所欲言地发表自己的见解，所言有独到之处，父母还会给以适当的奖励。孩子有独立的时间和空间去自由的想像或进行创造性活动。 二、两种不同的育儿观 中国式家庭教育往往着眼于孩子将来是否有出息，能否找个好职业，能否在顺境中度过一生。基于这种期盼，很多家长认为，父母对孩子的责任就是让他们生活得更好，父母能给他们多少幸福就给他们多少幸福。若能给孩子创造最优越的生活条件，再苦再累也愿意。为此，父母在孩子成长过程中，除了生活上进行无微不至的照顾，还特别关心孩子的智商，为了能让孩子成龙成凤，除了学习，什么都不让孩子干。至于孩子的独立生活能力、对未来生活的适应能力，以及公民意识等却很少考虑，认为孩子只要成绩好，什么问题都能解决。[2]与此相比，美国家庭的育儿观有很大不同，他们的着眼点在于培养孩子具有适应各种环境和独立生存的能力。基于这种观念，他们十分重视孩子的自身锻炼。他们普遍认为孩子的成长必须依靠自身的力量。因此从小就注重培养锻炼他们的自立意识和独立生活能力。所谓锻炼是多方面的，诸如劳动锻炼、意志的锻炼等。但最根本的是适应各种艰苦环境和劳动能力的锻炼。通过劳动，让孩子从小养成独立自主的意识和热爱劳动的习惯。在劳动和艰苦的环境中去克服困难、磨炼意志、发展自身的能力特长，增长才智，并养成刻苦、节俭的好品质。在这种潜移默化的过程中，随着年龄的增长逐渐促其成为具有独立生存能力和社会责任感的公民。 三、两种不同的教育方式 由于育儿观上存在着根本差别，使两国在教育孩子的方式上也有很大的不同。中国方面大致体现在以下几点： 1.生活上的包办代替。中国家长尤其是独生子女的家长，在生活上对孩子的衣食住行包办代替，不让孩子沾家务活的边。这种包办横向涉及孩子的方方面面，纵向延伸到孩子长大成人。于是出现了小学生还要家长接送，中学生还要家长洗衣服，大学新生入学还要家长护送。 2.社交上的过度保护。不少家长怕孩子吃亏或学坏，于是限制孩子与外界的接触，一旦孩子与小朋友或同学之间发生争执或不愉快的事情，多数家长采取袒护自己孩子而指责其他孩子的办法。 3.经济上的放任。不少家长对孩子的要求百依百顺，有求必应，连经济拮据的家庭，家长也要勒紧裤带省下钱来满足孩子的需求。不少小学生都拥有手机、数码相机、MP3等高档消费品，这无形中助长了他们奢华浪费的习惯。 4.学习上的过于严厉。与生活、经济、社交上的纵容相比，家长对孩子的学习却要求很高，甚至达到一种苛刻的程度。古往今来，应试教育一直深深桎梏着中国家长们的思想，导致家长们把孩子的学习成绩与能否考取高等学府视为孩子成材的惟一标准。当孩子出生后就以天才的标准来要求、教育孩子。[3]平时，孩子在做完老师布置的作业后又让孩子再做一套同步练习题，以求巩固。弄得孩子精疲力尽，一旦孩子辜负了他们的期望，那只能通过打骂这一招来解“恨铁不成钢”之怒。 而美国家长从锻炼孩子独立生活能力的角度出发，对孩子的教养采取放手而不放任的方法进行。所谓放手，就是从孩子生下来，父母就设法给他们自我锻炼的机会和条件，让他们在各种环境中得到充分锻炼。父母除了照管孩子的安全，其他生活上的事，如游玩、学习都让孩子自主选择。如让他们从小就有存放个人衣服、玩具和学习用品的地方，自己收拾整理房间，布置属于他们自己的小天地，父母决不替孩子包办，顶多在一旁提醒参谋。[4]所谓不放任，一般反映在三个方面：第一，宁苦而不娇。家长特别注重培养孩子的吃苦精神。第二，家富而不奢。美国许多家庭，对孩子的零花钱都有严格的要求和规定。基本原则是：定期发给，数额多少根据孩子的年龄和家庭收入的实际情况而定。第三，严教而不袒。西方人对孩子的缺点错误绝不听之任之，更不袒护，而是设法教孩子自己知错改错。此外，美国家长大都对孩子的学习不施加太多压力。他们的观点是：孩子对感兴趣的知识自然会努力去学，为什么要强制他们去做本不愿做的事情呢?强拗着去做，反而会伤害孩子的感情与个性。人的兴趣、爱好和才能本来就各不相同，孩子适合做什么就做什么，人生道路要让孩子自己去走。成功的家庭教育，应该是家长拿出时间跟孩子以平等的态度进行沟通、交流，对孩子正确的想法和行为给予充分肯定，让孩子在尊重和鼓励中成长。 四、两种不同的教育结果 由于育儿观和教育方法的不同，其教育结果也表现出明显不同。美国孩子从小就表现出很强的独立生活能力，这体现在：(1)具有很强的自立能力。绝大多数18岁以上的孩子，都靠自己挣钱来读书。有的人把钱赚够了才进学校读书，也有人一边打工、一边读书，或读读停停，花十几年时间拿个博士学位。孩子们认为，长这么大还伸手向父母要钱很不光彩，会被人家瞧不起，让人觉得无能。所以必须工作，才能做到经济上独立。(2)具有适应市场经济的头脑。美国不少家庭的孩子，从小就参与当家理财，通过亲身体验使他们深知金钱来之不易，从而养成精打细算、勤俭度日的好习惯。(3)具有适应社会环境的本领。由于从小的艰苦磨炼，美国孩子更能吃苦，具有战胜困难的勇气和毅力；遇事镇定沉着，能与周围人们和谐相处，有作为社会成员而独立存在的信心和勇气。这些素质和技能，为他们将来走向社会奠定了坚实的基础。 与此相反，中国的儿童、青少年乃至大学生，虽然学业成绩上不亚于西方，但普遍表现出独立生活能力差，缺乏自主意识，依赖性强，做事被动胆怯，缺乏对环境的适应和应变能力；不懂得人际交往的技巧，人际关系差；怕苦怕累，只要求别人照顾，却缺乏同情心和帮助别人的能力；在家不懂得尊敬自己的长辈，在外缺乏社会责任感。 综上不难看出，不同的家庭成员关系、育儿观和教育方法产生了两种截然不同的教育结果，孰优孰劣非常清楚。要提高未来我国在国际上的竞争力，关键在于提高人才的质量和素质，这就必须从家庭教育做起。因为家庭教育是整个学校教育(包括学前教育)和社会教育的基础，它是学校教育和社会教育无法取代的。我国的家庭教育受几千年封建传统的影响，无论从家长的价值观、育儿观看，还是从家庭教育内容、方式和方法看，儒家思想影响至深。然而随着中国的改革开放，社会结构的变化，家庭教育中某些传统观念、手段及方法已无法适应当代中国的家庭教育。因此我们应该在弘扬中华民族几千年灿烂文明的辉煌结晶的同时，也吸取西方国家的民主、开放的家庭教育观。自觉转变家庭教育中的落后观念，扩展家庭教育的领域，丰富家庭教育的内容，改善教育的手段、途径和方法，熔铸古今，汇通中西，我们才能造就出非凡的下一代。 还有这个：

希望你有时间看看 麻辣教师 、是一部很好的育成教育班

[1]张葳. 从中美篮球校园文化差异看高校篮球文化建设[J]. 湖北体育科技,2011,(3). [2]陈军宏. 中西大学校园文化差异及其整合[J]. 职业时空,2009,(9). [3]袁素卓,李东. 校园文化差异剖析与交际策略[J]. 辽宁教育行政学院学报,2007,(3). [4]黄剑平. 五“D”理论和中美大学校园文化差异[J]. 河北理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(2). [5]李越红. 中西方校园文化差异浅析[J]. 山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(3).

论中西方教育差异：转自教育大论文下载中心，更多中西方教育差异文章请看教育大论文下载中心谈及中西方教育的差别，我有一些感受。我没有去过国外，对西方教育的了解主要是从书中和各种媒体中获得。我眼中的中西方教育的显著差异有以下几个方面:一． 因材施教。虽然在我国每天都在提因材施教，但并没有几个人理解因材施教的真谛。反而是西方的教育在这方面体现的较好，更适合学生的发展，把学生的潜力挖掘出来。二． 赏识教育。在中西方都有赏识教育，中国的赏识教育比较模糊笼统，对孩子做的比较好的地方往往是用一句“你真棒”加以赞赏，而西方是把棒在哪里告诉孩子。中国家长有耐心的少,光心里着急是不够的。三． 惩罚教育。在中西方都有惩罚教育，在中国孩子受到惩罚都是以大人的眼光来判断，比如孩子把东西拆坏了，家长往往要打骂孩子，而在西方家长认为孩子并没有错，反而鼓励孩子多动手。四． 爱心教育。我在书中了解的和我亲眼看到的西方人的爱心有胜于我们。中西方的教育各有优缺点，如能取长补短，也许会是一种非常好的教育。中国的基础教育有很多优点，这几年国外也在借鉴我们的教育方法。一、学校的教育1、中西方教育的本质区别：西方教育是一种尝试教育，先让学生尝试进行体验，在体验中发现难点，然后在解决难点中积累经验，最后，得出结论，那是真正属于自己研究的成果。中国教育是一种灌输式教育，先将成人的经验告知学生，让学生按已有成功经验去操作（并非所谓的真学习）按部就班，在经验的指导下学习实践，同样，也是可以得到自己的结论，但是往往很难跳出已有的固定模式。两者的最大差异就在于西方教育以人为本，从人的学习的本能出发，符合学习论，而中国教育是一种消除错误的“生产”教育，将学生当作产品，希望在生产线上生产出的是合格品，而不是次品。正是不能正视“学习是可以犯错的”这一规律，使得学生缺乏应有的创新思维。2、从教师在课堂中所起的作用看中西方文化教育的差异：西方教育大都是基于人文思想展开的，从小开始培养人的实践和分析能力，鼓励思想的自由，并对自己的言行负责。教师的作用，主要是指引者，往往像朋友一般和学生一起去探讨问题，对于学生的疑问，经常一指图书馆，让学生自己去寻找资料，自己做出判断，尽可能的不去影响学生的自主思考。它最大可能的保护了人类创造力的根源——思想的自由和自主。如何让学生在课堂上感觉开心，使学生能够积极投入学习，这在西方是老师常常思考的问题。同时教师鼓励学生在课堂积极发言，学以致用。在中国，课堂属于老师，老师在讲台上涛涛不绝的讲课，学生认真的听讲、记笔记，对课本的答案和教师的答案深信不疑，是一种倾向性的灌输式教育。学生和老师之间缺乏紧密沟通，造成学生被动的接受知识，牢而不固。3、考生成绩的计算方式也是中西方文化教育的一个显著差异：在西方学生成绩的计算方式是：课堂纪律和出勤率占15%，课余作业成绩占15%，小组互动讨论占20%，论文写作和答辩占50%，从这几个方面来综合评估学生的综合情况，比较客观和公正。由于西方教学的目的是运用，而不是分数，所以分数只是一个参考值。在中国，成绩是学生、家长和学校的命根子，一切唯高分是从。一些综合分数低，而偏科成绩比较严重的学生，反而被埋没了。成绩主要以期中和期末考试成绩来定，主要是笔试，比较单一，另笔试的成绩很容易被复制。像高考这种一考定终身的方式很容易因为发挥失场，而与大学教育失之交臂。高分低能那是我们国人的最大悲哀呀！4、从知识层面来说，西方教育更容易发掘天才：西方教育重视学生创造力的培养；注重对知识的灵活应用，重视“广”和“博”，对学生的教育是点到为止；西方的基础教育在达到最基本的要求的基础上，允许学生有较大选择的自由。比如，一位学生对物理、化学或生物不感兴趣，感觉有很大的困难，可以只选修比较基础的课程，而选修较多的自己擅长的感兴趣的课程，只选修理、化、生其中的一门，同样可以达到高中毕业要求，也能进入顶尖大学，同样有机会成为“精英”。中国教育重视基础知识的巩固，注重知识的灌输和知识的熟练掌握，重视“精”和“深”，以数学为例，中国教育使用题海战术，教师让学生重复练习，直至“炉火纯青”的地步；所以说，中国教育是“精英”教育，把那些不能把知识学得精深的人淘汰出去。中国教育要求数理化各科面面俱到，哪一科学得不好都有可能对人生前途造成致命的影响。二、家庭的教育社会的竞争，决不仅仅是知识和智能的较量，更多的是意志、心理状态和做人的比拼。由于历史传统、社会文化背景的不同，中西方家庭教育观念存在着巨大的差异，从这些差异中，我们可以找出许多值得中国家长学习的观念和做法——● 西方家长从小就培养和锻炼孩子的自立意识和独立生活能力。重视孩子从小的自身锻炼，他们并不煞费苦心地设计孩子的未来，而是注重孩子的自由发展，努力把孩子培养成为能够适应各种环境，具备独立生存能力的社会人。他们的家庭教育是以培养孩子富有开拓精神、能够成为一个自食其力的人为出发点的。让孩子自己动手修理摩托车，分担家里的割草、粉刷房屋、简单木工修理等活计。此外，还要外出当杂工，如夏天替人推割草机、冬天铲雪、秋天扫落叶等。在这种潜移默化的过程中，孩子逐渐成长为具有独立生存能力和社会责任感的公民。中国的许多家长望子成龙心切，因而超越孩子实际水平的高要求、拔苗助长的教育方式、恨铁不成钢的态度在家庭里到处弥漫。在孩子的成长过程中，除生活上加倍关心外，家长最关心的是孩子的学习。似乎学习好就是万能的，而对孩子的独立生活能力、社会适应能力、心理健康程度、道德情操以及公民意识等则关心甚少，有的甚至完全不顾。从孩子出生到成年，家长几乎把孩子的一切都包了下来，做饭、洗衣服、打扫、攒钱供孩子读大学、出国、结婚、养儿育女等。尽管我们的家长都希望孩子成才、幸福，而这样的家庭教育既不可能令孩子成才，也难以让孩子得到幸福，因为社会的竞争，决不仅仅是知识和智能的较量，更多的是意志、心理状态和做人的比拼。● 西方的家长更加重视孩子健康心理的培养，因而很注意与孩子的情感交流，关心孩子的心理需要。家长把快乐教育作为一项重要的教育内容来实施。他们经常和孩子一起讨论问题，孩子遇到不顺心的事也愿意跟家长商量。心理学的研究表明，健康的心理对于孩子的成才和健康人格的塑造至关重要。而中国家长对子女的关心基本上集中在孩子的生理需要方面，很少关心甚至根本无视孩子的心理需求，忽视孩子健康心理的培养和性格、意志的磨炼。其结果是在相当程度上导致了孩子的心理承受能力过低，以至经不起生活中的压力和挫折，即使是一件小事也能使他沮丧、颓废、自暴自弃，动辄离家出走，甚至轻生厌世。● 西方家长重视从日常行为与情感中对孩子进行“做人的教育”，注重从内心情感去尊重别人，看重的是日常生活的行为与习惯的培养。而我国家长和幼儿教师往往脱离孩子心理发展的实际，例如幼儿园时就提出爱国主义、革命英雄主义、伟大理想主义的教育，忽视基础的行为习惯、良好的人际交往等与孩子发展阶段相适应的“做人的教育”。我们一直谈教育要循序渐进，这不仅适用于智力教育、知识教育，同样适合于做人做事的道德教育。现在我们的孩子道德观念淡漠，社会性发展差，这与家长忽视对孩子最基础的“做人教育”不无关系。● 西方家长“鼓励创新”,鼓励孩子去超越前人，相信孩子具有同成人一样的独立研究和动手的能力，能以宽容的心态去营造一个利于培养孩子创造力的环境和氛围。他们对孩子所做的种种探索行为往往持积极、肯定的态度，鼓励孩子在生活中提出不同的见解，并对其中的疑问进行积极的探索。即使家长认为孩子的某一行为并不具有积极的效果，他们也不会过多地干涉，而是让孩子在自己进行的探索中逐渐认识到自己的问题，并予以纠正。而中国家长往往“满足于克隆”，教导孩子在前人面前止步。对孩子的探索活动大部分是持否定态度的。他们往往把孩子自己进行的“探索活动”视作“胡闹”而加以制止。例如美国孩子拆了家里的闹钟，若能装回，多数家长会称赞孩子，若是装不回，许多家长会与孩子一道把闹钟装上，甚至鼓励孩子再拆、重装一次。但中国孩子若拆了家里的闹钟，就算自己能装回，恐怕也没几个敢告诉家长的。孩子往往在家长的严格管教下被熄灭了创造性火花。从以上的对比中我们不难看出，中西方的家庭教育从宏观到微观都存在着显著的差异。外国家长重视的恰恰是中国家长忽视的。西方家长教导孩子：跌倒了自己爬起来，做错事自己纠正，自尊并尊重别人，全身心锻炼，按兴趣学习。他们鼓励孩子成为梦想家，成为自己心目中的成功者。中国的家长们，您不妨借鉴一下。三、社会环境的影响中国最缺的，是责任教育！对自己的言行负责，对社会、民族负责！教育不是只在学校，还在家里，在周围环境，在社会氛围。而现在，常见到家长，学校，周围环境在推卸责任：家长说：“我把孩子送到学校，教育好他就是学校的责任”；学校说：“他逃学都是因为周围的网吧，歌房太多了”；网吧老板说：“我只是开一家店挣点钱养家糊口，是他自己逃学来玩的”。来看看美国，经常可以见到大人教育小孩，而那个小孩并不是他的孩子，大人也不是什么教师。为什么？就是因为：“美国人把每一个孩子都当作是自己的孩子，教育自己的孩子是每一个美国人的责任”；在英国，每一个欧巴桑的威力大家都知道，她们总是在自觉的监督年青人的行为，好像警察一般。这两个国家已经把教育下一代的责任交给了每个公民，每个公民也在为国家的未来负责。而在国内，又有谁把教育下一代国人视为自己的责任呢？看到不认识的小孩有不对的地方，又有谁会上前去教育他，指出他的错误呢？教育制度不完善，官员贪污腐、、、、这些问题的存在，管理者有不可推卸的责任！你，我，所有国人，甚至包括受教育者，谁可免责？如果每人都确实负起自己的责任，又会是一番什么样的景象呢？从以上三点可以看出，为什么西方的孩子更容易获得成功。学校的教育、家庭的教育和社会环境的影响是相互相诚的，对孩子一生的影响是至关重要的。西方的教育重在启蒙，发掘潜力，尊重自由，尊重个性的发展。孩子在这三者的潜移默化的影响下，多一份质疑，多一份思考，多一份热情，多一些创造。这是值得我们借鉴的

中西方神话差异论文文献

道可道非常道名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。学者梁燕城访谈：太初有道、道(Logos)是信息的意思。神的话成为万有的根据，也成为万有的规律。当代的量子力学就非常奇妙地发现，万有事实上是根据很多信息的秩序组成。这主要是由戴维•玻姆（DavidBohm）,著名的量子力学大师提出说：万有有一个看不见的秩序，叫“ImplicateOrder”，里面都是非常复杂的信息系统，造成我们看见的秩序，叫作“ExplicateOrder”。中文“道”这个字也有信息、语言的意思。老子那个时候非常奇妙地体会到，宇宙背后是有真理的信息存在。《庄子》里面提到：“夫道，有情有信”。从前后文里还可以看到，庄子心中的神是有位格的。这个传统一直到1911年，就是上帝是没有形像的。天坛里没有偶像，祈年殿里一个偶像都没有，里面只有一个牌子，叫“皇天上帝”。中国祖先本来就相信无形的上帝，老子、庄子事实上是继承这个传统而来。这正是《圣经》里的内容，上帝是个灵、而且恨恶世人崇拜偶像。在牛津的博德莱安图书馆里有一份手稿，作者名叫马斯——乌迪。他在这份手稿中宣称所谓胡夫的金字塔是埃及王苏里特叫人建造的，而这个苏里特是在大洪水前统治埃及的。根据其它文献记载，这位目光深远的苏里特王命令他的僧侣们，写下他们的全部常识，藏在金字塔里，给洪水后的人们留下必要的知识。《圣经》创世记前11章，关于人类早期共同史的记述，在中国古经中几乎都可以找到印证：《周易》也神秘地说：七日来复，天行也；《圣经》说：上帝造物的工已经完毕，就在第七日歇了他一切的工，安息了。《淮南子》上说：天下有四水，凡此四水者，帝之神泉，以和百药，以润万物；《圣经》说：伊甸园里有四条河，流出珍珠玛瑙。《山海经》上说：当初有不死树和圣树，圣树又叫睿木，“食之令人圣智也”；《圣经》说：伊甸园中有生命树和智慧树。《尚书》和《国语》上说：人犯了罪，上帝命令重黎堵绝天路，上下不相来往；《圣经》说：人类始祖贪吃了智慧树上的果子，被上帝赶出伊甸园，并有基路伯和火焰之剑，阻断了人神通路。《老子》说：天地之母，万物之根，众妙之源，从无中生有，乃天地之始；《庄子》说：有情有信，无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见；《圣经》说：太初有道，道就是上帝，生命在他里头，这生命是人的光。一位伟大的学者在美国神学院读书时，发现《老子》与《圣经》有奇妙相通之处。老子的道，是自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者，这七点很像上帝的属性。无神论者把道归于自然神，其实老子的道不乏人格特征，有信实、有恩德、有慈爱、有赏罚、能赦罪、能教化。更神奇的是，惜字如金的老子竟然着重笔墨描述一位道的化身圣人：自有永有者，造化养育者，超越者，启示者，生命者，公义者，拯救者。说他承袭上天大道的光明和永恒，来普救世人。知其荣、守其辱、知其白、守其黑、成为世人认识大道的中介。圣人秉持大道本像，普天下的人都前往归向他，领受平安。他外表粗卑、内怀宝贝，能将众人从过犯中领回来。最后，老子竟然暗示这位圣人要受辱受难，却作主作王，直到永远，是谁?查考世上所有的经典、教门的主子都对不上号，唯独道成肉身的耶稣基督非常酷似。这2500年前的古人是怎么知道《圣经》中“道成肉身的耶稣”的呢? 这的确是一个巨大的、神圣的、跨越时空的谜团。老子说：道是万物之主、是善人的宝贝、罪人的中保。美好的言辞固然可以博取尊荣、美好的行为固然使人得到敬重，然而人的不善怎能被剔除干净呢? 所以,就是立为天子,身为太师、太傅、太保，财宝无数、荣华加身，还不如坐进这大道里呢。古时候为什么重视道呢? 不就是因为在道里面，寻求就能得着，有罪可得赦免吗? 所以道是天下最宝贵的啊！老子的笔墨中展示给人间的不正是《圣经》中上帝的天国、耶稣的救赎吗? 《尚书》、《诗经》都记载着：中国人来自上帝。早在老子古经中便记载旧约《圣经》预言中的“耶稣”。而且两千多年来，举凡太平盛世，竟无一不是遵循了老子之学说。顺天道治国的皇帝，囊括了仅有的几百年辉煌时代。文景之治、光武中兴、贞观之治、开元之治等等。孔子倾注毕生心力宣扬敬天爱人的忠恕之道，当代多个皇帝均尊纯了老子“天道”的统治方式，那么老子的神学知识是那里来的呢？就目前世界不管任何一种教门的国家，他们的统治方式都在努力提高到上帝的道上来，这又是为什么?清皇康熙说：中国人的“上帝”就是真神，天不是物质的天。康熙亲临宣武教堂，题写了“敬天”和“万有真原”两副扁额，又作诗称颂耶稣：“功求十架血成溪，百丈恩流分自西。”在《生命之宝》一文中，康熙明确表示：“天门久为初人闭，福路全是圣子通。我愿接受神圣子，儿子明分得永生。”古人老子、孔子、孟子对“道”的认识，已如此入神境界，实令人难以置信。其代表着中国的古人，代表着中国的文化。他的“道”影响着整个中国尽至世界的每个人的行为和思想。可悲的是现今一辈自己不进去，却连急俗得到真知走进真理的下辈也挡在门口。而至今只能在未接触过这批“贵人”的最低层中找到蛛丝马迹：《广东新闻网》2011年10月21日10:12王华报道：10月13日晚，两岁女童小悦悦在佛山市某市场内被两辆车相继辗过，肇事车辆逃逸。18名路人陆续经过均对躺在地上奄奄一息的孩子视而不见。让人想不到的是，最后伸出援手的竟然是一位俗世里被视为生活在最底层的人，捡垃圾的阿婆。期间，阿婆想向附近店主要块纸皮为孩子遮挡有些凉意的秋雨，亦被拒绝。 历史以来，司机驾车交通肇事撞伤了人，伤者都是理直气壮责令司机赔偿，司机都是礼亏连连道歉。可是现今被车撞伤者爬起来就逃，问曰何故?答：我怕又是高校大三的大学生药家鑫！老辈人们看到读书人都会夸耀说：“读书人讲句话都特别有道理，不像我们斗大的字不识一箩筐的文盲，开口就只知道讲女人、男人那一点东西”。可是现今算是文化的中国，耳朵听到的、眼睛看见的，千篇一律。都是男人、女人的那个“爱”。或者几个男的争一个老婆、或者几个女的争一个老公。一夫多妻、一妻多夫，杀人的、放火的也是自家园子，通行无阻。现今的文化已经傻到随眼见到的都是胡编乱造，谎话连篇累牍，而真话却无处寻觅的朝代。当然聂耳、洗星海已经死了这是事实，但活着、真正有一定艺术水准、记录写实的近代作品也被挤到角落里，成了葱蒜。古人早已给后人作过警告，就汉字信息也明白罢着：一人二女则是“爽”字，不难发现一人两边颈上是4个“杀”字的头，按麻衣相法用语：即凶多没吉。你若认真地去看一下，也是斜着的罗马人死刑犯用的4个十字架；就国内而论，刚好是冲军犯人戴在头颈的一个枷(锁)。古人说：“万恶淫为首”，冲军路上小心“爽”死。60岁的粗人都知道，古人对这个字的造词指向是十分狭隘的，往往都只两个人、夜里床上才好轻声说的话，可怜的今天打开电视就能听到，“爽XX”、“XX爽”还作为光彩照人的时尚广告。什么话还讲不清楚、刚学说话的婴孩却先会“爽XX”！你若反对恐怕就得挨罚款，因为是国家批准当产品商标的。公安不辞辛苦天天在扫黄，而名牌的幼儿用、小儿科教片打开就听见“谈恋爱啦！” 2010年4月8日《杭州日报》B11版告诉人们：开发商的卖房广告：“卵巢寻找精子”、“如果你不能给她一个名分，那就送她一套房子”、手提红裙露出大腿的靓女画旁“要提，还要往上提”等雷人广告已经出现。60岁的人答不出的有关男女问题，现今6岁的孩童都能回答。不论看的、听的若不加上男的女的哪些事休想出版、上架。历史以来关于男、女哪些事，没有一个朝代能写得如此透彻、细腻，比现今更精粹了。若借着有把“靠椅”就是为了“机不可失”、调节一下精神，倒是情有可原，否则，哪中国的爱国人士该放声大哭了，它所折射的已不只是一付简单的中国画像。2009年8月6日《杭州日报》B7版文章：八岁儿子给他们女班长写情书；2007年3月9日《钱江晚报》A12版文章：11岁女孩遇害，谜底令人震惊，凶手今年12岁。文章说：11岁的小女孩就因为不接受12岁小男孩歪歪斜斜的“我爱你”三个字送了命。更可悲的是，党中央再三强调“社会和谐、人民稳定”的今天，“弱肉强食”斗争“进化论” 新、老剧本通行无阻，而历史悠久极力推行的孔子、孟子、老子优良传统的“天道”实体；世界上最古老的人类道德源头、中国文化背景；劝人为善、不要犯罪、否认地上“有神论”的《圣经》有关文章出版界成了一条不可碰的红线、上不了架。人啊! 一个失去了心灵的口头道德世界，用子弹是无法收服的。我国祖先文明建设靠的就是： 一直传到今天从未分离的“道德”二字，若没有了“道”还有什么“德”呢?

一．中西方神话异同的影响我们知道现代意义的西方文明有三大源头，一是古希腊神话和科学精神，二是古罗马政治法律文明，三是希伯来犹太人的宗教文明。其中古希腊神话影响犹为渊远，堪称渊源中的渊源，要分析中西方文化差异就得从她的源头讲起。（一）神的来源差异造成政治文化的差异在公元前十世纪前，中国古代先民与古希腊先民一样有着极为相似的神话传说与神位的分野，包含有共同的宇宙观概念。然而，它们内部不同的思维差异直接导致在公元前十世纪人类从神话时代转向哲学时代的重大差异，中西文化从此分道扬镳。这个神话的思维差异就是古希腊神话是人神同构，而中国神话是人神同一。我们可以从古希腊戏剧中看到，古希腊神话中的神和人一样，有着喜怒哀乐，有悲欢离合，有人的七情六欲。比如宙斯，他是克洛诺斯之子,万神之王,主管天空.希腊神话中的至高神，掌握雷电，所以又被称为雷神。在母亲蕾亚的支持下，杀了父亲克洛诺斯，成为了第三代神王。性格极为好色，常背着妻子赫拉与其他女神和凡人私通，私生子无数。但他们不是现实的人死后“得道”而成的，他们是虚构的；在中国神话，神便是“得道”的人，死后的伟大的君王就成了神，比如三皇五帝，他们死后都成了天神，但是他们不是一般的人，与一般人的七情六欲不同，他们具有高尚的情操和强大的意志力，故他们是人神同一的神。这一差异造成的文化差异是形成古希腊人或说西方人的传统精神是不依赖统治者的个人道德，因为最高神都和一般人一样，所以他们依靠制度，而中国人则依赖统治者个人高尚的情操和道德，认为仁者无敌，也只有伟人才能统治天下。这就形成了中西方政治文化的分野。即西方更倾向制度的制约，中国就形成专制的认同。这就是近代西方民主文明的来源，而中国君主专制在历经2000多年，走过辉煌和没落后，直至近代西方先进政治的炮轰才如梦初醒。（二）神话权力传承机制差异造成文化机制差异中国神话权力的传承为让贤机制，尧让舜，舜让大禹。古希腊内在自我否定机制。宙斯不满父亲克洛诺斯的残暴，于是弑父夺位，其与安菲特律翁国(Amphitryon)的王后阿尔克墨涅(Alcmene)所生的儿子赫拉克勒斯不满他的残暴，他的权力同样被推翻。还有英雄普罗米修斯为人类幸福不惜反抗最高天神。中国诸神是会死亡的，他们通过禅位与让贤的和平方式实现统治权的转换。他们不仅把统治权交给接班人，还把他们制定和代表的伦理规范、道德体系、价值观念传递下去，强调君贤臣良，形成一种传递性的、伸展性的、复制性的自我肯定机制，从而导致中国传统文化的凝固性。而希腊神界统治权的易手通过禁忌—放逐—反叛—取代的途径完成，其中暴力的反叛和否定是神系延续、进化和发展的契机，传达一种进化的思想。这也是近代西方科学精神的渊源之一。（三）神系差异造成宗教的差异中国上古神话较零碎和混乱，缺乏一个完整的系统，没有主神和以他为核心的神际关系网，也没有一个全宇宙性的主神。虽然出现了“少典氏帝系”，以及 “中华民族的始祖”黄帝。尽管还只是一种神话式的“历史”，但确已脱离了神话的樊篱，进入了历史的领域。而希腊神话较清晰，不仅有丰富、完整的系统，而且有确定的主神和以他为核心的神际关系网络。希腊的主神宙斯，他是希腊神话中的万神之王，是宇宙的最高主宰和无所不在、无所不能的造物者。同时他也是“奥林匹斯神系”的中枢和纽带。神系中的各式各样神话形象都与主神宙斯搭上关系。因而当古希腊神话与希伯来犹太人的宗教相遇，融合为一神论的严格意义上的西方宗教。许多学者还以此判定中国乃至东方没有宗教，对此我表示不同意，中国有他的宗教，但他不同于西方的一神论宗教，不能以西方宗教的某个特征来判定东方宗教。正是中国上古神话的思维影响，令在公元一世纪传入中国的多多神论的佛教一拍即合，并与中国本土宗教道教相互补充，融合成中国特色的佛教。这就是神话对日后对中西方政治文化乃至生活都影响深远的宗教的影响。

轴心时代的变革 轴心时代是二十年代带哲学家雅斯贝尔斯在他的《历史的起源与目标》里提出的概念。他说，从公元前600年左右一直到公元之交的600年时间以内，在旧大陆的三个文明地区，不约而同地出现了一批伟大的人物。三大文明就是指西方、印度和中国。而这些伟大的人物对自己的文明所产生的影响，是其后没有任何人可以望其项背的，他们基本奠定了这三种文化的精神脊梁。比如说西方的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德一直到后来的耶酥都出现在这段时间，印度的佛教创始人释迦摹尼，中国的孔子孟子老子庄子等诸子百家全部都是出现在这个时代。所以这个时代被称为“轴心时代”。 我认为，就这个概念的提出来说，是雅斯贝尔斯的一个伟大的创举，但是比较遗憾的是有两个问题他没有阐述清楚。第一是为什么会出现这种近乎奇迹的情况？第二是在这个时代中西方文化究竟发生了怎样的变化？ 关于这两个问题，我在一本书里谈到：首先看中国，它的变革是经历了一个三步曲的过程。轴心时代来临之前的商代，中国和其他原始文明一样，都是一种亲代文化，都带有很浓郁的迷信色彩。我们最早的甲骨文就是一种专门用于占卜的宗教文字，为祭祀所用。西方学术界有一种观点，就是文明最早产生于寺庙之中，庙就是最早的城市中心。“尊神祀鬼”是殷商人的特点。帝是他们崇拜的最高神，帝在甲骨文里是代表一种花蕊，象征着生生不息的本根，也就是对生殖的崇拜。 周朝取代商代，不仅仅是政权的更替，更为主要是宗教的变化。周人不再相信自然神，天成为至高神，天和周人没有任何的血缘关系，他是一个普遍意义上的神。那么他根据什么来保佑人们呢？是根据德，“皇天无亲，唯德是辅”所以，周代呢就把德看作是取得天命的一个核心。而周代的“德”还不是指内心的道德，而是指外在的礼仪。“遵礼守法”是为德，“非礼枉法则无德”，所以周朝是一个非常讲究礼仪的朝代。“遵礼敬德”是周人的一个显著特点，所以从这一点上可以看到他们的精神内核的变化。 接下去是先秦的孔子孟子们所进行的儒家思想的变革。变革的最重要的就是把外在的礼仪规范转化成为一种内心的道德自觉——仁。这个变化是中国轴心时代发生的最重要的变化。所以孔子一生当中都在谈一个字“仁”，这是儒家思想的一个核心概念。“仁”是“礼”的基础，人首先要有内在之仁，才会有外在之礼。所以“礼蹦乐坏”的实质是人心不古，人心不仁。所以，表面上看孔子好像是一个守旧派，面对“礼蹦乐坏”感到很悲哀，而事实上他是一个革新派，他不是要恢复周礼，而是要把周礼的外在之礼建立在内心之仁的基础上。尽管对“仁”有很多种理解，我们认为最为经典的就是“仁者爱人”，就是爱人之心。后来，我们又把它进一步理解为“忠恕之道”也就是“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲欲欲人，己欲达达人”啊！说到底也就是仁爱之心。 到了孟子，对此又有了系统化的解释，他认为“仁”就是“亲亲”嘛。就是每个人都爱自己的亲人。所谓“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”，由此推出一个社会的泛爱关系，然后，他提出“恻隐之心，仁也；羞恶之心，义也；恭敬之心，礼也；是非之心，智也；”“仁义礼智“之心是与生俱来的。因此，一个人只要去向自己本性发掘，就一定能把自己本性中的美好善良的东西发掘出来，成为一个善人和圣人。因此，只要每个人都“修身、齐家”就能“治国、平天下”，最后达到一个大同的理想世界。 这就是轴心时代，中国文化完成的一个重大变革，这个变革决定了中国文化的基本精神，是注重现世的人自我的道德修养，而不太关注外在的上帝鬼神之类的东西。也就是说，中国儒家把大同社会的理想最后落实到每个人的修身养性的工夫之上。 同样，西方文化在这个时候也发生了很大的变化，通过希腊文化、到罗马文化以及基督教文化，它是一个超越的过程，而不是内敛的过程。到最后，中国文化强调一切从内心做起，西方文化强调一切由外在的上帝决定即上帝决定论。中世纪有一句名言：没有任何一只麻雀从树上掉下来，不是出于上帝的特殊意志。（笑）中国文化强调内心的修炼，“内盛外王，成己成物 ”，由内向外。所以，这就是中西方文化在“轴心时代”发生的根本变化。 三、中西文化的基本精神 中国完成了由外向内的收敛的过程以后，所有的知识分子就开始在内心的道德上下工夫了。因此，从这个时候开始，中国人特别是儒家的知识分子对外在的宗教逐渐淡漠起来，他们更多是注重自己内心的道德自觉，而不是外在的上帝决定论。所以从这个角度讲，中国文化比西方文化更具有人文主义的色彩，而不是神本主义。 但是，中国人对六合之外的东西是不太谈的，采取“存而不论”的态度。儒家知识分子对鬼神一贯采取“敬而远之”的态度。推崇父母在世的时候尽孝，君主在世的时候尽忠，讲究的是现世的人与人之间的关系的道德标准，而不讲究彼岸的那些东西。其实这个思想在周公旦的时候就说的非常清楚了：“圣人以神道设教，而天下归”，也就是说，说的是鬼神，其实是用鬼神来推行道德教化，是劝告你此生此世好好的做善事。孔子也始终对鬼神之事不感兴趣，“子不语怪力乱神”之事，“六合之外，存而不论”。孔子的很多话语都表明了他是一个彻底的无神论者。一次他的一个弟子问他“人死后，有知也？无知也？”，孔子的回答可谓充分表现了他的大智慧：“吾欲言有知，又恐孝子贤孙妨生送死；吾欲言无知，又恐不孝子孙弃而不葬；至于死后有知无知，死后自知之”。（大笑）也就是说，论鬼神的目的是为了起到教化人从善的，无论多么高深玄奥的东西，都必须以现实的行为准则为落脚点，从善、积德，方能“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”，这就是中国文化的基本内涵，是一种协调的现实精神。在西方，学术界称它是一种伦理文化。 西方文化主要是以基督教文化为主，它是一种超越的浪漫精神。它不断地超越现实，对六合之外的事情更为关注。这个问题前面已经讲了很多，在此只是做一个总结

中西方神话差异如下：中国神话没有具体的系统性脉络，只是单一故事的口耳相传。由于地理历史原因，中国神话保存下来的数量少且缺乏系统性。这正好与希腊神话记录方式相反，爱琴海作为古希腊文明的摇篮，其优越的地理位置有利于航海事业、海外贸易和海外殖民的发展，更易于从其他民族汲取文化要素。