发布时间：
英问文献多见官网，上面有各个系列的不同器件选型和参考手册，翻译多数需要手动进行翻译，建议多看英文资料
可以有以下三种写法，具体看你们的参考文献格式要求：
Grout I. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs[M]. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, Ian. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, I. (2011). Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes.
参考文献的类型
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 、C——论文集 、N——报纸文章。
J——期刊文章 、D——学位论文、 R——报告。
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
已经发过去了 你查收下 不知道是不是你想要的那个
你是说手册资料么？官网永远是最好的选择。
会计论文外文参考文献
会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢？下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献，欢迎参考借鉴！
[1]徐静.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露探析[J].企业导报.2012(15) :22-25.
[2]张明霞.李云鹏.企业社会责任会计信息披露问题研究[J].经济研究导刊.2011(20)：40-43.
[3] 路秀平.任会来.我国社会责任会计信息披露模式现实选择 [J]. 会计之友 (上旬刊).2012(12)：89-92.
[4]马海波.英美社会责任会计信息披露特色比较研究[J].财会学习.2012(10)：18-22.
[5]陈长宏.陈环.张科.论食品质量与食品安全性[J].现代农业科技.2013(12)：112-114.
[6]黎勇平.企业社会责任会计信息披露与企业市场价值的相关性研究 [J]. 南华大学2012:33-34.
[7]刘勇.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].西北大学 2013.
[8]周新颖.我国煤炭行业上市公司社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].南华大学 2011.
[9]刘尚林.公梅.企业社会责任会计信息披露模式的选择[J].财会月刊.2009(36)：68-71.
[10]金曼.我国社会责任会计核算体系的研究[D].上海海事大学 2013.
[11]陈锡江.企业社会责任成本研究[D].西南财经大学 2010.
[1]吴水澎，陈汉文，邵贤弟.企业内部控制理论的发展与启示[J].会计研宄，2000(5)：2-8.
[2]林钟高，郑军.基于契约视角的企业内部控制研究[J].会计研宄，2007 (10)： 53-60.
[3]杨雄胜.内部控制理论研宄新视野[J].会计研宄，2005(07)： 49-54+97.
[4]林斌，饶静.上市公司为什么自愿披露内部控制鉴证报告.一基于信号传递理论的实证研宄[J].会计研究，2009 (2)： 45-52.
[5]刘志梧，许良虎.内部控制概念口径分析及内部控制评价指标框架构建[J].财会月刊，2012 (04)： 52-53.
[6]池国华.中国上市公司内部控制指数的功能定位与系统构建[J].管理世界，2011(06)：172-173.
[7]李斌.上市公司内部控制评价研究[J].统计与决策，2009(22)： 176-178.
[8]孙志梅，李秀莲，王昕.基于AHP法的国有企业内部控制评价指标体系构建[J].财会通讯，2012 (19)： 23-25.
[9]蔡吉甫.我国上市公司内部控制信息披露的实证研究[J].审计与经济研宄，2005(02)：85-88.
[10]杨有红，毛新述.自愿性内部控制信息披露的有用性研宄[A].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会.首届内部控制专题学术研讨会论文集[C].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会，2009: 13.
[11]黄新銮，梁步腾，姚杰.中美内部控制法律框架的比较与借鉴[J].会计研宄，2008(9)： 88-91.
免责声明：本文仅代表作者个人观点,与本网无关。
管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法，利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告，并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支，还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用，就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧，希望对你有帮助。
[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)
[2] 刘明. 试析管理会计学科体系的重构[J]. 科技资讯. 2009(34)
[3] 胡玉明，叶志锋，范海峰. 中国管理会计理论与实践：1978年至2008年[J]. 会计研究. 2008(09)
[4] 宫昕璐，张媛. 管理会计理论研究综述[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2008(04)
[5] 高晨，汤谷良. 管理控制工具的整合模式：理论分析与中国企业的.创新--基于中国国有企业的多案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2007(08)
[6] 余绪缨. 关于培养高层次管理会计人才的认识与实践[J]. 财会月刊. 2007(22)
[7] 余绪缨. 管理会计学科建设的方向及其相关理论的新认识[J]. 财会通讯(综合版). 2007(02)
[8] 于增彪，王竞达，袁光华. 中国管理会计的未来发展：研究方法、热点实务和人才培养[J]. 首都经济贸易大学学报. 2006(01)
[9] 郝桂岩. 对管理会计规范化的几点思考[J]. 财会月刊. 2005(27)
[10] 李艳. 管理会计规范化的本质研究[J]. 特区经济. 2005(07)
[11] 颉茂华. 管理会计理论框架及其要素的构建[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2005(05)
[12] 王斌，高晨. 论管理会计工具整合系统[J]. 会计研究. 2004(04)
[13] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计新发展的主要特点[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(05)
[14] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计研究的新思维[J]. 财务与会计. 2004(02)
[15] 胡玉明. 管理会计发展的历史演进[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(01)
[16] 杜颖，张佳林. 经济增加值在企业业绩评价中的应用[J]. 财经理论与实践. 2003(01)
[17] 《管理会计应用与发展典型案例研究》课题组. 我国集团公司预算管理运行体系的新模式--中原石油勘探局案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
[18] 王斌，李苹莉. 关于企业预算目标确定及其分解的理论分析[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组，林斌，刘运国，谭光明，张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)
[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)
财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 （5）: 641-654.
[2]Aronoff,C.and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8（2）; 121-130.
[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,W.G. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 （1）:5-12.
[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47（1）:10 - 23.
[5]Alchian,A.Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62（5）: 777-795.
[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: pp.57-116.
[7]Amato,L. H.& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72（3）: 229-241.
[8]Chrisman, J.J. Chua,J.H., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18（4）: 441-448
[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32（3），367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical industry.Research Policy, 1997,26（4-5）， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73（1），125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in lending.Review of Financial Studies,2010,23（7），2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, K.D.,& Hennart, J.F. Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69（1），106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17（2），151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56（4），312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30（3），439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and strategy.California Management Review, 2007,50（1），57-76.
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10（3），467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41（5），556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13（S1），15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6（1），29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5（5），133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation modeling.Sociological Methods and Research,1987,16（1），78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
[1] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）[J]. Trends in Organized Crime . 1997 （4）
[2] Crongvist, Henrik,and Matias Nilsson.Agency Costs of Controlling Minority Shareholders. SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance . 2001
[3] Forker JJ.Corporate governance and disclosure quality. Accounting and Business . 1992
[4] Dechow P.M,Sloan R.G,Sweeney A.P.Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: an analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research . 1996
[5] Healy,P. M.The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decision. Journal of Accountancy . 1985
[6] Holthausen Robert,David Larcker,Richard Sloan.Annual Bonus Schemes and the Manipulation of Earnings. Journal of Accountancy . 1995
[7] Defond Mark L,James Jiambalvo.Debt Covenant Violation and Manipulation of Accruals. Journal of Accountancy . 1994 [7] Shyam Sunder.Theory of Accounting and Control. . 1997
[8] William R Scott.Financial Accounting Theory. . 1997
[9] Bae,Kee-Hong,Jun-KooKang,Jin-MoKim.Tunneling or value addition? Evidence from mergers by Korean business groups. The Journal of Finance . 2002
[10] Watts RL,Zimmerman JL.Towards a positive theory ofthe determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review . 1978
[1] Ball, R. and Brown, P.1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”,journal of Accounting Research,Autumn, pp. 159-178
[2] Watts R.L., Zimmerman J.1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards”,The Accounting Review, pp. 112-134
[3] Hopwood A. G.“Towards an Organizational Perspective for the Study of Accounting and Information Systems”,Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14
[4] Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P.19 89, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp.143-181
[6] EastonP.D, Zmijewski M.E, 19 89, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141
[6] Beaver, W. H. 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, journal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92
[7] Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117
[8]Patell J.M, 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276
经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳，彭红英，徐虹等译 财务会计 北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 CNY78.00 12,545页 共14章，分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述；第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用；第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项；第四部分介绍负债和股东权益；第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。 管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony A.Atkinson...[等]著/王立彦，陆勇，樊铮译 管理会计 北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 CNY59.00 20,523页 包括：创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。 高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe B.Hoyle，(美)Thomas F.Schaefer，(美)Timothy S.Doupnik著/王鑫改编 会计学 高等学校 英文 北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 CNY56.00 490页 实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts)，杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著 会计学 英文 北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 CNY49.00 22,381页 内容包括：会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。 税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计 上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 CNY38.00 9,676页 系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识，其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。
英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
问题一：论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会户刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题二：外文参考文献怎么找 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题三：写论文怎么找外文文献 中国知网――ki你可以访问国家图书馆，找到学士论文那一项，再往下分类。或者高级搜索外文文献。 斯普林格（Splinger）――外国网站，如果你们学校买了的话就可以看，很多检索需要验证IP的。 到最近的大学办个图书证，花钱办的，还要带身份证或者学生证。都有外文图书室的。 别的就要看您什么专业，有专业用的检索网站等等。 通过看相关的中文文献，找到他们用的参考书，再把那本书弄到手看看有没有用。（我常用）这个不会出错，而且经常有翻译版。 问题四：查找下载学术论文和外文文献都有哪些途径和方法？具体一点 最常见的是知网。对于外文文献主要还有以下一些网站。楼主要采纳哦！ 问题五：毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的？ 1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊常2、检索图书馆外文数据库 推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost（search.ebscohost）和WSN（worldscinet.lib.tsinghua.edu）。 3、利用搜索引擎检索 利用Google、GoogleScholar（谷歌学术scholar.google）或SCIRUS（scirus）等外文搜索引擎。 问题六：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题七：毕业论文的外文文献怎么找 有的 很多,是个人原创。 你好，帮你就是的，一份完整的 问题八：毕业论文外文文献在哪里找啊 15分 谷歌学术里可以找 不过你这个题目我估计是找不到外文文献的 问题九：一般在哪里下载英文论文文献 在淘宝里搜英文文献下载，就可以。也可以按店名来搜 “木虫屋” 就行，好像还可以代查，感觉挺方便的。 问题十：去哪找论文的外文文献？ science鸡irect/在这个网站,就可以找对外文文献的.在all fiedls,输入关键词,
我刚好有，你自己看看能用不？资本结构的理论：Theory of capital structure theory, including net income, net operating income theory, MM theory, agency theory and the theory level of funding. (A) of the net theory The theory that the use of debt can reduce their overall cost of capital. As the cost of debt is generally lower, so the higher the debt level, consolidated cost of capital lower, the greater enterprise value. When the debt ratio to 100%, the enterprise value will be maximized. (B) Net operating income theory The theory that capital structure has nothing to do with the value of the business, deciding the level of the key elements of the value of the enterprise's net operating income. Although the company increased lower-cost debt capital, but also increase the risk of the enterprise, resulting in increased cost of equity capital, the company integrated the cost of capital remains unchanged. Regardless of how the company's financial leverage, the overall cost of capital constant, the value of corporate capital structure will not, therefore there is no optimal capital structure. (C) MM MM theory theory is that in the absence of corporate and personal income tax situation, the value of any enterprise, regardless of whether the liabilities are equal to operating profit divided by the applicable rate of return to their risk level. Risk of the same enterprise, the value of liabilities and whether the extent of the liabilities from the impact; but in considering the case of income tax, tax shelters because of the interests of corporate value will increase with the extent of the liabilities increase, shareholders will receive more benefits . As a result, more debt, the enterprise value will be greater. (D) agency theory agency theory that capital structure will affect the level of work managers and other behavior choices, which affect future cash income and market value. The theory that creditors have a strong incentive funding, and debt as a security mechanism. This mechanism can make managers more work, less personal enjoyment, and make better investment decisions, thereby reducing the separation of ownership and agency costs incurred; However, debt financing could lead to another agency costs, which companies to accept the creditors monitoring costs incurred. Enterprise ownership structure balanced by equity and debt agency costs balance between agency costs to the decision. (E) funding level of theory theory that funding levels: (1) the cost of external financing, including management and underwriting not only cost, but also generated by asymmetric information, "under-investment effect" caused by the cost. (2) debt financing than equity financing. The interests of the corporate income tax saving, debt financing can increase the value of the business, that is, the more debt, increase corporate value more, this is the first effect of debt; however, the cost of the financial crisis and the present value of expected agency costs are value will lead to a decline in enterprise value, namely, the more debt, the greater the decrease in corporate value, which is the second effect of debt. Since these two effects offset, corporate liability should be moderate. (3) The existence of asymmetric information, companies need to retain certain liabilities for profitable investment opportunities in the capacity comes to issue bonds, to avoid the high cost of issuing new shares. View from the mature stock market, corporate pecking order pattern of financing is internal financing first, followed by loans, issue bonds, convertible bonds, and finally the issue of new shares financing. However, the 80 emerging stock markets of the 20th century with obvious preference for equity financing.资本结构的影响因素：Although the modern capital structure theory has become a more complete theoretical system, but it is only theoretically analyzed, and the emphasis on the theory of capital structure are often a factor, and the corporate face of the competitive environment and production environment is complex, factors that affect the capital structure is complex, requiring from the macro, meso and micro-analysis of all aspects. (A) macro-economic factors Macroeconomic factors is the development of a country's overall economic status and income level, the macroeconomic impact of capital structure factors, including economic development cycle, the level of economic development, capital market conditions and inflation. If a country's economic development well in the economic cycle in a stage of recovery or prosperity, strong demand and supply companies, in a good production and business environment, companies right. Strong demand for funds, will indirectly affect the capital structure. But when the stage of a country's economy in recession, most companies in financial difficulties, in order to survive, companies will generally try to reduce the size of external debt in order to avoid liquidity shortages due to bankruptcy. Perfect capital markets, financing channels are smooth, have been identified related to the business capital of organizations can be achieved as planned. Capital markets tend to lag behind allowing companies to be forced to change a previously set to discuss the capital structure, which will lead to the increase in the cost of corporate capital, corporate capital structure in determining the best capital market factors may be considered small, objectively impeded the Superior the realization of capital structure. (B) in view of economic factors The so-called meso-economic factors, which mainly refers to the industry factors, domestic and foreign large number of theoretical and empirical studies have shown that the same industries and enterprises consistent with the capital structure, capital structure of different industries will there is a big difference. The same industry in which the development cycle, risks, capital requirements and other parties on a more consistent side, prisoners of this, in the equity capital and debt capital is often the choice of BU consistency, a similar bias in the debt ratio. Companies in determining the capital structure, pay attention to industry factors, the risk profile of its industry, capital requirements and other conditions, compare levels of the industry average debt ratio, integrated their own factors, reasonably determine the capital structure. (C) of the micro-economic factors 1, the enterprise scale. Firm size on capital structure can be analyzed from two aspects of supply and demand. On the demand side, companies large and the demand for capital, the more, and therefore greater need for diversified financing channels, as in the stock market when funding is limited, demand will increase to debt, debt leverage to seek greater effect. On the supply side, the larger corporate regulation membrane ability to take risks that companies, banks and other creditors to be more willing to provide financing to businesses, enterprises can obtain a lower cost debt capital, so debt is higher. In summary, the corporate debt ratio and firm size is often positively correlated. 2, the company's profitability and growth. High debt ratio of enterprises need sufficient liquidity to pay as interest and debt guarantees, therefore, in general, only with higher profitability and growth of the company can maintain a higher debt ratio. On the other hand, high profitability and growth of enterprises do not want to because the equity financing, equity financing of the old with the dilution of the interests of shareholders, companies continue to grow and need a lot of financial support, the financing of enterprises will be biased in favor of debt financing. Therefore, the debt ratio and corporate profitability and growth are positively correlated. 3, film companies can regulate mortgage assets. Modern enterprises generally use debt financing by way of security, so companies only have a bite larger mortgage assets, to finance by way of debt, for the machinery manufacturing, real estate and other fixed assets, the larger the enterprise, its with more assets can be secured, a greater supply of debt finance and financing costs are lower, companies would be biased in favor of higher debt capital structure. In summary, in terms of capital structure theory and practical analysis of the factors, I believe that the optimal capital structure of enterprises need integrated various factors, both theoretical models to be applied, and must be based on the actual situation of domestic capital markets, real case, alternative financing channels in the actual and reasonable identified in the capital structure to maximize the reduction in the cost of corporate finance, financial needs of corporations, while maximizing the level of corporate earnings. Links in the paper for download
OA图书馆 。输入相应英语关键词搜索。
Modigliani, F., and M. Miller. (1958). “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment.” American Economic Review 48, 261-297. Myers, S.C., 1984. The capital structure puzzle. Journal of Finance 39, 575-592.Marsh, P., 1982. The choice between equity and debt: an empirical study. Journal of Finance 37, 121-144.Bennet, M. and R. Donnelly, 1993, ''The Determinants of Capital Structure: Some U.K. vidence'', British Accounting Review 25, 43–59.Bradley, M., Jarrell, G.A., Kim, E.H., 1984. On the existence of an optimal capital structure: heory and evidence. Journal of Finance 39, 857-878.Rajan, R. and Zingales, L. (1995), “What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some vidence from International Data”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, pp. 1421- 1460.Kremp, E., E. Stoss and Gerdesmeier, D. 1999. “Estimation of a Debt Function: Evidence From French and German Firm Panel Data, in Sauve, A. and Scheuer, M. (ed.) Corporate Finance in Germany and France: A Joint Research Project of Deutche Bundesbank and the Banque de France, SSRN Working Paper.Frank, M. and V. Goyal (2003). Capital Structure Decisions. University of British Columbia and Hong Kong University. Mimeo.Drobetz, W. and R. Fix (2003). What are the Determinants of the Capital Structure? Some Evidence for Switzerland. University of Basel. WWZ / Departament of Finance, Working Paper No. 4/03.Myers, S., and N. Majluf. (1984). “Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms have Information that Investors do not have.” Journal of Financial Economics 13, 187-221.
Chinese Traditional Cross TalkUsually, Cross Talk (Xiangsheng), a comic dialogue, features two men humorously sparring back and forth. By vivid and rich descriptions of characters and events, it is intended to express thought-provoking things behind the humor. Although cross talkers, now highly respected and recognized as folk artists, worship Dongfang Shuo of Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.) as their forefather, it is in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) that this popular plebeian culture began to prosper. In early years, street cross talkers in Beijing's Tian Qiao area included Qiongbupa (not-fearing poverty), Wanrenmi (adored-by-ten-thousand-people) and Li Dexi. They wrote and performed many popular pieces, making indelible contributions to the development of this art form. Although Beijing was home to the cross talk, the port city of Tianjin, with its proximity to Beijing, was a place where cross talkers must go to perform. Gradually, Tianjin became a place where any new pieces had to be first performed and recognized before being staged in Beijing. Many famous cross talkers all once performed in Tianjin for many years before their names were widely known across the country, including Ma Sanli, Hou Baolin, Zhang Shouchen, Chang Lianan, Chang Yukun, Chan Baoting, Bai Quanfu, Su Wenmao, Gao Yingpei, Fan Zhenyu, etc. Although Tianjin is not the birthplace of the cross talk, it is a city that once cultivated many famous cross talkers who has achieved artistic excellence of unique depth. The cross talk is loved by the people of Tianjin and has become a glamor of the city.
以下是郭德纲相声研究的一些参考资料：1. 《中国传统相声艺术史》：该书是新时期中国相声艺术史的代表作之一，通过对中国传统相声、赵家班、洪深相声、范瑞娟相声以及郭德纲相声等不同流派的艺术历史、风格特点、演出形式等方面的分析，全面系统地介绍了中国相声艺术的发展历程和特点。2. 《郭德纲相声精选》：该书收录了郭德纲多个经典相声小品，包括《打单手》《琴棋书画》《夜店》等等，可供学习分析研究。3. 《十年相声珍藏版》：该书是以郭德纲为代表的新一代相声人物的代表作，收录郭德纲多个相声小品，如《单刀会》《好汉坡》等，展示了郭德纲相声艺术的风格特点和表演技巧。4. 《相声鉴赏辞典》：该书是相声文化的专业词典，包括相声的历史、流派、艺术特点、表演技巧等方面的介绍和解析，可供相声研究者参考。5. 相声评剧学报、戏曲学刊等相关学术期刊：这些期刊都定期刊登关于相声文化、艺术研究的学术论文、评论、访谈等内容，是相声研究者了解相声最新进展和文化思潮的重要参考资料。以上是一些可以参考的郭德纲相声研究资料和文献，相信对相声爱好者和研究者有所帮助。
Crosstalk, a folk rap art. It takes the form of speaking, learning, teasing and singing to highlight its characteristics.
相声，一种民间说唱曲艺。它以说、学、逗、唱为形式，突出其特点。
Famous comic actors include Zhang Shouchen, Ma Sanli, Hou Baolin, Liu Baorui, Ma Ji, Hou Yaowen, Su Wenmao, Guo Degang, Yue Yunpeng and so on.
著名相声演员有张寿臣，马三立，侯宝林，刘宝瑞， 马季，侯耀文，苏文茂，郭德纲，岳云鹏等。
There are three major sources of Chinese cross talk: Beijing Tianqiao, Tianjin Quanyechang and Nanjing Confucius Temple. The art of comic dialogue originated in North China and was popular in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. It spread throughout the country and at home and abroad. It began in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and flourished in contemporary times.
中国相声有三大发源地：北京天桥、天津劝业场和南京夫子庙。相声艺术源于华北，流行于京津冀，普及于全国及海内外，始于明清，盛于当代。
Mainly using oral performances, mainly in Beijing dialect. The main road has a folding fan, handcuffs, and waking wood. The performance forms include stand-up cross talk, counterpart cross talk, group cross talk, etc. It is a form of art performance that is rooted in the folk, originated from life, and popular with the masses.
主要采用口头方式表演，以北京话为主。主要道具有折扇、手绢、醒木。表演形式有单口相声、对口相声、群口相声等，是扎根于民间、源于生活、又深受群众欢迎的曲艺表演艺术形式。
扩展资料：
相声的四大基本功：说、学、逗、唱是相声传统的四种基本艺术手段。
“说”是叙说笑话和打灯谜、绕口令等；“学”是模仿各种鸟兽叫声、叫卖声、唱腔和各种人物风貌、语言等；“逗”是互相抓哏逗笑；“唱”相声的本工唱是指太平歌词。
2008年6月7日，国务院关于公布第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录和第一批国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录正式对外公布。第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录：“相声”。
相声，一种民间说唱曲艺。它以说、学、逗、唱为形式，突出其特点。Famous comic actors include Zhang Shouchen, Ma Sanli, Hou Baolin, Liu Baorui, Ma Ji, Hou Yaowen, Su Wenmao, Guo Degang, Yue Yunpeng and so on.著名相声演员有张寿臣，马三立，侯宝林，刘宝瑞， 马季，侯耀文，苏文茂，郭德纲，岳云鹏等。There are three major sources of Chinese cross talk: Beijing Tianqiao, Tianjin Quanyechang and Nanjing Confucius Temple. The art of comic dialogue originated in North China and was popular in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. It spread throughout the country and at home and abroad. It began in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and flourished in contemporary times.中国相声有三大发源地：北京天桥、天津劝业场和南京夫子庙。相声艺术源于华北，流行于京津冀，普及于全国及海内外，始于明清，盛于当代。Mainly using oral performances, mainly in Beijing dialect. The main road has a folding fan, handcuffs, and waking wood. The performance forms include stand-up cross talk, counterpart cross talk, group cross talk, etc. It is a form of art performance that is rooted in the folk, originated from life, and popular with the masses.主要采用口头方式表演，以北京话为主。主要道具有折扇、手绢、醒木。表演形式有单口相声、对口相声、群口相声等，是扎根于民间、源于生活、又深受群众欢迎的曲艺表演艺术形式。