可以这样开始你的课题报告:简爱是一个贫苦低微、其貌不扬、性格倔强、感情丰富、独立自尊、勇敢执着、聪慧过人的女孩,她对自己的命运、价值、地位的思考和努力把握,对自己的思想和人格有着理性的认识,对自己的幸福和情感有着坚定的追求。从简爱身上,我们看到了当今新女性的形象:自尊、自重、自立、自强,对于自己的人格、情感、生活、判断、选择的坚定理想和执着追求。这些都是简爱的自身价值参考文献: 简同,《百部世界文学名著赏析》。北京:北京出版社,2001.2。 袁世全,《外国文学名著微缩》。上海:汉语大词典出版社,2001.8。 方洲,《世界文学名著速读手册》。北京:中国青年出版社,1999。 金志浩,《同行者:高中生自选名篇佳作》。上海:汉语大词典出版社,2000.3。 陶德臻,《世界文学名著选读》。北京:高等教育出版社,2002。 梁坤,《外国文学名著选读》。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002。 田兆耀,《西方文学鉴赏》。北京:中国广播电视出版社,2002.3。 刘念兹,王化学,曾繁亭,《外国作家作品专题研究》。济南:山东人民出版社,2001,5。 杨正和,《外国文学名作欣赏》。北京:科学出版社,1999.8。 梅子涵,《经典女孩:世界名著中的少女故事》。上海:上海人民出版社,2001。
摘要:《简爱》是19世纪英国批判现实主义文学作家夏洛蒂勃朗特的代表作。它成功地塑造了新型的小资产阶级女性简爱的生动形象,集中描写她为谋求妇女经济独立和爱情平等权利而进行的斗争。本文主要从心理、语言、思想、行为等方面分析简爱的性格特点。 关键词:人格、意志、精神、虐待、摧残、反抗、自由、平等 1.引言 《简爱》是一部带有作者自传性的作品,采用第一人称的自叙写法,让女主人公倾诉自己的喜怒哀乐和人生理想,爱情友谊,具有娓娓动听,亲切感人的艺术魅力。它写一个孤女个人的奋斗故事,作者本人生活中的悲哀、忧患、紧张和勇气在小说中得到了强烈的反映。襁褓中父母双亡的简爱被舅舅收养,舅舅死后,舅母一家人百般虐待她,最后将她送入慈善学校,在那里备受凌辱摧残。成年后,她被聘往桑费尔德庄园当家庭教师,与主人真诚相爱;及行婚礼,发生不测,主人被证明早已结婚,其妻因疯病被私关密室。简爱不愿作人情妇,只身远离,流浪途中昏倒在风雨之夜,被一青年牧师圣约翰救回家,在其两个妹妹的照顾下恢复健康。牧师准备去印度传教,他认为简爱坚强而耐苦,可以作个好帮手,就向其求婚,但遭拒绝,因为简爱情有所钟。爱情又使她返回桑费尔德庄。这时女人已将庄园烧毁,自己也被烧死,主人抢救她时还弄成了残废,两人终于幸福地结合。此外,简爱意外地得浪迹海外的叔父一笔遗产,同时被证明她圣约翰原是姑表兄妹。 2. 简爱的性格特点及其具体表现 2.1.自尊自主、叛逆反抗 简爱,在寄居的舅妈家里,和骄横残暴的表哥约翰发生冲突,瘦小的她敢于和表哥扭打,并怒斥他:"你这男孩真是又恶毒又残酷,你像个杀人犯----你像个虐待奴隶的人,----你像罗马皇帝。" 他还敢于指责冷酷护短的舅妈:"你以为你是好人,可是你坏,你狠心。"简爱的童年的生活让读者初步了解她的反抗性格和捍卫独立人格的精神起点。 从下面的几段描述中可以看到简爱的内心是多么的叛逆反抗。 "我被他打倒,头还在痛,血还在流;约翰粗暴地打了我,没有人责备他;而我,为了叫他以后不再干出这种荒唐的暴行,却受到了众人的许多责难。 "不公平!----不公平啊!"我理智的说。令人痛苦的刺激逼得我的理智一时早熟地发挥了威力;"决心"也同样被鼓舞起来,催促着我采取什么奇妙的方法,从这难以忍受的压迫下逃跑----譬如出走,或者,万一走不了的话,就永远不再吃不再喝,听任自己饿死。在那一个悲惨的下午,我的灵魂是多么惶恐不安啊,我整个脑海里是多么混乱啊,我的心有多么的反抗啊,然而,这一精神上的搏斗,是在怎么样的黑暗,怎么样的愚昧中进行的啊,我无法回答内心的这个不断提出的问题:为什么我这样受苦;而如今,隔了----我不愿说隔了多少年----我却看的明明白白了。" 简爱非常的重视自我,她说:"我是自己的主人",当一对恋人的结婚计划被粉碎时,罗彻斯特提议到法国去过同居生活,尽管这个方案对于热恋中的人来说具有无可争辩的诱惑力,但是她拒绝了----"我关心我自己。越孤独,越没有朋友,越没有人帮助,我越要自重。"因此她逃离了。 2.2.追求精神上的自由、平等 当简爱发觉她深深地爱上了主人后,在地位如此悬殊的情况下,她却敢于去爱,因为她坚信人在精神上都是平等的。一个穷教师斗胆爱上一个上流人物,在等级深严的社会观念看来,无异于乞丐万奢望国王,所以这本身就是向社会及偏见的大胆挑战。惟其如此,它也就意味着遭受嘲笑或侮辱,只有像简爱这样并不把权贵放在心上的人才能去坦坦荡荡地爱。当罗切斯特为了试探她而假意要娶某贵族小姐时,她愤怒地说:"你以为,因为我穷,低贱,不美,矮小,我就没有灵魂没有心吗?你想错了!-----我的灵魂跟你一样,我的心也跟你的完全一样!......。就如我们站在上帝跟前是平等的----因为我们是平等的!"基于此,她表达爱情的方式才不是甜腻的赞美,温柔的絮语,更不是祈求,诱惑或勾引,归根结底,她追求的是两颗心的平等结合。 "你为什么和我讲这些?她和你与我有什么关系?你以为我贫穷,相貌平平就没有情感吗?我向你起誓,如果上帝赋予我财富和美貌,我会让你难以离开我,就像我现在难以离开你一样。可上帝没有这样安排。但我们的精神是平等的。就如你我走过的坟墓,平等地站在上帝面前。"这是简爱发内心的为精神平等观念的辩护。 2.3.感情炽烈,敢于追求真正意义上、完整的爱情 简爱对罗彻斯特情感非常的追求非常的真诚和专一,这主要表现在对她对罗彻斯特执着而强烈的爱情上。当圣约翰向她提出求婚,要她作为他的助手一起去印度传教时,简爱虽然认为"他是个好人",但还是拒绝了他的求婚。因为在简爱看来,他爱的并不是自己,他更爱的是上帝。更重要的是,无论他对她如何,她心里爱的仍是罗彻斯特。因为牧师对他的爱是不完整的。可是在得知罗彻斯特还有疯了的合法妻子,她还是拒绝了他的爱,她不愿作人情妇,她要的还是一份真正意义的完整爱情。然而,当简爱离开了罗彻斯特后,并没有在感情上抛弃他;相反,她的爱情像殉道一般,专一到打算为其作永远的牺牲,贫困时是这样,富有后仍是这样,更不会因为罗彻斯特身体上的残缺而弃之不顾。以下是罗彻斯特在庄园被烧毁,眼睛瞎了后,向简爱求爱的一独白。 "简,你肯嫁给我吗? "肯的,先生" "一个比你大20岁的瘸子,你得伺侯他的人。" "是的,先生" "当真,简?" "完全当真,先生。" 从中可看到简爱所追求的爱情不是物质财富,而是真正意义上的纯洁爱情,不含半点虚假造作。 2.4.意志坚强,智慧过人 在盖茨海德府,简爱是童话里的"灰姑娘"、弱小、丑陋、怪僻、胆小、任人摆布,是个没有明确地位和身份的"小家伙",是个"外来人",是个"异种人",是个"比不上佣人"的小姐。一切力量都压迫她,残害她的天性,扼杀她的成长,但简爱的心却并没有被丑恶的现实所摧毁,她的精神却因粗砺的生活而锤炼得顽强,她的意志被磨砺得坚决,非凡的处境培植了她非凡的勇气和洞察力,十岁的孩子似乎具备了成人的智力,而这种超绝的智力促使她无所谓惧地去反抗压迫者。 "你没有权利拿我的书。妈妈说你是个靠别人养活的人;你没有钱。" "我的里德舅舅在天上,你做的一切和和想的一切,他都看得见,我爸爸妈妈也都看得见;他们知道你整天把我关起来,还巴不得我死掉。" 在劳渥学校的悲惨体验,更表现了简爱的坚强和惊人的意志力。简爱刚刚摆脱舅妈的虐待,就被送到寄宿学校读书,和其他孩子们一起,经常挨饿受冻,挨打罚站。学校里传染病夺取了好多孤儿的生命,简爱却凭借顽强的生命力在这种艰苦的条件下呆了10年。 " 当我们无缘无故挨打的时候,我们应该狠狠地回击;我肯定我们应该回击----狠狠地回击,教训教训打我们的那个人,叫他永远不敢在这样打人。"这是简爱在言语上对打他的人有力回击,也是在精神上维护自己受伤的心灵。 在下面主人疵疵逼人的问话中,无所畏惧自卑,更表现其头脑精灵的一面罗彻斯特:"你很沉着。像你这样身份低微的孤儿,哪来的这种沉着?" 简:"它来自我的头脑,先生。" 罗彻斯特:"是我看到的,你肩膀上的那个?" 简:"是的,先生。" 罗彻斯特:"你头脑中还有没有其他类似的东西?" 简:"我想它样样具备,先生。" 她所受过的教育和经历使她拥有一个富有智慧、善良敏感、坚强独立的高贵灵魂,在这一点上,她与主人相比毫不逊色,甚至使其有时感到惭愧。 3. 结语 从上文的分析可见,简爱是一个贫苦低微、其貌不扬、性格倔强、感情丰富、独立自尊、勇敢执着、聪慧过人的女孩,她对自己的命运、价值、地位的思考和努力把握,对自己的思想和人格有着理性的认识,对自己的幸福和情感有着坚定的追求。从简爱身上,我们看到了当今新女性的形象:自尊、自重、自立、自强,对于自己的人格、情感、生活、判断、选择的坚定理想和执着追求。这是简爱人格魅力的启示,也是本文的写作目的所在
十九世纪中期,英国伟大的女性存在主义先驱,著名作家夏洛蒂勃朗特创作出了她的代表作--《简爱》,当时轰动了整个文坛,直到现在它的影响还继续存在。在作品的序幕、发展、高潮和结尾中,女主人公的叛逆、自由、平等、自尊、纯洁的个性都是各个重点章节的主旨,而这些主旨则在女主人公的爱情观中被展露的淋漓尽致,它们如同乌云上方的星汉,灼灼闪耀着光芒,照亮着后来的女性者们追求爱情的道路。从小就成长在一个充满暴力的环境中的简爱,经历了同龄人没有的遭遇。她要面对的是舅妈的毫无人性的虐待,表兄的凶暴专横和表姐的傲慢冷漠,尽管她尽力想“竭力赢得别人的好感”,但是事实告诉她这都是白费力气的,因此她发出了“不公平啊!--不公平!”的近乎绝望的呼喊。不公平的生长环境,使得简爱从小就向往平等、自由和爱,这些愿望在她后来的成长过程中表现无疑,譬如在她的爱情观中的种种体现。A.桑菲尔德府谭波儿小姐因为出嫁,离开了洛伍德学校,同时也离开了简爱,这使简爱感觉到了“一种稳定的感觉,一切使我觉得洛伍德学校有点像我家的联想,全都随着她消失了”,她意识到:真正的世界是广阔的,一个充满希望和忧虑、激动和兴奋的变化纷呈的天地,正等待着敢于闯入、甘冒风险寻求人生真谛的人们。意识形态的转变促使着简爱走向更广阔的社会,接受社会的挑战,尽管她才只有十八岁。于是,简爱来到了桑菲尔德府,当了一名在当时地位不高的家庭教师。桑菲尔德府使简爱感受到“这儿有想象中的完美无缺的家庭安乐气氛”,事实证明了她的预感的正确性,后来她成了罗切斯特的妻子,果真成了这个家庭中的成员。这个家的主人叫罗切斯特,他是个苦命的人,顽固的封建伦理道德酿成了罗切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大学毕业后,在父亲的安排下,他娶了心胸庸俗,狭窄的梅森小姐为妻,尽管美森的外表靓丽,然而她的脾气确实极端的坏,她与罗切斯特的志趣格格不入,罗切斯特痛苦地感觉到“我们之间根本无法进行亲切的交谈,因为不管我谈起什么话题马上就会从她那儿听到既粗俗又陈腐、既乖张又愚蠢的回答”,罗切斯特是一个爱好广泛的高等知识分子,尤其爱好唱歌和交际,而现在他却要在这么一个妻子面前得到种种的限制,因此他倍感痛苦不堪。更加可怕的是,结婚四年之后,美森竟然发疯了,为什么会发疯?因为她的恣意妄为和不可一世。当一个人的性格坏到把自己都逼疯的程度,我们可以知道生活在她周围的人所受到的煎熬,其中程度最深的当然是罗切斯特,他对简爱说:“在我26岁的时候那年,我就对生活感到绝望了。”绝望的罗切斯特离开了英国,去了欧洲大陆,为了寻找一个能够爱上他的善良聪明的女子。然而命运又是如此的捉弄人,在漫游欧洲的十年当中,他的渴望一次又一次的落空,已经彻底绝望的他甚至堕落为寻找情妇以发泄心中的极端郁闷。最后,形单影只的罗切斯特带着一个要寻找一个聪明、忠实而钟情的女子为妻的梦想回到了桑菲尔德府。我们发现作者特意安排了这么一个场景,在罗切斯特回府的路上,刚好碰到了外出办事的简爱,并且得到了简爱的帮助,这预示罗切斯特将来的生活离不开简爱了,可见作者的用心良苦。当罗切斯特第一次看到简爱时,他就感到了“有一种全新的东西,一种新的活力和新的感觉,不知不觉传便了我的全身”。这种新的感觉其实就是罗切斯特的真爱之梦将成为现实,这种感觉和简爱所预见的感觉一样,也是正确的。从和简爱相见、相识到相爱的过程当中,简爱的那种叛逆精神、自强自尊的品质深深地征服了罗切斯特,而罗切斯特的优雅风度和渊博知识同样也征服了简爱。最初开始,简爱一直以为罗切斯特会娶高贵漂亮的英格拉姆为妻,她在和罗切斯特谈到婚姻时,曾经义正言辞的对罗切斯特说:“你以为因为我穷,低微,不美,矮小,就没有灵魂了吗?你想错了!我跟你一样有灵魂—也同样有一颗心!我现在不是凭着肉体凡胎跟你说话,而是我的心灵在和你的心灵说话,就好像我们都已经离开人世,两人平等地站在上帝面前—因为我们本来就是平等的。”这充分表现出简爱的叛逆,她这种维护妇女独立人格、主张婚姻独立自主以及男女平等的主张可以看成是他对整个人类社会自由平等的向往追求,罗切斯特正是爱上了她这样的独特个性,同时他也同样重复道:我们本来就是平等的。罗切斯特自始自终爱的是简爱的心灵—有着意志的力量,美德和纯洁的心灵,正是基于如此,简爱才真正的爱着罗切斯特。因为爱情是来不得半点虚假的,一方为另一方付出了真情的爱,假如得到对方的是虚情假意,那么这份爱情也就预示着快要结束了。简爱对罗切斯特的真爱,正好弥补了罗切斯特前半生耽误的青春和感情,同时也使自己的美好爱情得到了实现。我们可以说:简爱的爱情是伟大又平凡的。说她伟大,是因为她爱罗切斯特没有带任何的功利色彩,当她后来离开桑菲尔德府孤单一人漫无目的的出走时,她没有从府里拿任何的东西,甚至连罗切斯特送给她的珍珠项链她都没有拿走,后来她差点就饿死在路上;说她平凡,是因为她的爱情也是普通人中的爱情。我们礼赞这样的爱情!B.圣约翰家简爱与罗切斯特的婚姻变故促使她离开了桑菲尔德府,离开了她心爱的罗切斯特。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)一位坚强独立的女性——简•爱 摘 要简爱是夏洛蒂•勃朗特根据自身经历而写的一部小说, 也是她的成名作。小说塑造的是一位坚强独立的女性,她追求真爱,平等,是女性的楷模。简爱是个孤儿,从小受尽凌辱,但从不为生活所屈服,她有... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-11-22 2、 (英语系毕业论文)解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 摘 要文化战略是帝国主义国家控制殖民地的一种方式,作为文化的产物,<<简.爱>>包含了帝国主义的各种因素。19世纪中期的英国,以前所未有的速度向外扩张,人们普遍沉醉于白色神话的迷梦中,而作为意识形态表... 类别:毕业论文 大小:72 KB 日期:2008-11-18 3、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简•爱》看知识改变女性命运 摘 要《简•爱》是一部出色的自传小说。女主人公简没有娇好的面容,婀娜的身姿,却和其它著作中的美人一样,深深地吸引着我们;简出生贫寒,是一个可怜的孤儿,随后又被送进寄宿学校,过者艰苦的生活,... 类别:毕业论文 大小:79 KB 日期:2008-11-13 4、 (英语系毕业论文)我看简•爱的爱情 摘 要《简.爱》是一部自传体小说,它是夏洛蒂.勃朗特的第一部长篇小说。作者以第一人称的自叙手法,为我们描述了一个反抗社会压力,充满反叛和独立精神的女性形象。小说以其独特的艺术魅力,展示其充满爱、激情与... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 5、 (英语系毕业论文)分析简•爱的美 摘 要《简•爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂—勃朗特的代表作写于1846年。虽然迄今150多年,但是这部作品仍然深受广大读者的喜爱,这都是因为这部作品的女主人翁简.爱。外在的美是短暂的,内在的美... 类别:毕业论文 大小:83 KB 日期:2008-10-05 6、 (英语系毕业论文)《简•爱》的浪漫主义解读 摘 要本文从浪漫主义视角重新解读了19世纪现实主义作家夏洛蒂•勃郎特的长篇小说《简•爱》的艺术特点——积极浪漫主义与黑色浪漫主义的完美结合。《简•爱》是一部复杂的作... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 7、 (英语系毕业论文)从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》 开题报告+论文目录I Introduction 1II The Comparison between Charlotte Bronte’s and Jane Eyre’s Experiences ... 类别:毕业论文 大小:34 KB 日期:2008-05-17 8、 (实用英语专业)论《简·爱》的写作特点及人物个性 中文摘要和关键词摘要: 《简·爱》的独特之处不仅在于小说的真实性和强烈的感染力,还在于小说塑造了一个不屈于世俗压力,独立自主,积极进取的女性形象。本文通过对小说生动丰富的语言、具体的人物性格、写作背景... 类别:毕业论文 大小:42 KB 日期:2008-03-21 9、 (英语系毕业论文)为爱而叛逆——简·爱对爱的渴求的分析 内容摘要夏洛蒂·博朗特在《简·爱》小说中讲述了一个孤女成长为一个成熟高贵的人,并得到别人的喜爱与尊重的故事。主人公简·爱在追求理想的幸福生活时,遇到了很多的挫折,她进行了不屈的斗争终于得到了她想要的生... 类别:毕业论文 大小:28 KB 日期:2007-08-12 10、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简爱》看19世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒 任务书+开题报告+文献综述+外文文献翻译+论文摘 要女性主义批评在女性解放运动推动下发展起来。近年来女性主义批评转向以女性经验以及女性对生活的反映为基础,通过对文学中的女性人物进行重新阐释和解读,肯... 类别:毕业论文 大小:82 KB 日期:2007-06-21
题目:《简爱》的女性主义分析 《简.爱》作为夏洛蒂.勃朗特的代表作之一,其在当时的英国社会产生了较为广泛的影响。《简.爱》中所体现的女性主义意识更是引起了当时以及后代人的广泛关注,而中外学者对《简.爱》中的女性主义也都持有各自的观点。 吴娟《从觉醒到回归的渐进---19世纪英国女性小说中女性意识探幽》(2010)表现了19世纪以跨世纪小说家简.奥斯汀为首,勃朗特姐妹及乔治.艾略特等一批优秀女作家相继亮相文坛,共同揭开了19世纪英国小说妇女创作艺术的崭新篇章。指出女性作为第二性和多余的肋骨,在父权社会的历是带着沉重的枷锁处于从属地位的。文章从女性意识的角度,论述从奥斯汀到乔治.艾略特等女作家的小说中所体现的19世纪英国妇女从觉醒到抗争,从出走到回归的曲折历程。她们以自己的亲身经历来说明妇女的处境,表达妇女的心声,以女性特有的目光来审视社会现实,生动的反映女性在男权统治的社会中的坎坷命运,并深刻地揭示了她们的情感危机,道德困惑和反叛意识。 冯茜《夏洛蒂.勃朗特文本的女性社会主体意识》指出夏洛蒂.勃朗特的小说在看似女性私人化的叙事中,透露着19世纪英国社会公众事务中的诸多信息。夏洛蒂.勃朗特把外在的社会心理和社会现象转化为写作的一部分,一方面,小说折射出英国海外殖民的社会背景;一方面,小说也不乏关注英国社会问题;另一方面,通过财产与婚姻关系折射出诸多的社会问题。作品以边缘人向主流社会挺近的姿态,在双重历史语境下进行着对权利的去势与挑战,实现着作者鲜明的平等意识和女性主义的价值观。夏洛蒂的小说更是以第一人称的叙事与读者成为同谋,叙说着女作家自身的焦虑与无奈。从其作品中可以看出,夏洛蒂是试图通过她的女性文本和阴书写突破女性自身的内囿和父权制的历史语境,抵抗男权社会对女性的边缘化和在语言、意识上的陌视。 肖巍《当代女性主义伦理学景观》(2001)指出当代女性主义伦理学是妇女解放运动的产物,它旨在批评贬低和歧视女性伦理理论,建立男女平等的伦理学说。它主要探讨的主题有政治伦理、生态伦理、生命伦理、道德教育以及性伦理等。认为当代主义伦理学是批判父权制妇女观、继承父权制批判妇女观的产物。而其发展又呈现出破与立两大主流,反映出女性主义伦理学的宗旨:批判和建构。并将当代女性主义伦理学的理论特色概括为:关系中的自主性;情境的氛围;经验和情感的纽带;能力和实践的支柱;多样性和差异性的视角;性别的分析范畴。 周曾《女性主义文学批评在中国的传播和发展》(2004)指出女性主义批评这种外来理论在中国的发展经过引进、本土化和科学化三个阶段。各个阶段出现不同的特点,经历了被拒斥到接受、落地生根直至蓬勃发展的曲折历程。认为传统文化积淀和解放后意识形态对女性的规范,都忽略了女性意识中的自住性原则;当下的社会存在和生活方式遮蔽了性别身份的存在,对于性别差异缺乏充分的认识;女权主义文学批评在当时文艺批评中处在边缘地位;这三点是80年代初女性主义在中国悄然出场的原因。而有关西方的译作和一些论文集的出版、女作家性别写作意识的增强,更是为女性主义文学批评在中国的传播和发展起到了很好的宣传作用。 (1)选题依据 ① 书中女主人公鲜明的女性主义特征:虽是出身寒微的年轻女子,但是不屈于世 俗的压力,独立自主、积极进取、智慧过人。蔑视权贵,嘲笑他们的愚蠢,追求精神上的自由、平等,敢于追寻真正意义上完整的爱情,显示出自强自立的人格。在简爱身上所显现出来的这些女性主义的光芒深深的吸引了我,由此促成了这次选题的完成。 ② 女性主义在中国的出现:80年代初传统文化积淀和解放后意识形态对女性的 规范,都忽略了女性意识中的自主性原则;当下的社会存在和生活方式遮蔽了性别身份的存在,对于性别差异缺乏充分的认识。以上两点促成了80年代初女性主义在中国的悄然出现。 (2)主要研究内容 ○ 1简爱在寄人篱下时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 2简爱在寄宿学校时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○3简爱在做家庭教师时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 4简爱在成为女继承人时所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 5简爱的女性主义意识在各个时期的变化。 (3)研究思路、方案 本课题主要通过以下三个方面对简爱的女性主义意识进行论述: 1、简爱女性主义的最初表现,包括在寄人篱下时对表弟的侮辱和毒打的反抗等。 2、女性主义的第二个阶段,在寄宿学校时所表现出来的对学校传统教育的反抗等。 3,做家庭教师时所表现出来的女性意识,包括对平等身份的追求、对爱情的追求等。 4、简爱女性主义的最后一个阶段,作为女继承人后又回到了罗伯斯特的身边。
摘要:《简爱》是19世纪英国批判现实主义文学作家夏洛蒂勃朗特的代表作。它成功地塑造了新型的小资产阶级女性简爱的生动形象,集中描写她为谋求妇女经济独立和爱情平等权利而进行的斗争。本文主要从心理、语言、思想、行为等方面分析简爱的性格特点。 关键词:人格、意志、精神、虐待、摧残、反抗、自由、平等 1.引言 《简爱》是一部带有作者自传性的作品,采用第一人称的自叙写法,让女主人公倾诉自己的喜怒哀乐和人生理想,爱情友谊,具有娓娓动听,亲切感人的艺术魅力。它写一个孤女个人的奋斗故事,作者本人生活中的悲哀、忧患、紧张和勇气在小说中得到了强烈的反映。襁褓中父母双亡的简爱被舅舅收养,舅舅死后,舅母一家人百般虐待她,最后将她送入慈善学校,在那里备受凌辱摧残。成年后,她被聘往桑费尔德庄园当家庭教师,与主人真诚相爱;及行婚礼,发生不测,主人被证明早已结婚,其妻因疯病被私关密室。简爱不愿作人情妇,只身远离,流浪途中昏倒在风雨之夜,被一青年牧师圣约翰救回家,在其两个妹妹的照顾下恢复健康。牧师准备去印度传教,他认为简爱坚强而耐苦,可以作个好帮手,就向其求婚,但遭拒绝,因为简爱情有所钟。爱情又使她返回桑费尔德庄。这时女人已将庄园烧毁,自己也被烧死,主人抢救她时还弄成了残废,两人终于幸福地结合。此外,简爱意外地得浪迹海外的叔父一笔遗产,同时被证明她圣约翰原是姑表兄妹。 2. 简爱的性格特点及其具体表现 2.1.自尊自主、叛逆反抗 简爱,在寄居的舅妈家里,和骄横残暴的表哥约翰发生冲突,瘦小的她敢于和表哥扭打,并怒斥他:"你这男孩真是又恶毒又残酷,你像个杀人犯----你像个虐待奴隶的人,----你像罗马皇帝。" 他还敢于指责冷酷护短的舅妈:"你以为你是好人,可是你坏,你狠心。"简爱的童年的生活让读者初步了解她的反抗性格和捍卫独立人格的精神起点。 从下面的几段描述中可以看到简爱的内心是多么的叛逆反抗。 "我被他打倒,头还在痛,血还在流;约翰粗暴地打了我,没有人责备他;而我,为了叫他以后不再干出这种荒唐的暴行,却受到了众人的许多责难。 "不公平!----不公平啊!"我理智的说。令人痛苦的刺激逼得我的理智一时早熟地发挥了威力;"决心"也同样被鼓舞起来,催促着我采取什么奇妙的方法,从这难以忍受的压迫下逃跑----譬如出走,或者,万一走不了的话,就永远不再吃不再喝,听任自己饿死。在那一个悲惨的下午,我的灵魂是多么惶恐不安啊,我整个脑海里是多么混乱啊,我的心有多么的反抗啊,然而,这一精神上的搏斗,是在怎么样的黑暗,怎么样的愚昧中进行的啊,我无法回答内心的这个不断提出的问题:为什么我这样受苦;而如今,隔了----我不愿说隔了多少年----我却看的明明白白了。" 简爱非常的重视自我,她说:"我是自己的主人",当一对恋人的结婚计划被粉碎时,罗彻斯特提议到法国去过同居生活,尽管这个方案对于热恋中的人来说具有无可争辩的诱惑力,但是她拒绝了----"我关心我自己。越孤独,越没有朋友,越没有人帮助,我越要自重。"因此她逃离了。 2.2.追求精神上的自由、平等 当简爱发觉她深深地爱上了主人后,在地位如此悬殊的情况下,她却敢于去爱,因为她坚信人在精神上都是平等的。一个穷教师斗胆爱上一个上流人物,在等级深严的社会观念看来,无异于乞丐万奢望国王,所以这本身就是向社会及偏见的大胆挑战。惟其如此,它也就意味着遭受嘲笑或侮辱,只有像简爱这样并不把权贵放在心上的人才能去坦坦荡荡地爱。当罗切斯特为了试探她而假意要娶某贵族小姐时,她愤怒地说:"你以为,因为我穷,低贱,不美,矮小,我就没有灵魂没有心吗?你想错了!-----我的灵魂跟你一样,我的心也跟你的完全一样!......。就如我们站在上帝跟前是平等的----因为我们是平等的!"基于此,她表达爱情的方式才不是甜腻的赞美,温柔的絮语,更不是祈求,诱惑或勾引,归根结底,她追求的是两颗心的平等结合。 "你为什么和我讲这些?她和你与我有什么关系?你以为我贫穷,相貌平平就没有情感吗?我向你起誓,如果上帝赋予我财富和美貌,我会让你难以离开我,就像我现在难以离开你一样。可上帝没有这样安排。但我们的精神是平等的。就如你我走过的坟墓,平等地站在上帝面前。"这是简爱发内心的为精神平等观念的辩护。 2.3.感情炽烈,敢于追求真正意义上、完整的爱情 简爱对罗彻斯特情感非常的追求非常的真诚和专一,这主要表现在对她对罗彻斯特执着而强烈的爱情上。当圣约翰向她提出求婚,要她作为他的助手一起去印度传教时,简爱虽然认为"他是个好人",但还是拒绝了他的求婚。因为在简爱看来,他爱的并不是自己,他更爱的是上帝。更重要的是,无论他对她如何,她心里爱的仍是罗彻斯特。因为牧师对他的爱是不完整的。可是在得知罗彻斯特还有疯了的合法妻子,她还是拒绝了他的爱,她不愿作人情妇,她要的还是一份真正意义的完整爱情。然而,当简爱离开了罗彻斯特后,并没有在感情上抛弃他;相反,她的爱情像殉道一般,专一到打算为其作永远的牺牲,贫困时是这样,富有后仍是这样,更不会因为罗彻斯特身体上的残缺而弃之不顾。以下是罗彻斯特在庄园被烧毁,眼睛瞎了后,向简爱求爱的一独白。 "简,你肯嫁给我吗? "肯的,先生" "一个比你大20岁的瘸子,你得伺侯他的人。" "是的,先生" "当真,简?" "完全当真,先生。" 从中可看到简爱所追求的爱情不是物质财富,而是真正意义上的纯洁爱情,不含半点虚假造作。 2.4.意志坚强,智慧过人 在盖茨海德府,简爱是童话里的"灰姑娘"、弱小、丑陋、怪僻、胆小、任人摆布,是个没有明确地位和身份的"小家伙",是个"外来人",是个"异种人",是个"比不上佣人"的小姐。一切力量都压迫她,残害她的天性,扼杀她的成长,但简爱的心却并没有被丑恶的现实所摧毁,她的精神却因粗砺的生活而锤炼得顽强,她的意志被磨砺得坚决,非凡的处境培植了她非凡的勇气和洞察力,十岁的孩子似乎具备了成人的智力,而这种超绝的智力促使她无所谓惧地去反抗压迫者。 "你没有权利拿我的书。妈妈说你是个靠别人养活的人;你没有钱。" "我的里德舅舅在天上,你做的一切和和想的一切,他都看得见,我爸爸妈妈也都看得见;他们知道你整天把我关起来,还巴不得我死掉。" 在劳渥学校的悲惨体验,更表现了简爱的坚强和惊人的意志力。简爱刚刚摆脱舅妈的虐待,就被送到寄宿学校读书,和其他孩子们一起,经常挨饿受冻,挨打罚站。学校里传染病夺取了好多孤儿的生命,简爱却凭借顽强的生命力在这种艰苦的条件下呆了10年。 " 当我们无缘无故挨打的时候,我们应该狠狠地回击;我肯定我们应该回击----狠狠地回击,教训教训打我们的那个人,叫他永远不敢在这样打人。"这是简爱在言语上对打他的人有力回击,也是在精神上维护自己受伤的心灵。 在下面主人疵疵逼人的问话中,无所畏惧自卑,更表现其头脑精灵的一面罗彻斯特:"你很沉着。像你这样身份低微的孤儿,哪来的这种沉着?" 简:"它来自我的头脑,先生。" 罗彻斯特:"是我看到的,你肩膀上的那个?" 简:"是的,先生。" 罗彻斯特:"你头脑中还有没有其他类似的东西?" 简:"我想它样样具备,先生。" 她所受过的教育和经历使她拥有一个富有智慧、善良敏感、坚强独立的高贵灵魂,在这一点上,她与主人相比毫不逊色,甚至使其有时感到惭愧。 3. 结语 从上文的分析可见,简爱是一个贫苦低微、其貌不扬、性格倔强、感情丰富、独立自尊、勇敢执着、聪慧过人的女孩,她对自己的命运、价值、地位的思考和努力把握,对自己的思想和人格有着理性的认识,对自己的幸福和情感有着坚定的追求。从简爱身上,我们看到了当今新女性的形象:自尊、自重、自立、自强,对于自己的人格、情感、生活、判断、选择的坚定理想和执着追求。这是简爱人格魅力的启示,也是本文的写作目的所在
1、 (英语系毕业论文)一位坚强独立的女性——简•爱 摘 要简爱是夏洛蒂•勃朗特根据自身经历而写的一部小说, 也是她的成名作。小说塑造的是一位坚强独立的女性,她追求真爱,平等,是女性的楷模。简爱是个孤儿,从小受尽凌辱,但从不为生活所屈服,她有... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-11-22 2、 (英语系毕业论文)解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 摘 要文化战略是帝国主义国家控制殖民地的一种方式,作为文化的产物,<<简.爱>>包含了帝国主义的各种因素。19世纪中期的英国,以前所未有的速度向外扩张,人们普遍沉醉于白色神话的迷梦中,而作为意识形态表... 类别:毕业论文 大小:72 KB 日期:2008-11-18 3、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简•爱》看知识改变女性命运 摘 要《简•爱》是一部出色的自传小说。女主人公简没有娇好的面容,婀娜的身姿,却和其它著作中的美人一样,深深地吸引着我们;简出生贫寒,是一个可怜的孤儿,随后又被送进寄宿学校,过者艰苦的生活,... 类别:毕业论文 大小:79 KB 日期:2008-11-13 4、 (英语系毕业论文)我看简•爱的爱情 摘 要《简.爱》是一部自传体小说,它是夏洛蒂.勃朗特的第一部长篇小说。作者以第一人称的自叙手法,为我们描述了一个反抗社会压力,充满反叛和独立精神的女性形象。小说以其独特的艺术魅力,展示其充满爱、激情与... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 5、 (英语系毕业论文)分析简•爱的美 摘 要《简•爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂—勃朗特的代表作写于1846年。虽然迄今150多年,但是这部作品仍然深受广大读者的喜爱,这都是因为这部作品的女主人翁简.爱。外在的美是短暂的,内在的美... 类别:毕业论文 大小:83 KB 日期:2008-10-05 6、 (英语系毕业论文)《简•爱》的浪漫主义解读 摘 要本文从浪漫主义视角重新解读了19世纪现实主义作家夏洛蒂•勃郎特的长篇小说《简•爱》的艺术特点——积极浪漫主义与黑色浪漫主义的完美结合。《简•爱》是一部复杂的作... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 7、 (英语系毕业论文)从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》 开题报告+论文目录I Introduction 1II The Comparison between Charlotte Bronte’s and Jane Eyre’s Experiences ... 类别:毕业论文 大小:34 KB 日期:2008-05-17 8、 (实用英语专业)论《简·爱》的写作特点及人物个性 中文摘要和关键词摘要: 《简·爱》的独特之处不仅在于小说的真实性和强烈的感染力,还在于小说塑造了一个不屈于世俗压力,独立自主,积极进取的女性形象。本文通过对小说生动丰富的语言、具体的人物性格、写作背景... 类别:毕业论文 大小:42 KB 日期:2008-03-21 9、 (英语系毕业论文)为爱而叛逆——简·爱对爱的渴求的分析 内容摘要夏洛蒂·博朗特在《简·爱》小说中讲述了一个孤女成长为一个成熟高贵的人,并得到别人的喜爱与尊重的故事。主人公简·爱在追求理想的幸福生活时,遇到了很多的挫折,她进行了不屈的斗争终于得到了她想要的生... 类别:毕业论文 大小:28 KB 日期:2007-08-12 10、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简爱》看19世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒 任务书+开题报告+文献综述+外文文献翻译+论文摘 要女性主义批评在女性解放运动推动下发展起来。近年来女性主义批评转向以女性经验以及女性对生活的反映为基础,通过对文学中的女性人物进行重新阐释和解读,肯... 类别:毕业论文 大小:82 KB 日期:2007-06-21
这本书告诉我们坚毅勇敢,独立不卑不亢
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)….In conclusion, ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.….3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》,1993,4:44。 冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。 李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》,2000,30:30。 (论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;1.5倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)
在翻译公司简介时,译者应该突破汉语语言的习惯,不拘泥于原文的形式,在正确理解原文所要表达的意思的基础上,调整句子结构,补充必要的信息并删除冗余的信息,使译文符合英语的语言习惯并能满足国外潜在客户和合作者的信息需求。下文是我为大家整理的关于公司简介翻译相关论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!公司简介翻译相关论文篇1 试论公司简介的成事性对等翻译 语用学作为一门快速发展的学科,它的分析焦点涉及到语言使用的现实环境,反映语言使用者的交际意图。公司简介作为一种宣传性的材料,有其特定的内容和功能。具有不同文体特征的语篇,对其翻译的语言和语用功能有着不同的要求,因此了解这种文体的语言特点和语用功能才能更好地进行翻译,达到有效的宣传目的。 一、公司简介的语用功能和语言特点 皮特・纽马特(1982)曾根据不同的功能,将语篇类型分为表情类、信息类和呼唤鼓动类。实际上在现实生活中,不同题材的语篇根据不同的目的或语境,其功能往往是混合的。公司简介是一种选择性指导文,也是一种应用文。在日益激烈的竞争当中,公司简介的主要作用就是向公众提供相关信息,以期达到宣传效果,促成合作。语言具有符号意义和交际意义,不同的语言符号在不同的语境中以不同的语言形式可以表达不同的交际意图。同一题材的语篇在同样的语用功能中所采取的语言形式会因为不同的文化观念和意识形态而有所不同。 下面我们从比利时一家公司的简介和笔者自己曾翻译过的国内一家中小型企业的简介来比较一下不同文化背景下语言特点的异同。 例1VIGAN Engineering S.A is a Belgian company with its headquarters nearby Brussels and manufactures a complete range of …Looking for an handling capacity from 50 to 1,000 metric tons per hour and for any free flowing materials like… …VIGAN excellence is recognized by hundreds of international references… 例2湖北省宏发米业公司,是由钟祥市洋梓粮食收储公司与钟祥市宏发工贸有限公司,在2006年7月通过重组而组建的一家集粮食收购、加工、储备、营销于一体的粮食产业化企业。公司位于国家级历史文化名城、优秀旅游城市、长寿之乡――钟祥市,钟祥市地处江汉平原北部,四季分明,土质肥沃,富含钙、磷、铁等多种元素,公司出产的水稻均选自大洪山区深处的全部采用纯天然山泉水灌溉的纯天然优质稻谷,其营养丰富,绿色安全无污染,质量纯净,口感好。公司占地面积3.3万平方米,在职员工165人,重组后注册资本1049.5万元,资产总额6681万元,拥有6家米厂,7条生产线,8万吨仓容,日加工能力450吨,是湖北省农业产业化重点龙头企业和湖北省粮油工业20强企业。公司多次被评为全省粮食工作先进单位和湖北省消费者满意单位…… 来自长寿之乡的地产精华,创造高质量的生活! (一) 词语选择 从以上两例中不难看出不管是中文还是英文的公司简介,在用词上均用简短、常见、通俗易懂的普通词来说明公司的情况,几乎没有什么非常生僻的词组或成语。并且在言语中尽量使文章读起来容易上口,注意利用音节的重复或压韵来强化语言的效果。如例1中的“excellences”“performances”,例2 中的“精华”“生活”,都使平淡的、介绍性的文字显得更有生气和韵律美。 (二)句法形式 公司简介作为一种公开性的宣传材料,必须以读者的角度运用得体的句式来表达作者的潜在意图。为了使语篇更有亲和力,拉近读者或是潜在客户的距离,文中大多用“您(们)”, “your(s)”来指代大众群体。另一方面,为了体现公司的实力和合作的诚意,语气要显得更客观才能更具有说服力。因此这种文体的被动句式和一般现在时居多,给人干脆利落、目标远大的印象,而很少出现诸如“我们”之类的字样,避免空洞的保证、决心和给人以往自己脸上贴金之嫌。不同之处是例1 的句子利用分词、独立结构和句子短语使句子显得更简洁、更紧凑,例2则稍显冗长,给人以累赘之感。 (三)篇章结构 任何一种语篇都有其一定的格式,用某种方式告诉读者一定的信息,表达一种交际意图,公司简介也不例外。不同之处是中国的简介更强调地理位置,而英语简介则是一笔带过。这也许和中国人“要想富,先修路”的意识有关,有好的环境和便利的交通,要发展自然就容易得多。这是中国企业想要推销自己,向外发展的意向在简介里的体现;第二,中国的公司简介似乎过多着墨于所获得的荣誉和头衔,显得信心不足,似乎只有列出一堆的荣誉光环而不是产品本身才能更有效地说服大众,这和中国产品尚未在国际市场上稳定立足有关。然而近期出现的“三鹿”奶粉事件让公众对“国家免检”等字样的权威性也发生了动摇,权威力量在消费者心中的历史地位受到了一定程度的削减。 二、翻译策略 翻译的本质是译者将原文文化信息转换成译语文化信息并求得二者相似的思维活动和语言活动。在很多的中文公司简介中常会有华丽词藻堆砌的现象以显示中国语言的博大精深和公司的傲人风采,然而作为英语读者却不一定有能力和时间来“欣赏”。作为公司简介的翻译,要考虑的不仅是语言意义的再现,而且更要注重译文在读者身上产生的潜在效果,也就是要力求成事性对等。 Hickey(2001)认为,任何译文必须能够潜在地影响对象读者,就如同原文能够影响读者一样。而且是对等的,类推的,而不是相似的,按照他的观点来看,语用对等的实质就是成事性对等。因此公司简介应充分考虑目标受众,以他们为中心,不光要告知读者信息,而且还要能产生和中文一样的潜在效果。 (一)形式转换 由于中西价值观念和思维习惯的不同,公司简介的风格也不尽相同,翻译中适当的变通策略可以减少翻译过程中的阻力,使英语读者受益。公司简介是一张名片,这个第一印象很重要。现代人更加崇尚快节奏和新奇性,时间意识越来越强烈,所以简洁应该作为第一要素体现在翻译中,同时适当的变通也是有必要的。在例2中,提到公司的生产能力及规模等事实时,我们不妨将数字部分以阿拉伯形式写出来以代替单词形式的“million(百万)”等,以连续多个零的出现将更具有震撼力,能在短时间给读者深刻印象,为进一步了解详情打下基础。例1就是用了 “… capacity from 50 to 10000 metric tons…”这样的形式来说服读者,效果要好很多。 (二)概而广之 前面说到中国人由于种种原因比较注重荣誉或头衔的堆砌,如例2“是湖北省农业产业化重点龙头企业和湖北省粮油工业20强企业。公司多次被评为全省粮食工作先进单位和湖北省消费者满意单位……”如果直翻过来难免会给英语读者冗长拖沓之感,阅读兴趣必定会受到影响。而且中国众多荣誉头衔若直接翻译过去英语读者也许根本不了解该荣誉有什么意义,地位究竟如何。在这种情况下,就应该有选择性地概括一下。如例1“VIGAN excellence is recognized by hundreds of international references”(这句话只阐述VIGAN公司完美的品质得到众多国际公司的认可,而非详解得到了什么荣誉,就照顾到了西方读者的文化风俗,也非常简洁朴实。) (三) 观念转变 变译是译者根据特定条件下特定读者的特殊需求,采用增、减、编、述、缩、并、改等变通手段摄取原作有关内容的翻译活动。公司简介的翻译属于跨学科的有特定目的的交际活动,为了便于来访或其他用途,很多公司的宣传材料或网页中常会将公司地址写上。但中国的行政区划对英语读者来说似乎过于复杂。虽然英语中有对应的county(国家), town(镇), village(村)甚至team(队),但英语读者心里也许没有中国人这样繁琐的概念。笔者曾将“湖北省钟祥市九里回族乡杨桥村”译为 “Yangqiao village, Jiulihui township, Zhongxiang City, Hubei province ”,但一位精通中国文化的外籍人士却建议改成“ Yangqiao, Jiulihui District, Zhongxiang City,Hubei”,将 “洋梓镇”直接译成“Yangzi Zhen”。这样翻译是否更为英语读者接受也许还难以下定论,但有一点是肯定的,那就是不同的文化背景的人对同一个事物的态度看法各不相同,在跨文化交际中,彼此观念的转变非常重要。 三、结语 翻译对等的标准历来颇有争议,尤其是形式对等和功能对等一直受到各家的热议,然而我们必须面对的一个事实是,翻译中的完全对等可以说是一种幻想。因为在读者那里,一篇译作是否能令人折服,还要看它处于何种情形,面对哪些受众以及想达到什么目的。语言借助于各种形式,将说话者的态度动机等信息传达给其他人,形成人与人之间的关系,因此在语用翻译过程中,译者应该从不同的视角和形式,用最为读者所接受的表达方式来实现作者意图和作品意图的转换,实现译作的成事性对等。希望本文借助公司简介翻译的一些特征的阐述,能够为我国实用翻译工作的建设贡献绵薄之力。 参考文献: [1]黄忠廉.变译理论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2002. [2]冉永平,张新红.语用学纵横[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007. [3]王文斌.话语与译者[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005. 公司简介翻译相关论文篇2 浅析自营进出口企业公司简介汉译英的翻译原则 [摘要] 本文分析了公司简介的语言特点,根据Peter Newmark的观点提出了公司简介翻译应遵循的原则,并结合自营进出口企业的公司简介翻译案例探讨了原则的有效运用。 [关键词] 公司简介Peter Newmark 对拥有自营进出口权的企业来说,公司简介英译的好坏可能会决定公司是否能获得订单,留住客户。然而由于译者水平,译文中因为没有遵循一定翻译原则而造成的误译、不当翻译处处可见,严重地影响了译文的效果。关于公司简介英译的研究很少,徐芳芳等(2005)概要分析了公司简介英语译文中误译、欠额翻译、文化错误、语法错误及逻辑问题等常见的问题,本研究借用Peter Newmark关于不同功能语言的翻译论断分析了公司简介的语言功能特点及其翻译原则,并结合自营进出口公司的公司简介翻译案例探讨了原则的有效运用。 一、公司简介的功能和内容 根据Peter Newmark关于语言功能的分析,公司简介主要有两种功能:一是提供公司信息,二是宣传公司,引起注意,呼吁合作。从第一种功能上看,公司简介应使用具信息功能的语言,应使用具有简洁性、逻辑性、紧凑性和客观性特点的科技英语,词汇上会出现专业词汇,语法上则多用一般现在时态和被动语态(张虎,2002);而从第二个层面上看,公司简介也会采用一些具呼唤功能(Vocative)的语言,如“我们将继续领导操作仪表的潮流并挑战未来!”等。 从内容上看,公司简介包括1)公司背景;2)服务或产品;3)公司结构;4)经营范围;5)近期重大发展;6)合作邀请。前5项多采用信息功能语言,但也不乏自我宣传色彩,第6项则都使用呼唤功能语言。在营销传播意义上,公司简介是一种公关宣传手段,现代营销的核心是以顾客为中心(Kotler, 2004), 公司简介的读者对象为目标受众(Target audience), 因此其语言应充分考虑受众特点,根据顾客为中心的理念来组织语言。 二、Peter Newmark关于不同功能语言的翻译理论 Peter Newmark(1982)对不同功能语言(Expressive, Informative, Vocative)的翻译进行了分析,列出了这三种功能语言的典型例子,翻译理想风格(‘Ideal’style),翻译侧重点(Text emphasis),翻译聚焦点(Focus),翻译方法(Method),翻译单位(Unit of translation), 语言形式(Type of language), 翻译中意义流失(Losses of meaning), 新词新意使用(New words and meanings),应保留的关键词(Keywords(retain)),对不常见比喻的处理(Usual metaphors),译文相对原文的长度(Length in relation to original)。 三、自营进出口企业公司简介翻译的原则和案例分析 一家自营进出口企业的公司简介如下: A公司正式成立于1995年6月20日,于1997年4月27日在上海证券交易所鸣锣上市。公司立足于信息、能源环境两大产业,产品质量一流,国内外畅销,为行业龙头企业。A公司人以“科教兴国”为己任,大力弘扬“承担、探索、超越、责任与价值等同”的企业文化理念,公司入选“中国科技100强”,还历年被评为“守信企业”、“中国电子信息百强”。企业竭诚欢迎国内外新老客商咨询联系。 结合Peter Newmark的分析,公司简介翻译时应遵循的原则,以及在本案例中的应用如下: 1.理想风格。 介绍公司基本情况时应客观简练,合作邀请采用说服性语言,但总体语言应平实,用语应具体,以事实为主。文章里中文华丽词藻应转化为平实的语言译出,如“鸣锣上市”,可简单处理为“go IPO”;“四大本部”:four divisions;“大力弘扬......文化”:It has developed its own corporate culture。 2.译文侧重点和翻译聚焦点。 译文侧重点应为目标语,针对目标受众而组织翻译;翻译聚焦点应为读者,以顾客为中心,可用 “you”指代可能的受众(potential audience)。自营进出口企业的公司简介目标受众为国际客户,语言组织上应充分考虑他们的特点,对一些反映文化差异的文字应采用归化的方法,避免因文化缺失而造成的语义模糊和误解。大多中国企业简介中喜欢使用口号式名词,如此处“多年来A以“科教兴国”为己任,大力弘扬“承担、探索、超越,忠诚和责任与价值等同”的企业文化理念”,处理时应平实反映其含义:A has taken it as its own mission to rejuvenate China by developing science and education for years and has fostered its own corporate culture: undertaking responsibilities, exploring possibilities, striving for excellence, creating value by building loyalty and accountability。关于“中国科技100强”、“守信企业”、“中国电子信息百强”等应采用增译法,翻译为:China Top 100 Technological Enterprises、Credible Corporate、China Top 100 Electronic Information Enterprises。 3.翻译方法和语言形式。 翻译方法应为功能对等,主要陈述事实、提供信息;语言形式应为事实型,迎合国外客户喜欢语言平实,客观介绍,注重信息的特点;同时由于公司简介的阅读对象并不仅仅局限于专业人士,作为公关宣传媒介,受众是大众,所以语言应尽量简单,有亲和力,接近口语,英语国家公司简介大多有这样的特点;而中国公司简介英译口号较多,如“产品质量一流,自国内外市场深受欢迎”,如果翻译为“Our products are first-rate and are very popular both home and abroad”往往会让国外读者产生反感。他们不太接受国内一些宣传材料中那些文体夸张、带有笼统、抽象的套话,辞藻华丽。如上文“first-rate quality”,若用获得国内同类产品权威机构认证的证书来表示即可达到想要宣传的效果,此外所谓的“ very popular both home and abroad”还不如用一些具体的国家和地名来描述自己产品的销售范围。 4.意义流失或取舍。 在这点上,应考虑文化差异问题,根据文化差异进行取舍。如“龙头企业”,西方人心目中“dragon”是个令人生畏的怪兽,形象凶恶,与汉文化中龙的形象相冲突;另外外国人不了解耍龙灯,当然也就无法知晓龙头的作用(丁衡祁,2002)。翻译时采用英文读者所熟知的火车头和旗舰作比喻的归化译法,译为“locomotive”或“flagship”,或者译为“market leader”,译文就明白易懂。 参考文献: [1]徐芳芳徐鑫:“公司简介”英译的分析与探究[J].浙江教育学院学报,2005, (1) [2] Peter Newmark. An approach to translation [M].Pergamon Press Limited,1982 [3]Phillip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. Principles of Marketing[M].清华大学出版社,2004,第9版猜你喜欢: 1. 汉英翻译论文 2. 商务英语专业论文范文 3. 英语翻译方向论文 4. 关于英语翻译的论文 5. 毕业论文英语翻译
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问题一:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二:"开题报告"这个词,英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三:开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四:开题报告,英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五:毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话,就找安太译欣,直接翻译 问题六:论文开题报告用英语怎么表达,opening rep 你好! 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七:开题报告用英语怎么说? Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八:英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九:英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms