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毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
Since the 21st century, the human economy has developed high speed, the people live have had the change which changes with each new day, specially computer's application and popularization to economical and social life each domain. Along with the computer in the social life each domain's widespread utilization, the computer virus attack and the guard technology unceasingly is also developing, has brought the huge destruction and the latent threat for the computer system. It is reported that various countries suffer the computer virus infection and the attack event are counted by the 100 million, has disturbed the normal human society life seriously, has brought the huge latent threat and the destruction for the computer network and the system. Along with the computer, the network utilization popularizes unceasingly, thoroughly, will guard against the computer virus to receive various countries to take seriously more and more. In order to ensure system's security and unimpeded, therefore, studies the computer virus the measure to be imminent. This article obtains from computer's characteristic, to come the preliminary discussion to cope with the computer virus the method and the measure. 计算机Computer,、病毒 virus系统安全system safety
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
计算机专业方面的外文翻译都是找wo拿参考 。
Computer network virus and precautionsWith the new network technology and application of the continuous rapid development of the computer network should Use of becoming increasingly widespread, the role played by the increasingly important computer networks and human More inseparable from the lives of the community's reliance on them will keep growing. With With the continuous development of computer technology, the virus has become increasingly complex and senior, the new generation of Computer viruses make full use of certain commonly used operating systems and application software for protection of the weak low Spots have rampant in recent years as the popularity of the Internet in the world, will be attached document containing the virus The situation in the mail has been increasing spread of the virus through the Internet, making the spread of the virus speed Sharp also increased, by an ever-increasing scope of the infection. Therefore, the protection of the security of computer networks will be Will become increasingly important. A computer virus The definition of computer virus computer virus (Computer Virus) in the "people's republic of China The computer information system security protection regulations "which has been clearly defined, the virus" refers to the preparation or Computer program inserted in the damage or destruction of computer data functions, affecting computer use Self-replication and can a group of computer instructions, or code. " Second, network virus With the development of network and the Internet, a wider spread, the greater New harm The virus emerged This is the Internet virus. The virus is an emerging concept in the traditional The virus was not classified network virus this concept, because the development of networks, the traditional virus The network also has a number of characteristics. Today's Internet virus is a broad notion of a As as long as it is carried out using the Internet to spread destruction can be known as network viruses, such as: "Love the back door", "Panda burning incense." Third, network virus and the distinction between computer virus The original common computer virus is nothing more than the devastating formatted hard drive, delete system With the users documents, databases, etc. destruction. The mode of transmission is through nothing but also by virus infection Mutual copy of the software, carrying the virus, such as the use of pirated optical discs, such as infection disk systems The pilot virus and infected executable file virus, in addition to a network virus These are the common characteristics of the virus, but also steal users with remote data, remote control of the other side Computers and other damaged properties, such as Trojan and consumption of funding the operation of the network computer Source collapse of the network server worm. Fourth, the network against virus Network destructive virus, will directly affect the work of the network, ranging from lowering speed video Ring for the efficiency of the network, while in the collapse, undermining the server information to a multi-year work destroyed Dan. Because viruses and other network annually fraud led to economic losses of over 16 billion yuan, But this figure is constantly rising year by year. The next few years, the size of the market will reach Security 60 billion yuan. One antivirus software experts pointed out: "Network avian flu virus even more." Such as: "Xiong Cat burning incense "In addition to virus infection through the web site users, the latest virus also through QQ Loopholes in propagating itself through file-sharing networks, the default sharing, weak password systems, U disk and windows Forms bottom of the top mobile hard drives, and other means of communication. While LAN once a computer machine For infection, it can spread through the entire network instant, or even within a very short period of time can be infected Thousands of computers, can lead to serious networks. Symptoms of poisoning in the performance of computers There are enforceable. Exe files have become a strange pattern, the pattern shown as "Panda Burning incense, "and then System blue screen, restart the frequent, hard drive data destruction, serious entire company All computer LAN will all poisoning. "Panda burning incense," only more than half a month, a few varieties have high Of more than 50, and the number of its users infected constantly expanding. Makes infected, "Panda burn incense" disease The personal drug users has been as high as several million people infected with a few more corporate users is rising exponentially. Network More on the computer network the greater the harm caused by the virus. V. network transmission of the virus Features 1. Infection fast: single machine environment, the virus can only be passed from one computer diskette To another, and in the network can be adopted by the rapid spread of network communication mechanism. According to measurement Set against a typical PC network use in normal circumstances, once a computer workstation sick Drugs, and will be online within 10 minutes in the several hundreds of all infected computers. 2. Proliferation of a wide range: in the network due to the spread of the virus very quickly and spread to encompass a large area, not only the rapid transmission of all LAN computer, but also through remote workstations virus in一瞬Inter spread to thousands of miles away. 3. Dissemination in the form of complex and varied: computer viruses in general through the network " Station server workstation "channels of communication, but in the form of complex and diverse communication. 4. Difficult to completely wipe: the standalone computer virus carriers sometimes can be deleted documents Or low-level formatted drives, and other measures to eliminate the virus completely, and the network once a computer work Clean stations failed to disinfect the entire network can be re-infected by the virus, or even just completed removal The work of a workstation is likely to be on-line by another workstation virus infection. Therefore, Only workstations in addition to killing viruses, and can not solve the virus harm to the network is. 6, the type of network virus As the network increasingly developed, the type of network virus has been increasing, generally summed up as The following categories: 1. Worm It is the use of the transmission mechanism of replication and dissemination network, the mode of transmission is through the network And e-mail, the prefix is Worm. For example, in recent years the great harm "Nimda" virus is Demodex A worm virus. The virus used Microsoft's Windows operating system, computer flu With this virus, will continue to automatically dial-up Internet access and use information in the document or the address Sharing network spreads, and ultimately undermine the most important user data. 2. Macro Virus Hong virus is a Storage in the document or template in the Acer computer virus. The prefix Macro, once open such documents, which Acer will be implemented, then the virus would Acer Been enabled transferred to the computer, and in the presence of the Normal template. From then on, all since The document will be kept moving "infection" that the Hong virus, and if other users opened the flu Documents with the virus, the Hong virus will be transferred to his computer. 3. Destructive procedures virus The prefix destructive virus program is: Harm. The characteristics of this virus is a good in itself Look at the user clicks on icons to temptation, when the user clicks on the virus, the virus will direct users Computer generated destruction. If C formatted disk (Harm.formatC.f), the killer orders (Harm. Command.Killer). 4. System virus The prefix system for the virus: Win32, PE, Win95, W32, W95, and so on. These viruses The characteristics of the general public can be infected with the windows operating system *. exe and *. dll file, And through these documents for dissemination. If the CIH virus. 5. Backdoor virus Backdoor virus prefix is Backdoor. The total of such virus through network - Sowing, opened the back door to the system to the user and potential safety problems. 6. Bundling machine virus Bundled-virus prefix is: Binder. The characteristics of this virus is the virus writers will use Specific procedures will be bundled with a number of applications such as QQ, IE bundled up on the surface It is normal to see the paper, when users run these bundled virus, will run these applications on the surface Procedures, and then tied to the operation of hidden virus, which caused harm to the user. Such as: baled Tied QQ (Binder.QQPass.QQBin), the system killer (Binder.killsys). 7. Script virus The virus is usually JavaScript scripting code prepared by the malicious code, prefix is usually Spript, with the general nature of advertising, will modify your IE Home, modify registry, and other information, Computer user inconvenience caused. 8. Planting procedures virus virus This virus is of the public will run from the in vivo release of one or several new Under the virus to the system directory, by the release of a new virus damage. If the glaciers are sowing (Dropper.BingHe2.2C), MSN striker (Dropper.Worm.Smibag). 9. Joke virus The prefix is the virus joke: Joke. Also called prank virus. The characteristics of this virus is itself a nice user clicks on icons to temptation, When the user clicks of this virus, the virus will be made to disrupt the operation scare users, in fact The virus did not destroy any computer user. Such as: ghost (Joke.Girlghost) virus. 10. Trojan hacking virus Trojan its prefix is: Trojan, hackers virus prefix General for Hack. Public special Sex is through the network or system loopholes into the user's system and hidden, and then leaked to the outside world User information, hackers virus there is a visual interface to the user's computer remotely Control. Trojans, hackers often paired virus emerging, Trojan horse virus responsible for the invasive power users Brain, and hackers virus will be passed to the Trojan horse virus control. . General Trojan such as QQ News tail Trojan Trojan.QQ3344, there are big Trojan.LMir.PSW.60. Virus Form A PSW or anything like PWD general said that the virus has stolen password function, If some hacker programs, such as network枭雄Hack.Nether.Client. 7, the mode of transmission and network anti-virus Through the above, we can see that e-mail viruses spread Click homepage, users download, Others implant, implant, and other loopholes through five computer transmission, so long as holding these five A thoroughfare, we will be able to live better anti-virus network. 计算机网络病毒与防范随着各种新的网络技术的不断应用和迅速发展, 计算机网络的应用范围变得越来越广泛, 所起的作用越来越重要, 计算机网络与人类的生活更加密不可分, 社会对其的依赖程度也会随之不断增长。而随着计算机技术的不断发展, 病毒也变得越来越复杂和高级, 新一代的计算机病毒充分利用某些常用操作系统与应用软件的低防护性的弱点不断肆虐, 最近几年随着因特网在全球的普及, 将含病毒文件附加在邮件中的情况不断增多, 通过网络传播病毒, 使得病毒的扩散速度也急骤提高, 受感染的范围越来越广。因此, 计算机网络的安全保护将会变得越来越重要。一、计算机病毒计算机病毒的定义计算机病毒(Computer Virus)在《中华人民共和国计算机信息系统安全保护条例》中被明确定义, 病毒“指编制或者在计算机程序中插入的破坏计算机功能或者破坏数据, 影响计算机使用并且能够自我复制的一组计算机指令或者程序代码”。二、网络病毒随着网络和Internet 的发展,一个传播范围更广,危害更大的新型病毒应运而生.这就是网络病毒。网络病毒是一个新兴的概念, 在传统的病毒分类里没有网络病毒这个概念, 由于网络的发展, 传统的病毒也就具有了一些网络的特性。如今的网络病毒是一个广义的概念, 一般只要是利用网络来进行传播、破坏的都可以被称为网络病毒, 如:“爱情后门”、“熊猫烧香”等。三、网络病毒与计算机病毒的区别原先常见的计算机病毒的破坏性无非就是格式化硬盘, 删除系统与用户文件、破坏数据库等等。而传播途径也无非是通过遭病毒感染的软件的互相拷贝, 携带病毒的盗版光盘的使用等, 如感染磁盘系统区的引导型病毒和感染可执行文件的文件型病毒, 而网络病毒除了具有普通病毒的这些特性外, 还具有远端窃取用户数据、远端控制对方计算机等破坏特性, 比如特洛伊木马病毒和消耗网络计算机的运行资源, 拖垮网络服务器的蠕虫病毒。四、网络病毒的危害网络上病毒破坏性大, 将直接影响网络的工作, 轻则降低速度, 影响工作效率, 重则使网络崩溃, 破坏服务器信息, 使多年工作毁于一旦。每年由于病毒等网络欺诈行为导致的经济损失高达160 亿多元,而且这个数字逐年还在不断地攀升。未来几年, 安防市场规模将达到600 亿元。一位杀毒软件专家指出: “网络病毒更甚于禽流感”。如: “熊猫烧香”除了通过网站带毒感染用户之外, 此病毒还会通过QQ 最新漏洞传播自身, 通过网络文件共享、默认共享、系统弱口令、U 盘及窗体顶端窗体底端移动硬盘等多种途径传播。而局域网中只要有一台机器感染, 就可以瞬间传遍整个网络, 甚至在极短时间之内就可以感染几千台计算机, 严重时可以导致网络瘫痪。中毒症状表现为电脑中所有可执行的.exe 文件都变成了一种怪异的图案, 该图案显示为“熊猫烧香”, 继而系统蓝屏、频繁重启、硬盘数据被破坏等, 严重的整个公司局域网内所有电脑会全部中毒。“熊猫烧香”仅半个多月, 变种数已高达50 多个, 并且其感染用户的数量不断扩大。使得感染“熊猫烧香”病毒的个人用户已经高达几百万, 企业用户感染数更是成倍上升。网络上的计算机越多, 网络病毒造成的危害越大。五、网络病毒传播特点1.感染速度快: 在单机环境下, 病毒只能通过软盘从一台计算机带到另一台, 而在网络中则可以通过网络通讯机制迅速扩散。根据测定, 针对一台典型的PC 网络在正常使用情况, 只要有一台工作站有病毒, 就可在几十分钟内将网上的数百台计算机全部感染。2.扩散面广: 由于病毒在网络中扩散非常快, 扩散范围很大, 不但能迅速传染局域网内所有计算机, 还能通过远程工作站将病毒在一瞬间传播到千里之外。3.传播的形式复杂多样: 计算机病毒在网络上一般是通过“工作站服务器工作站”的途径进行传播的, 但传播的形式复杂多样。4.难于彻底清除: 单机上的计算机病毒有时可通过删除带毒文件或低级格式化硬盘等措施将病毒彻底清除, 而网络中只要有一台工作站未能消毒干净就可使整个网络重新被病毒感染, 甚至刚刚完成清除工作的一台工作站就有可能被网上另一台带毒工作站所感染。因此,仅对工作站进行病毒杀除, 并不能解决病毒对网络的危害。六、网络病毒的类型由于网络越来越发达, 网络病毒的种类也越来越多, 大体归纳为以下几类:1.蠕虫病毒它的传染机理是利用网络进行复制和传播, 传染途径是通过网络和电子邮件,前缀是Worm。比如近年危害很大的“尼姆达”病毒就是蠕虫病毒的一种。这一病毒利用了微软视窗操作系统的漏洞, 计算机感染这一病毒后, 会不断自动拨号上网, 并利用文件中的地址信息或者网络共享进行传播, 最终破坏用户的大部分重要数据。2.宏病毒宏病毒是一种寄存在文档或模板的宏中的计算机病毒。前缀是Macro, 一旦打开这样的文档, 其中的宏就会被执行, 于是宏病毒就会被激活, 转移到计算机上, 并驻留在Normal 模板上。从此以后, 所有自动保存的文档都会“感染”上这种宏病毒, 而且如果其他用户打开了感染病毒的文档, 宏病毒又会转移到他的计算机上。3.破坏性程序病毒破坏性程序病毒的前缀是: Harm。这类病毒的特性是本身具有好看的图标来诱惑用户点击, 当用户点击病毒时, 病毒便会直接对用户计算机产生破坏。如格式化C 盘(Harm.formatC.f) 、杀手命令(Harm.Command.Killer) 等。4.系统病毒系统病毒的前缀为:Win32、PE、Win95、W32、W95 等。这些病毒的一般公有的特性是可以感染windows 操作系统的*.exe 和*.dll 文件,并通过这些文件进行传播。如CIH 病毒。5.后门病毒后门病毒的前缀是Backdoor。该类病毒的共有特性是通过网络传播, 给系统开后门, 给用户带来安全隐患。6.捆绑机病毒捆绑机病毒的前缀是: Binder。这类病毒的特性是病毒作者会使用特定的捆绑程序将病毒与一些应用程序如QQ、IE 捆绑起来, 表面上看是正常文件, 当用户运行这些捆绑病毒时, 会表面上运行这些应用程序, 然后隐藏运行捆绑在一起的病毒, 从而给用户造成危害。如: 捆绑QQ(Binder.QQPass.QQBin) 、系统杀手(Binder.killsys) 等。7.脚本病毒脚本病毒通常是JavaScript 代码编写的恶意代码, 前缀是通常为Spript, 一般带有广告性质, 会修改您的IE 首页、修改注册表等信息,造成用户使用计算机不方便。8.病毒种植程序病毒这类病毒的公有特性是运行时会从体内释放出一个或几个新的病毒到系统目录下, 由释放出来的新病毒产生破坏。如冰河播种者(Dropper.BingHe2.2C) 、MSN 射手(Dropper.Worm.Smibag)等。9.玩笑病毒玩笑病毒的前缀是: Joke。也称恶作剧病毒。这类病毒的特性是本身具有好看的图标来诱惑用户点击,当用户点击这类病毒时, 病毒会做出各种破坏操作来吓唬用户, 其实病毒并没有对用户电脑进行任何破坏。如: 女鬼( Joke.Girlghost) 病毒。10.木马黑客病毒木马病毒其前缀是: Trojan, 黑客病毒前缀名一般为Hack。公有特性是通过网络或者系统漏洞进入用户的系统并隐藏, 然后向外界泄露用户信息, 黑客病毒则有一个可视的界面, 能对用户的电脑进行远程控制。木马、黑客病毒往往是成对出现的, 木马病毒负责侵入用户的电脑, 而黑客病毒则会通过该木马病毒来进行控制。。一般的木马如QQ消息尾巴木马Trojan.QQ3344, 还有大Trojan.LMir.PSW.60。病毒名中有PSW或者什么PWD 之类的一般表示这个病毒有盗取密码的功能,一些黑客程序如网络枭雄Hack.Nether.Client 等。
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(46.5吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
楼主好狠哪~~~~哎，到学校图书馆查找呗。。。英文 查找，用google什么的在线翻译。。其实，没那么困难滴，，，过关就看个人造化啦~祝楼主好运~
Modern various machine and equipment are more than on the gear reducer, generally USES bearing hole processing, and currently 1ta series boring coordinates are in single points, so in mass production to ensure its hole spacing tolerance, and low efficiency.A fine molding machine is a special machine, when using a series of molding method. Once processed clamping workpiece, hole spacing in design, and when the machine has two of the coaxial when spindle box, while processing by rail, which not only ensures the transmission distance between accuracy, but also guarantee the hole, and greatly improve the coaxial tolerance of machining efficiency. Can realize automation, production line. It meets the modern production accuracy and efficiency.This paper introduced a series of molding machine structure, working principle and control method, and automatic assembly line control principle and realization method.Keywords: a large series boring
1） 机械技术 机械技术是机电一体化的基础，机械技术的着眼点在于如何与机电一体化技术相适应，利用其它高、新技术来更新概念，实现结构上、材料上、性能上的变更，满足减小重量、缩小体积、提高精度、提高刚度及改善性能的要求。在机电一体化系统制造过程中，经典的机械理论与工艺应借助于计算机辅助技术，同时采用人工智能与专家系统等，形成新一代的机械制造技术。 （2） 计算机与信息技术 其中信息交换、存取、运算、判断与决策、人工智能技术、专家系统技术、神经网络技术均属于计算机信息处理技术。 （3） 系统技术 系统技术即以整体的概念组织应用各种相关技术，从全局角度和系统目标出发，将总体分解成相互关联的若干功能单元，接口技术是系统技术中一个重要方面，它是实现系统各部分有机连接的保证。 （4） 自动控制技术 其范围很广，在控制理论指导下，进行系统设计，设计后的系统仿真，现场调试，控制技术包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自适应控制、自诊断校正、补偿、再现、检索等。 （5） 传感检测技术 传感检测技术是系统的感受器官，是实现自动控制、自动调节的关键环节。其功能越强，系统的自动化程序就越高。现代工程要求传感器能快速、精确地获取信息并能经受严酷环境的考验，它是机电一体化系统达到高水平的保证。 （6） 伺服传动技术 包括电动、气动、液压等各种类型的传动装置，伺服系统是实现电信号到机械动作的转换装置与部件、对系统的动态性能、控制质量和功能有决定性的影响。 机电一体化系统组成 1.机械本体 机械本体包括机架、机械连接、机械传动等，它是机电一体化的基础，起着支撑系统中其他功能单元、传递运动和动力的作用。与纯粹的机械产品相比，机电一体化系统的技术性能得到提高、功能得到增强，这就要求机械本体在机械结构、材料、加工工艺性以及几何尺寸等方面能够与之相适应，具有高效、多功能、可靠和节能、小型、轻量、美观的特点。 2.检测传感部分 检测传感部分包括各种传感器及其信号检测电路，其作用就是检测机电一体化系统工作过程中本身和外界环境有关参量的变化，并将信息传递给电子控制单元，电子控制单元根据检查到的信息向执行器发出相应的控制。 3.电子控制单元 电子控制单元又称ECU（Electrical Control Unit ），是机电一体化系统的核心，负责将来自各传感器的检测信号和外部输入命令进行集中、存储、计算、分析，根据信息处理结果，按照一定的程度和节奏发出相应的指令，控制整个系统有目的地进行。 4.执行器 执行器的作用是根据电子控制单元的指令驱动机械部件的运动。执行器是运动部件，通常采用电力驱动、气压驱动和液压驱动等几种方式。 5.动力源 动力源是机电一体化产品能量供应部分，其作用是按照系统控制要求向机械系统提供能量和动力使系统正常运行。提供能量的方式包括电能、气能和液压能，以电能为主。 机电一体化主要课程 机械方面：机械制图，机械设计，工程材料，工程力学，数控编程技术，autoCAD，Mastercam软件，C# 电工方面：可编程控制器PLC，单片机，自动控制原理，数字电路，电工电子 实习课程：电力拖动，PLC，单片机，钳工，普通车、铣、刨床，数控车、铣，加工中心 本专业的培养目标 本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展，具有创业、创新精神和良好职业道德的高等专门人才，掌握机械技术和电气技术的基础理论和专业知识；具备相应实践技能以及较强的实际工作能力，熟练进行机电一体化产品和设备的应用、维护、安装、调试、销售及管理的第一线高等技术应用型人才。 本专业职业面向 机电一体化专业是一个宽口径专业，适应范围很广，学生在校期间除学习各种机械、电工电子、计算机技术、控制技术、检测传感等理论知识外，还将参加各种技能培训和国家职业资格证书考试，充分体现重视技能培养的特点。学生毕业后主要面向珠江三角洲各企业、公司，从事加工制造业，家电生产和售后服务，数控加工机床设备使用维护，物业自动化管理系统，机电产品设计、生产、改造、技术支持，以及机电设备的安装、调试、维护、销售、经营管理等等。 1、主要就业岗位：机电一体化设备的安装、调试、维修、销售及管理；普通机床的数控化改装等。 2、次要就业岗位：机电一体化产品的设计、生产、改造、技术服务等。 1) Mechanical Technology Mechanical Technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology focus is on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, implementation, structure, materials, performance changes, meet the reduced weight, smaller size, higher precision, improved rigidity and improved performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology should be by means of mechanical computer-aided technology, while use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Including information exchange, access, operation, judging and decision making, artificial intelligence, expert system, neural networks belong to the computer information processing technologies. (3) System Technology System technology that is the whole concept of application of relevant technology organizations, from a global perspective and the system objective, will generally be broken down into a number of interrelated functional unit, the interface technology is an important aspect of system technology, it is to achieve the organic parts of a system guarantee the connection. (4) Automatic control technology Its scope is broad, under the guidance of the control theory, system design, system simulation after design, site commissioning, control technology, including such high-precision positioning control, speed control, adaptive control, self-diagnostic calibration, compensation, representation and retrieval . (5) sensing technique Sensing technique is a system of receptors is to achieve automatic control, automatic adjustment of the key links. Its function is stronger, the higher the system's automated process. Engineering requirements of modern sensors can quickly and accurately access information and able to withstand the harsh environment of the test, it is the mechanical and electrical integration systems to achieve a high level of assurance. (6) servo drive technology, including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of transmission, servo system is the conversion of electrical signals into mechanical motion devices and components, the dynamic performance of the system, control the quality and functionality have a decisive impact. Composed of mechatronic systems 1. Mechanical body mechanical body, including racks, mechanical connection, such as mechanical drive, which is the basis of mechanical and electrical integration, play a support system of other functional units, the role of motion and power transmission. Compared with the purely mechanical products, electrical and mechanical integration of the technical performance of the system is improved, functionality is enhanced, which requires mechanical body in the mechanical structure, materials, processing technology and other aspects of geometry can be corresponding with high efficiency, versatile, reliable and energy-saving, small, lightweight and beautiful features. 2. Detection sensor part of the detection sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its role is to detect the process of mechatronic systems work itself and the external environment-related changes in parameters, and information to the electronic control unit, electronic According to the control unit checks the information given to the corresponding control actuators. 3. Electronic control unit Electronic Control Unit, also known as ECU (Electrical Control Unit), is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the detection of each sensor from the external input command signal and concentration, memory, calculation, analysis, information processing based on the results of according to a certain extent and pace of issuing the appropriate command, control the entire system destination. 4. The role of actuators actuators are based on order-driven electronic control unit movement of mechanical parts. Actuators are moving parts, usually electric, pneumatic and hydraulic drives and other drives in several ways. 5. Power source power source is the energy supply part of the mechatronic product, its role is in accordance with the requirements of the system control to provide energy to the mechanical system and power to make the system work properly. Way to provide energy, including electricity, gas, energy and hydraulic energy to electrical energy based. Main Courses Mechatronics Mechanical aspects: mechanical drawing, mechanical design, engineering materials, engineering mechanics, numerical control programming, autoCAD, Mastercam software, C # Electrical: the programmable logic controller PLC, MCU, automatic control theory, digital circuits, electrical and electronic Internship Program: electric drive, PLC, MCU, fitter, general turning, milling, planer, NC, milling, processing center The training goal The professional training moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetic development, entrepreneurial, innovative spirit and good professional ethics of higher expertise, mechanical technology and electrical technology to master the basic theory and professional knowledge; have the appropriate practical skills and a strong practical work capacity, skilled mechanical and electrical integration of the application of products and equipment, maintenance, installation, commissioning, sales and management of the first line of high technology talents. The professional career-oriented Mechatronics is a wide caliber professionals to adapt to a wide range of students in school during the addition to learning a variety of mechanical, electrical and electronic, computer technology, control technology, sensing, detection theory, will also participate in various skills training and National Vocational Qualification Certificate Examination, fully embodies the characteristics of attention to skills development. Primarily for students in the Pearl River Delta after graduating from business, the company engaged in processing and manufacturing, household appliance manufacturing and service, CNC machine tool equipment maintenance, property management systems automation, electrical and mechanical product design, production, transformation, technical support, and mechanical and electrical equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales, management and so on. 1, the main jobs: mechanical and electrical integration, equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales and management; common modification of CNC machine tools and so on. 2, secondary jobs: mechatronics product design, production, transformation and technology services.
楼主好狠哪~~~~哎，到学校图书馆查找呗。。。英文 查找，用google什么的在线翻译。。其实，没那么困难滴，，，过关就看个人造化啦~祝楼主好运~
问题一：毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思？有什么要求？ 外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文互章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。 问题二：毕业论文的外文文献是什么意思?是说找一篇外文文献，然后把它翻译成中文吗？ 5分 是在知网上（应该是Ebhos罚差不多是这个，具体记不清了）找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章，然后可以从头翻译或者从当中开始翻译。 问题三：外文翻译是什么 5分 呵呵 就是找一篇和自己的论文相关的外文，翻译成中文即可！ 呵呵 问题四：毕业论文中的外文翻译可以在什么网站找到？ 先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。 第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。 第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。 1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。 一，选题要新颖。 这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。 二，大量文献做基础 仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗 三，一气呵成 做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。 四，尽量采用多的专业术语 可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。 五，用正规格式书写 参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。 六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程 如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动......>> 问题五：外文参考文献怎么找 在中国期刊网ki/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。 APS美国物理学会电子出版物 AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物 ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊 ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊 ACS美国化学学会数据库 IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊 RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊 Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊 EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库 Elsevier Science IEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。 如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。 问题六：外文文献引证号是什么 我看到有些只写一个数字，期刊号是不是第几期？如［2］何龄修.读顾城《南明史》［J］.中国史研究学刊,1998,(3):167－173这里面的（3）就是期刊号，这个是不是这个学术期刊的第3期 问题七：毕业论文中的外文翻译可以在什么网站找到？非常感谢！ 学校的数据库，中国知网应该都有，根据专业也可以选择国外比较有名的数据库，推荐几个我用过的吧 ABI，ACM，ASTP，American Chemical Society ，Blackwell Science-Blackwell synergy EBSCO综合类，强烈推荐，Engineering Index 工科是离不开EI的，IEEE 电子类必备，HighWire Press，ISI学术权威 ，National Technical Information Service 个人比较喜欢的，推荐 问题八：论文的外文翻译是什么意思 需要帮忙可以找我 外文翻译就是一篇跟你题目相关的文章然后翻译出来 问题九：毕设外文文献翻译和毕设是个什么关系？我怎么觉得外文翻译和我的毕设 文献翻译应该是毕业设计的前期准备工作吧，毕竟你需要知道你所选取的课题在国内外的研究现状才能确定研究方向啊 问题十：外文翻译是翻译什么 楼主您好：你只要用一种非中国语言的外语翻译一篇你的毕业论文即可！谢谢采纳！如果您满意的话就给五星评价吧！如有疑问请追问！
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
论文中的外文翻译难道不就是翻译你自己写的东西么？又不是让你直接拿外文写作。而且写论文急什么急？
11.Energy Citations Database
提供美国能源部的科技信息摘要。学科范围：材料科学、环境科学、计算机、能源和物理。文献类型包括期刊论文、学位论文、研究报告和专利。
12.网上免费全文期刊FullText
提供7000多种学术期刊的免费全文获取。
13.Open J-Gate 开放获取期刊门户
提供基于开放获取的近 4000 种期刊的免费检索和全文链接，包含学校、研究机构和行业期刊，其中超过 1500 种学术期刊经同行评议( Peer-Reviewed )
14.PMC(PubMed Centeral)
美国NCBI(美国国家生物技术信息中心)建立的数字化生命科学期刊文献集，S现提供50余种生物医学期刊免费全文 。
15.DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
免费的全文科技学术期刊。现有2752种期刊，其中830种可以全文搜索。目前有140307篇文章。
16.HighWire Press
斯坦福大学图书馆的分支机构——HighWire出版社，拥有最大的免费期刊数据库，可以在线提供916种免费期刊和1，149，216篇全文 。
17.University of Tennessee, Knoxville
田纳西大学的经济学杂志，包括2000年至2002年三年共12期的免费期刊。
18.The Electronic Library of Mathematics
欧洲数学会电子图书馆，提供了期刊、会议、论文集、专著、演讲、软件等资源。并提供期刊和电子版图书的全文浏览。非电子版图书提供前言、摘要、目录和书评等内容。特别地，在经典著作栏目内，目前可检索到哈密尔顿和黎曼的经典论文的全文。
19.Science.gov
美国“科学”网站收录内容以研究与开发报告为主，所有的信息均免费使用，也不必注册，但是通过这些站点链接的有些信息是限制使用或有条件使用的。
20.ERIC教育资源信息中心
美国教育部资助的网站系列和世界上最大的教育资源数据库，其中包括各种文档以及教育研究与实践方面的论文摘要，这些摘要超过了一百万篇，收录980多种教育及和教育相关的期刊文献的题录和文摘。部分资源可查找到全文
以上就是环球青藤小编关于外文文献翻译的几个查找领域的相关分享，希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助，想要了解更多毕业论文相关内容，请关注本平台，小编会做及时的整理并发布的，大家注意查看哦!
计算机专业方面的外文翻译都是找wo拿参考 。