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材料科学 Materials ScienceMaterials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials and their properties. It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical engineering. With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and forensic materials engineering, the study of failed products and components.HistoryThe material of choice of a given era is often its defining point; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Steel Age are examples of this. Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of ceramics. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when Willard Gibbs demonstrated that thermodynamic properties relating to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials.Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on metals. The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including: ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials.[edit] Fundamentals of materials scienceIn materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so that new materials with the desired properties can be created.The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through characterization. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form. These, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics, govern a material’s microstructure, and thus its properties.An old adage in materials science says: "materials are like people; it is the defects that make them interesting". The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is currently physically impossible. Instead materials scientists manipulate the defects in crystalline materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries (Hall-Petch relationship), interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms, to create materials with the desired properties.Not all materials have a regular crystal structure. Polymers display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non-crystalline. Glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements. The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, as well as mechanical, descriptions of physical properties.In addition to industrial interest, materials science has gradually developed into a field which provides tests for condensed matter or solid state theories. New physics emerge because of the diverse new material properties which need to be explained.[edit] Materials in industryRadical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used materials. Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.), and analytical techniques (characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy (HEFIB), Rutherford backscattering, neutron diffraction, etc.).Besides material characterisation, the material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. Thus ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/engineer. Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10th and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of materials. The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter physics. See important publications in materials physics for more details on this field of study.The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon and graphitization will produce cast irons (although some cast irons are made precisely with no graphitization). The addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) gives us stainless steels.Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are also an important part of materials science. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" plastics.PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to an incredible array of applications, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers. Its fabrication and processing are simple and well-established. The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it accepts. The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties.Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS). Engineering plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material properties. They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity plastics.Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc.It should be noted here that the dividing line between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For instance, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas Medium-Density Polyethylene MDPE is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. An example would be steel-reinforced concrete; another can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so on. These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibres or carbon fibres have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion. These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibres, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.[edit] Classes of materials (by bond types)Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:Ionic crystals Covalent crystals Metals Intermetallics Semiconductors Polymers Composite materials Vitreous materials [edit] Sub-fields of materials scienceNanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs-Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered materials. Microtechnology - study of materials and processes and their interaction, allowing microfabrication of structures of micrometric dimensions, such as MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). Crystallography – the study of how atoms in a solid fill space, the defects associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations, and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical properties. Materials Characterization – such as diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), chromatography, thermal analysis, electron microscope analysis, etc., in order to understand and define the properties of materials. See also List of surface analysis methods Metallurgy – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and processing. Biomaterials – materials that are derived from and/or used with biological systems. Electronic and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other devices. Tribology – the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other factors. Surface science/Catalysis – interactions and structures between solid-gas solid-liquid or solid-solid interfaces. Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics Some practitioners often consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that flows. However, modern rheology typically deals with non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, so it is often considered a sub-field of continuum mechanics. See also granular material.Glass Science – any non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and non-oxide glasses. Forensic engineering – the study of how products fail, and the vital role of the materials of construction Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure, and the light it sheds on how engineers specify materials in their product [edit] Topics that form the basis of materials scienceThermodynamics, statistical mechanics, kinetics and physical chemistry, for phase stability, transformations (physical and chemical) and diagrams. Crystallography and chemical bonding, for understanding how atoms in a material are arranged. Mechanics, to understand the mechanical properties of materials and their structural applications. Solid-state physics and quantum mechanics, for the understanding of the electronic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, structural and optical properties of materials. Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the characterization of materials. Chemistry and polymer science, for the understanding of plastics, colloids, ceramics, liquid crystals, solid state chemistry, and polymers. Biology, for the integration of materials into biological systems. Continuum mechanics and statistics, for the study of fluid flows and ensemble systems. Mechanics of materials, for the study of the relation between the mechanical behavior of materials and their microstructures. 材料科学材料是人类可以利用的物质，一般是指固体。而材料科学是研究材料的制备或加工工艺、材料结构与材料性能三者之间的相互关系的科学。涉及的理论包括固体物理学，材料化学，与电子工程结合，则衍生出电子材料，与机械结合则衍生出结构材料，与生物学结合则衍生出生物材料等等。材料科学理论物理冶金学 晶体学 固体物理学 材料化学 材料热力学 材料动力学 材料计算科学[编辑] 材料的分类按化学状态分类 金属材料 无机物非金属材料 陶瓷材料 有机材料 高分子材料 按物理性质分类 高强度材料 耐高温材料 超硬材料 导电材料 绝缘材料 磁性材料 透光材料 半导体材料 按状态分类 单晶材料 多晶质材料 非晶态材料 准晶态材料 按物理效应分类 压电材料 热电材料 铁电材料 光电材料 电光材料 声光材料 磁光材料 激光材料 按用途分类 建筑材料 结构材料 研磨材料 耐火材料 耐酸材料 电工材料 电子材料 光学材料 感光材料 包装材料 按组成分类 单组分材料 复合材料 [编辑] 材料工程技术金属材料成形 机械加工 热加工 陶瓷冶金 粉末冶金 薄膜生长技术 表面处理技术 表面改性技术 表面涂覆技术 热处理 [编辑] 材料的应用结构材料 信息材料 存储材料 半导体材料 宇航材料 建筑材料 能源材料 生物材料 环境材料 储能材料和含能材料 参考
@font-face { font-family: "Arial";}@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings";}@font-face { font-family: "宋体";}@font-face { font-family: "宋体";}@font-face { font-family: "@宋体";}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0 0 0; text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }span.shorttext1 { }span.mediumtext1 { }.MsoChpDefault { font-size: 13px; }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0; }ul { margin-bottom: 0; }Environmental management forsustainable development is one alternative to overcome underdevelopment andhigh population growth rate. On the other hand, the implementation wouldrequire the processing of natural resources as an input to development willultimately have an impact on its surrounding environment.环境管理的可持续发展是克服经济不发达及人口高速增长问题的一个选择。另一方面，可持续发展的环境管理的实施需要对自然资源作出加工处理，这最终将会对周围环境产生影响。 This happens when theimplementation of development efforts are not based on achievement ofobjectives and the nature of environment.当发展的努力不再以实现目标及环境性质为基础实施的时候，这种情况就会发生了。 Law no.23 of 1997, impact isdefined as the influence of human development activities on the environment.This is understandable because the purpose of these laws intended to protectthe environment against unwise development.1997年第23号法律将影响定义为人类发展活动对环境产生的影响。这是可以理解的，因为制定这些法律的目的就是为了防止盲目发展从而实现对环境的保护。 In the outlines of statepolicy (GBHN) of Republic of Indonesia states that sustainable development is anational policy. Sustainable development emphasizes on environment developmentwhich is a development concept in the utilization of natural resources and theenvironment for the purpose to monitor the balance of the environment andpreserving its function and capabilities, so while providing great benefits forthe development and welfare of the present generation, are also useful forfuture generations to come.印度尼西亚共和国国家政策概述中陈述了可持续发展是一项基本国策。可持续发展强调对环境的发展，其发展观是利用自然资源和环境以监测环境的平衡，维护其功能和能力，因此当可持续发展为现代人的发展和福利提供很大的好处同时也有益于孙后代。 One of the sectors thatinfluence such development is the mining sector. Mining sector is a sectorwhich derives from production activities usage of the natural resources.采矿部门是影响可持续发展的一个部门。他是源于利用自然资源进行生产活动的部门。 The mining sector shouldhave the goals of development which are:采矿部门的发展目标如下： 1. Increased investment in theexpansion of mining employment and business opportunities.1． 在矿业就业和商业机会增长的背景下增加投资； 2. Increased production andadded value of mining production.2． 扩大生产规模及提升矿产品的价值； 3. Transfer of technology andworkforce competence.3． 技术转让及人员竞争力； 4. Increased health and safetyof mining.4． 增进采矿的健康和安全； 5. The decline of illegalmining activities.5． 杜绝违规采矿活动。 While development targetsfor the environmental sector are:环境部门发展的目标是： 1. Controllable water qualitythrough an integrated approach between the policy of conservation land and seaareas.1． 在土地保护政策和海域之间通过整合的方法实现可控的水质； 2. Increasing public awarenessof the importance of maintaining natural resources and the environment.2． 增加公众对自然资源及环境保护重要性的意识。 Without leaving sustainabledevelopment objectives and with reference to the objectives of sustainabledevelopment, mining activities are expected to have negative and positiveimpacts on the environment. The entire action plan will be carried out indetailed consideration and assessment in the light of the benefits to theinitiators, community and nation.不舍弃可持续发展的目标并考虑到可持续发展目标，采矿活动对环境可能产生积极和消极的影响。根据对发起者、集体及国家的利益的需要，整个行动规划将在周密考虑及评估的基础上的实施。
手机发不了这么多，明天再译
文章是有，翻译你自己拿金山或者有道翻译一下就行了。
Fig. 1 shows that diamond particles are dispersed in thecopper matrix. 图形一展示了 钻石颗粒可以分散在铜质型片里Since the diamond particles are easy to bestripped off during mechanical polishing, small pits are lefton the surface of samples. 由于这些钻石颗粒在化学抛光的过程中很容易分离出来，所以样品的表面会留下小凹痕When the samples were analyzedby electron probe for carbon, the particles displayed highcarbon peaks, as shown in Fig. 2.当这些样品电子探针被分解时，这些微粒表现出高的碳值（carbon peak是某化学术语吧，不了解）就如2图所示Fig. 3 exhibits the analyzed result for extractedproduct of the copper–diamond composite by X-raydiffraction (XRD) analysis.(图三展示了对铜钻石的提取物质用X-ray(XRD分析方法）分析的分析结果)。。 It is shown that three diffraction peaks exist, shown as A, B and C, respectively.（他说明如果衍射峰存在的话，就分别像A，B，C）The interplanar distances corresponding to the threepeaks and standard ones for diamond are compared inTable 1. （这些对应三个峰的晶面间的距离，和标准值在图一中作了对比）The measured values of the interplanar distancesare in good agreement with the standard ones, demon-strating that the extracted product should be the carbonin diamond state.(经过测试的晶面间的距离和标准值一致，说明这些提取物质应该是钻石形态时的碳 ）（神马竟然还有钻石形态，总不能是钻石州吧） Fig. 4(a) gives a TEM micrograph showing distributionand morphology of diamond particles (indicated as A, B,and C) in the copper–diamond composite. 图四A是一个TEM显微照片展示了铜钻石合成体的的分布及形态，就如ABC图所展示的The calibration of interplanar distance for diffraction rings in Fig. 4(b) wasgiven in Table 2. 图四晶面间的距离衍射环的校准在图表2中Compared to Table 1, it is also demonstrated that the calibrated interplanar distances for thediffraction rings conform to the standard ones of diamond.与一相比，他也说明了图四晶面间的距离衍射环的校准与标准样本相符Therefore, it is believed that the graphitization of diamondparticles hardly occurs after sintering at 1150–1220 K in the copper–diamond composite.所以说，钻石颗粒的石墨化几乎不会发生在尽力了1150-1220k在铜钻化合物烧结过后Although diamond is a metastable allotropic modification of carbon, the graphitization of diamond particles in the copper–diamond composite did not occur, or the degree ofgraphitization was too small to be found.（尽管钻石是碳的同素异形体，钻石的石墨化在铜钻化合物中不会发生，或者就是石墨化程度很小，没有发现）It is believed that the beginning temperature of graphi-tization would be associated with the purity of diamond powders. 我们相信石墨化的温度和钻石的纯度有关The impurities such as some metallic elements reduce the beginning temperature of diamond graphitization.像金属元素这些杂志，减低了需要石墨化的温度 When diamond is fabricated by the static synthesis method, Fe and Ni are often used as catalysts and are present in diamond as impurities to decrease the beginningtemperature of graphitization（在用静电合成方法构造钻石时，Fe和镍是作为催化剂的，他们也作为杂质减低了钻石石墨化的温度） [6]. It is understandable that both for the graphitization and its reverse reactions, theiractivation energies can be decreased by catalytic agents.（这很容易理解，石墨化合它的逆向反应，他们的发生能力都会因为催化剂而降低）Compared with the diamond fabricated by static synthesis,the diamond powders prepared by explosion method do not contain metallic impurities, thus leading to an obviousincrease in the beginning temperature of graphitization.（与用静电合成方法构造的钻相比石，用爆炸方法取得的钻石不包含金属杂志，提高了石墨化的起始的温度）Hence, the detonation synthetic diamond might be moreresistant to graphitization and probably suitable for theelectric contact materials. （因此，爆炸合成的钻石更加能抵制石墨化，同时也更合适和电接触的物质，就是带电体）
希望采纳！本人能力有限！只能帮到这图1显示金刚石粒子分散的铜基体。自从金刚石粒子比较容易在机械抛光脱下衣服,小坑里留下了。表面上的样品。当样品进行了分析通过电子探针对碳、粒子显示高碳的山峰,如图2号。图3的展品分析结果为提取出来copper-diamond产品的复合利用x射线衍射(XRD)分析。结果表明,三见dis -分数峰存在,表现为一,B和C,分别。距离的interplanar相应于这三套对钻石峰标准的比较表1。interplanar测量值的距离在标准的吻合很好,恶魔-起动,提取的产品应该是碳在钻石的状态。图4(a)给出了透射电镜显微图显示分布金刚石粒子形貌和(显示为A,B,copper-diamond和C)复合材料。 校准interplanar衍射环的距离图4中了(b)所给的表2。相比,表1,它也是恶魔-strated interplanar距离的校准的衍射环的符合标准的钻石。因此,人们相信石墨化的钻石在粒子1150-1220几乎不发生后的烧结Kcopper-diamond复合材料。尽管钻石是亚稳态allotropic modifica -实践,石墨化碳的金刚石粒子在copper-diamond复合,没有发生,或者程度石墨化太小,被发现。据说起始温度的graphi -tization会伴随着纯度的钻石粉末等。某些金属等杂质元素减少金刚石graphitiza起始温度-信息。金刚石是静态合成捏造出来的方法、铁、镍催化剂和经常被用于目前在钻饰作为杂质,降低开始蛋彩画颜料
把重复率非常高的段落，用在线翻译，翻译成小语种，比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等，然后再翻译回来，你会发现，整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉！北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下
“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]n. 专题论文，学位论文；学术演讲 毕业论文； 博士论文； 论文； 学位论文 例句：1.He was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation. 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文.2. I have not yet footnoted my dissertation. 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注.3. I'm working my notes up into a dissertation. 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文.
翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。下文是我为大家整理的关于毕业论文英语翻译的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
谈英文化妆品的翻译
摘 要: 名称的翻译对于化妆品至关重要。本文旨在寻找一个汉译英文化妆品名称的好方法。作者首先介绍了翻译对品牌的重要性,接着对语言和文化关系进行了讨论,然后介绍了中英翻译的四种方法,最后进行了总结。为达到最好的翻译效果,译者应在不同的情况下使用不同的翻译方法。
关键词: 翻译 品牌 化妆品
品牌是由制造商或商品经营者确定的产品徽标。一个良好的品牌翻译将提升该产品的价值,它会吸引公众的眼球,激发他们的购买热情,甚至会影响一个企业的发展。为了迎合消费者,在新的市场,品牌名称应翻译得当。
根据奈达的等价翻译原理,对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化比掌握两种语言更重要(杨朝燕,2001:45)。广告业的大师黄�先生也曾说过:“作为业内人士,我们的工作是要富有创造性的翻译。”(周兆祥,2000:55)因此,在翻译品牌名称时,译者不仅要知道英文单词的字面意思,而且要理解它的文化内涵。这样翻译时才能够正确理解英文品牌的含义,解决文化冲突,吸引消费者。我以外国品牌化妆品为例,讨论翻译的方法。
1.影响英文化妆品品牌翻译的因素
品牌与文化就像是两个彼此密切相关的亲密朋友,哪里有文化,哪里就会有品牌。品牌实际上是一座搭在两个不同的国家之间连接两种不同文化的桥梁。一般来说,文化包括社会意识形态、审美标准、价值观、认知等。随着全球化的发展,国际贸易市场的不断扩大,越来越多的外国化妆品已敲开了中国市场的大门,品牌的翻译变得非常重要。
社会意识形态和价值观念对品牌的翻译起着重要的作用。社会意识形态会限制品牌的文化内涵。虽然全球化程度越来越高,但西方和中国仍然存在着一些分歧。例如,在西方,人们更加注重个人主义。他们更喜欢使用人名、地名或《圣经》中的词汇来命名一个品牌。但在中国,社会意识形态和价值观念不同于西方国家的,人们更加重视集体主义。
价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。价值给予品牌独特的文化内涵。在古代,中国基本上是一个农业国,寻求统一的概念,而西方则充斥着价值膨胀和冒险精神。举个例子:“安娜苏”,这个是一个国外化妆品品牌,也是它创始人的名字。这就是一个对个人主义价值观很好的解释。
认知是指人认识外界事物的过程。审美标准是指衡量、评价对象审美价值的相对固定的尺度。为了刺激消费者的购买欲望的产品,译者必须认真翻译品牌,才能使翻译的化妆品满足不同消费者不同的认知和审美心理。例如,大多数人可能听说过著名的香水“Poison”,这个是迪奥公司在1985年专门为西部妇女设计生产的,以满足她们对神秘事物的好奇和对冒险精神的追求。该产品在西方市场销量极好,“神秘和令人难忘的”是西方女性消费者对该产品的共同感受。但是在东方,女性往往更温柔、安静,它被翻译成“百爱神”而不是“毒药”,说明译者选择了适应其民族特点和文化价值的语言。总之,在翻译前译者应该先了解中国和西方国家之间的文化差异,以便在全球市场上更好地翻译。
2.翻译方法
品牌名称的翻译是一个转换和再造的过程。追求同等价值的信息是成功翻译的关键因素。
2.1音译
音译是指根据其目的语发音用近似发音的汉字进行翻译。以“Maybelline”为例,中国将它翻译成“美宝莲”。每一个字都有特别的含义,“美”是指它将会让使用它的女性变得美丽动人;而“莲”是指莲花,表明这个美容效果会使消费者像一个美丽的莲花自然清爽。这些都表明它的功能是让消费者比以前更漂亮。
“Clean&Clear”也是一个很好的例子。如果该品牌被翻译成“干净清透”,它就会失去翻译之美。该品牌被翻译成“可伶可俐”,与品牌原名一样使用了头韵的修辞手法,也有一个类似的原始发音。同时人们将永远清楚这个品牌的目标消费者是可爱的年轻女孩。
“Dove”的本义是鸽子,在国外这是一个温柔和可爱的象征。但在中国,鸽子只是一种鸟类。作为皮肤美容品,如果翻译为“鸽子”,很难被公众接受。因此,在中国它被翻译成“多芬”,意味着更多的芬芳。
还有更多的例子:“EsteeLauder”被翻译成“雅诗兰黛”,“SISTEIN”翻译是翻译成“希斯汀”,“Elizabeth Arden”被翻译成“伊丽莎白・雅顿”等。
2.2意译
意译是指根据原品牌的内涵来翻译,有利于消费者记住该品牌。相比较音译,意译更加尊重不同国家的文化和美学价值。例如,化妆品“BIOCEAN”被翻译成“碧欧泉”。“BIO”是指“生物”,“OCEAN”的意思是“大海”,将海洋生命之美延伸至自然之美,但如果使用音译,将会翻译成“比奥希昂”,显得烦琐和不雅,而“碧欧泉”则避免了这些缺陷。
“Uriage”是一个化妆品的名称,也是阿尔卑斯山中一个温泉的名字,那里的温泉专门用于治疗皮肤问题。作为一个化妆品品牌,“依泉”是一个好的翻译。翻译品牌的同时也展示了该品牌的组成成分和产品功用。
2.3创造性翻译
创造性翻译认为音译和意译都有一部分缺陷,为了达到音、义的完美结合,译者创建另一个单词或词组来充分展示产品的功能。让我们以“Plantesystem”为例。这个品牌是由法国最大的医疗化妆品厂生产的。它的中文意思是“植物系统”。但译者翻译成“欧萃碧”。这种转换不仅使消费者感觉良好,而且强调这是一个来自欧洲以植物为原料的化妆品。
2.4不译
不译即不进行翻译,只是使用原来的名称。根据中华人民共和国商标法,汉字、少数民族语言、外来词和字母可以作为商标注册。随着中国市场的迅速扩展,越来越多的外国化妆品厂商在中国直接注册商标品牌。这样既可以节省翻译费用,又确保了该品牌的异国情调。“VOV”、“HR”、“DHC”这些都是典型的例子。
3.结语
由于社会意识形态、价值观念、认知在中国和西方的审美标准的差异,翻译必须尊重不同的文化背景,并保留其民族特色和品牌的魅力,使原来的语言承担所有的信息和功能。一个成功的品牌翻译,能给消费者深刻印象,而失败的翻译,会令消费者失去兴趣。为了更好地表明外国化妆品的魅力,译者应该寻求最佳的方式来翻译品牌。如果我们将市场比喻成一场战争,成功的品牌名称就像一面旗帜永不落。如果一家公司想打开国外市场,就必须打动消费者。因此,品牌名称的翻译是非常重要的。
参考文献:
[1]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[2]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[3]杨朝燕.跨文化广告传播与商标翻译[J].山东师大外国语学院学报,2001,(4).
[4]周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
浅析英汉语言文化差异及其翻译
【摘要】把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动，它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识，也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。这就需要译者对汉英两种语言的特点、差异及各方面的文化知识有较全面的了解，在充分理解的基础上才能表达完整，翻译出的作品才会忠实于原作。
【关键词】汉语;英语;文化差异;理解与翻译
英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别，不了解这些差别，翻译出的作品肯定会洋相百出、词不达意。因此，要想处理好翻译过程中的难题，关键是要了解汉语与英语的区异。一般来说，所涉及到的汉英语言差异主要表现在以下几个方面：
一、英语语法结构严谨，汉语遣词造句形式灵活
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而言，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”汉语和英语的习惯用法不同。汉语中某一说法本来是很清楚的，谁也不会误解，但如果生搬硬套，逐字译成英语，就很可能词不达意，甚至还会引起误解，闹出笑话，或铸成大错。为了避免这种情况发生，就必须在译文中增补适当的词，把原文中暗含的意思明确地表达出来。例如：
原文：好好学习，天天向上。
如果想当然地翻译成：“Good good study, day day up.”就要贻笑大方了，因为“好好学习，天天向上”是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译应该是：Work hard and make progress everyday.
另外，汉语中的典故、谚语等，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白，但是英语读者就不见得能懂，因此翻译时就得适当地添加一些注释性的词语。例如：
“班门弄斧”可译成 This is like showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban，the master carpenter。
在这个例子中，如果不在译文中加上the master carpenter而只译作Lu Ban, 不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然，不知道Lu Ban是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句子内在含义。
二、英语句子如参天大树枝叶横生，汉语句子似万顷碧波层层推进
由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。例如：
原文：In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”，译文一听就是翻译腔调，语言色彩大打折扣。
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂。例如：
原文：Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me for a long time?
译文：有一个问题困扰我好长时间了，想请教你，你能回答吗?
汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思，显然效果很好，如果译成：你能回答一个长时间困扰着我使我想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好，而且显得绕嘴。
三、英语中被动式居多，汉语中主动式居多
我们知道，在汉语中被动式使用较少，我们叙述一种行为的时候常采用主动式。而英语则不然，大量的及物动词可以用被动式，不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动式。例如：
(1)English is spoken here. 这儿讲英语。
(2)It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 欢迎你有机会来中国访问。
汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说大体可分为两大类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记，如“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等;另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。但不论哪一类，译成英语时基本上都可运用被动语态。例如：
(1)他被选为学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’Union.
(2)这个问题正在研究。The problem is now bEing studied.
但必须注意的是，并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要译成英语的被动式。比如“老太太被风吹病了”，若译成“The old lady was blown sick by the wind” 就成了中国式的英语了，而只有译成“The old lady fell ill because of the draught.”才符合英语表达习惯。
四、思维习惯差异
不同文化的人，生活习惯和思维方式都有很多不同，翻译时也必须作等值意义转换。如：英语民族的人见面时喜欢谈天气，说“Lovely weather，isn’tit”之类的话，根据英美人的习惯，这无非是一句最方便、最不得罪人的见面语。而在我国, 自古就“民以食为天”,人们见面时爱说“吃了吗?”在多数情况下，说话人并不十分关心别人是不是吃饭了，而只是一种招呼罢了。中国人听到这些问话也只是回答说“吃了”或“没吃呐”，实际上是个应酬。这样的对话如果译成英文只说“A：How do you do? B：How do you do?”或“A：Hi! B：Hi!” 就行了。如果将A的问话改译成“Have you had you meal?”如果被问者B是英语民族的人，他心理上首先的反应是：“Yes, I have.”或 “No, l haven't”或“Do you mean to invite me to dinner?”由于这种文化上的差异，汉语中许多围绕“吃饭”问题所形成的词语，在英语中就很难找到字面对应的表达法，对于“饭桶”、“吃不开”、“吃不了兜着走”等这一系列说法只好分别意译为“good- for-nothing”，“be unpopular”，“land oneself in serious trouble”，等才能基本如实传达原文的含义。
五、物指联想差异
同一客观事物，在不同的文化里可能包含不同的价值，引起不同的联想，具有不同的内涵。动物比喻(Animal Metaphors)在汉英两种语言中均有广泛的使用。然而，由于文化背景、思维方式的不同，人们对动物比喻的正确理解和翻译存有障碍。从翻译的角度总体说来，动物比喻可以分为两大类，一类是：译语与原语存在对应的关系，翻译时可采用同值、近值互借法，以再现原语形象。例如：
(1)He is as sly as a fox. 他狡猾得像个狐狸。
(2)A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼
另一类是：同一动物形象在原语和译语中的语用意义相去甚远。因此，在翻译过程中就出现了动物形象名称的转换。这种动物形象的转换可以是一种动物形象转换为另一种动物形象, 也可以是一种动物形象转换成人的形象，例如：
(1)Talk horse.吹牛。(horse译为“牛”)
(2)Black sheep.害群之马。(sheep译为“马”)
(3)Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。(dog 译成“人”)
翻译过程中出现的这种动物形象的喻体转换丰富了动物成语的内涵，同时，它作为一种重要的修辞手法，创造出生动、鲜明的形象，能产生良好的艺术效果。
为使译文读者得到和原文读者基本相同的文化信息，在翻译中遇到两种文化差异特别大时，用直译无法使译文传达信息，译者就要在充分理解原文的基础上在译文文化中寻找对应的表达方式，做出各种必要的转换，进行意译。
【参考文献】
[1]张道真2002《张道真英语语法》商务印书馆
[2]范仲英 1994 《实用翻译教程》外语教学与研究出版社
[3]喻家楼 1991 《汉语成语英译词典》中国科学技术大学出版社
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
吸水polyaminosiloxane环氧热固性聚合物作者： J.C. Cabanelas ，法国兴业Prolongo湾塞拉诺，学者布拉沃，学者Baselga 摘要：摘要吸水率是一种常见的问题环氧树脂基复合材料，尤其是在界面区域。相反，环氧树脂，有机硅具有疏水性材料。热固性环氧改性有机硅应改善与物理性能，由于减少了水的扩散。双酚A二缩水甘油醚（ DGEBA ）治愈的合成氨perfunctionalised硅氧烷。吸水率分析了不同的技术，包括近红外光谱（ FTIR ）吸水率在五二○○厘米- 1和重量。菲克定律扩散系数进行了计算。溶胀平衡树脂还分析。吸收水触发的固化反应强烈，从而使达到高转换率。 © 2003埃尔塞维尔科学B.诉保留所有权利
Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media was present centuries before the term became common. The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across mediums such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which require union membership in large markets such as Newspaper Guild, AFTRA, & text publishers. The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have a means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass media producers. These internet media can include television, personal web pages, podcasts and blogs.The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda. The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media bias.HistoryTypes of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient World. The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in 1453. This invention transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.Newspapers developed around from 1612, with the first example in English in 1620 [2] ; but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience directly.During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time.Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, units costs went down, increasing profit margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, independent media serve to educate the public/electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see Media influence). Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a grave threat to democracy.[edit] Timelinec1400: Appearance of European popular prints. 1453: Johnannes Gutenberg uses his printing press to print the Bible, making books freely accessible to many people during the Renaissance. 1620: First newspaper (or coranto) in English. 1825: Nicéphore Niépce takes the first permanent photograph. 1830: Telegraphy is independently developed in England and the United States. 1876: First telephone call made by Alexander Graham Bell. 1878: Thomas Alva Edison patents the phonograph. 1890: First juke box in San Francisco's Palais Royal Saloon. 1890: Telephone wires are installed in Manhattan. 1894: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope, which were invented in his laboratories by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson. 1895: Cinematograph invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere, based on Edison's patented Kinetograph. 1896: Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine Co. It will become IBM in 1924. 1897: Guglielmo Marconi patents the wireless telegraph. 1898: Loudspeaker is invented. 1902: Daily Nation is started in Kenya. 1906: The Story of the Kelly Gang from Australia is world's first feature length film. 1909: RMS Republic, a palatial White Star passenger liner, uses the Marconi Wireless for a distress at sea. She had been in a collision. This is the first "breaking news" mass media event. 1912: Air mail begins. 1913: Edison transfers from cylinder recordings to more easily reproducible discs. 1913: The portable phonograph is manufactured. 1915: Radiotelephone carries voice from Virginia to the Eiffel Tower. 1916: Tunable radios invented. 1919: Short-wave radio is invented. 1920: KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh, United States, becoming the world's first commercial radio station. 1922: BBC is formed and broadcasting to London. 1924: KDKA created a short-wave radio transmitter. 1925: BBC broadcasting to the majority of the UK. 1926: NBC is formed. 1927: The Jazz Singer: The first motion picture with sounds debuts. 1927: Philo Jason Farnsworth debuts the first electronic television system. 1928: The Teletype was introduced. 1933: Edward Armstrong invents FM Radio. 1935: First telephone call made around the world. 1936: BBC opened world's first regular (then defined as at least 200 lines) high definition television service. 1938: The War of the Worlds is broadcast on October 30, causing mass hysteria. 1939: Western Union introduces coast-to-coast fax service. 1939: Regular electronic television broadcasts begin in the US. 1939: The wire recorder is invented in the US. 1940: The first commercial television station, WNBT (now WNBC-TV)/New York signs on the air. 1948: Cable television becomes available in the US. 1951: The first color televisions go on sale. 1957: Sputnik is launched and sends back signals from near earth orbit. 1959: Xerox makes the first copier. 1960: Echo I, a US balloon in orbit, reflects radio signals to Earth. 1962: Telstar satellite transmits an image across the Atlantic. 1963: Audio cassette is invented in the Netherlands by Philips for use as a dictation machine media. 1963: Martin Luther King gives "I have a dream" speech. 1965: Vietnam War becomes first war to be televised. 1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize production. 1968: The Philips C-Cassette is introduced as a music recording cassette 1969: Man's first landing on the moon is broadcast to 600 million people around the globe. 1970s: ARPANET, progenitor to the internet developed. 1971: Intel debuts the microprocessor. 1972: Pong becomes the first video game to win widespread popularity. 1973: The first home video cassette recorder is introduced by Philips in Europe. 1975: The MITS Altair 8800 becomes the first pre-assembled desktop computer available on the market. 1976: JVC introduces VHS videotape - becomes the standard consumer format in the 1980s & 1990s. 1979: First mobile phone service is commercially launched by NTT in Japan 1980: CNN launches in the USA. 1980: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones put news database online. 1981: The IBM PC is introduced on 12 August. MTV launches in the USA 1982: Philips and Sony put the Compact Disc on the Japanese market. It arrives on the US market early the following year. 1984: Apple Macintosh is introduced. 1985: CD-ROMs begin to be sold. First laptop computer introduced by Toshiba in Japan. Pay-per-view channels open for business. 1987: Japanese Digital Audio Tape technology arrives both in the United States and in Western Europe. 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) publicly released by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN. 1993: CERN announces that the WWW will be free for anyone to use. First advertisements appear on the internet 1994: Mosaic became the first popular World Wide Web browser because of the graphical interface. 1996: First DVD players and discs are available in Japan. Twister is the first film on DVD. 1997: The Nokia Communicator smartphone is launched in Finland, is world's first fully internet capable mobile phone and offers full email on a phone 1998: First downloadable content for mobile phones appears in Finland with advent of ringing tone. 1999: Napster contributes to the popularization of MP3. First mobile internet service provider NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode launches in Japan. 2000: First advertising appears on mobile phones in Finland. First cameraphones launced by J-Phone in Japan. 2001: The news coverage of 9/11 shown all around the world live broadcasting to many. The Blackberry launches in Canada. First video content for mobile launches with MainosTV3 news in Finland. 2004: Howard Dean is the first Presidential candidate to create a blog. Citizen Journalism invented in South Korea by Ohmy News. 2005: Media forms begin to converge. First mobile broadcast TV service goes live on TU Media in South Korea. First news ticker feed appears on mobile phone idle screen in Japan. 2006: Public meeting to help define "natural" label. [edit] PurposesMass media can be used for various purposes:Advocacy, both for business and social concerns. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political communication. Enrichment and education. Entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through video and computer games. Public service announcements. [edit] Claimed negative characteristics of mass mediaAnother description of Mass Media is central media which implies:An inability to transmit tacit knowledge (or perhaps it can only transfer bad tacit). Corporate propaganda. The manipulation of large groups of people through media outlets, for the benefit of a particular political party and/or group of people. Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the message." Bias, political or otherwise, towards favoring a certain individual, outcome or resolution of an event This view of central media can be contrasted with lateral media, such as email networks, where messages are all slightly different and spread by a process of lateral diffusion.[edit] JournalismJournalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists.News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable.[edit] Public relationsPublic relations is the art and science of managing communication between an organization and its key publics to build, manage and sustain its positive image. Examples include:Corporations use marketing public relations (MPR) to convey information about the products they manufacture or services they provide to potential customers to support their direct sales efforts. Typically, they support sales in the short and long term, establishing and burnishing the corporation's branding for a strong, ongoing market. Corporations also use public-relations as a vehicle to reach legislators and other politicians, seeking favorable tax, regulatory, and other treatment, and they may use public relations to portray themselves as enlightened employers, in support of human-resources recruiting programs. Non-profit organizations, including schools and universities, hospitals, and human and social service agencies, use public relations in support of awareness programs, fund-raising programs, staff recruiting, and to increase patronage of their services. Politicians use public relations to attract votes and raise money, and, when successful at the ballot box, to promote and defend their service in office, with an eye to the next election or, at career’s end, to their legacy. [edit] Citizen JournalismIn 2004 in South Korea citizen journalism was invented, with the launch of Ohmy News online daily newspaper. Today Ohmy News gets over 90% of its content from citizen journalists, has over 51,000 registered citizens as journalists, and has become one of South Korea's best read and most trusted news sources. Citizen Journalism news services have been introduced in over a dozen other countries.[edit] FormsElectronic media and print media include:Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio and television. Various types of discs or tapes. In the 20th century, these were mainly used for music. Video and computer uses followed. Film, most often used for entertainment, but also for documentaries. Internet, which has many uses and presents both opportunities and challenges. Blogs and podcasts, such as news, music, pre-recorded speech and video) Publishing, in the narrow sense, meaning on paper, mainly via books, magazines, and newspapers. Video games, which have developed into a mass form of media since cutting-edge devices such as the PlayStation 3, XBox 360, and Wii broadened their use. Mobile phones, often called the 7th Mass Media, used for rapid breaking news, short clips of entertainment like jokes, horoscopes, alerts, games, music, and advertising 字数超限了。。。
问题一：高分子英文怎么译 你好！ 高分子 macromolecule 英[?m?kr?'m?l?kju:l] 美[?m?kr?'m?l??kju:l] n. 巨大分子，高分子; [例句]Polyimide is a macromolecule polymer material. 聚酰亚胺是一种高分子聚合物材料。 问题二：高分子材料科学与工程用英语怎么说 Polymer Materials Science and Engineering; Polymer Materials Science & Engineering; Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering; Polymer Material Science and Engineering; Polymer Material Science and Technology 问题三：这一句高分子材料专业英语怎么翻译 cis -A4- Tetrahydro -phthalic An矗ydride 顺位A4四氢肽酸酐 cis - Hexahydrophthalic Acid 顺位六氢酞酸 问题四：高分子材料改性用英语怎么说 高分子材料改性 Modification of polymer materials 问题五：“高分子材料成型加工机械”用英语怎么说 你好！ 高分子材料成型加工机械 Polymer materials processing machinery
材料的聚l-lactic酸)与气相法白炭黑(PLA)纳米二氧化硅)、蒙脱石(吨)和氧化的多壁碳纳米管(o-MWCNTs)、含2.5 wt %纳米粒子准备解决蒸发的方法。这SEMmicrographs细分散的计划nanoparticlesinto矩阵。 这因此作为有效的加固剂储存模量增加,从直接存储器存取分析验证了。纳米粒子被发现的情况下,有效nucleaging代理人和二氧化硅纳米粒子包覆。从熔体结晶冷却加速了纳米粒子的存在而有效的活化能的计算方法Friedmann使用isoconversional下降。成核活动进行了分析计算。Cold-crystallization也存在影响纳米粒。 然而,这种现象似乎开始在较低的温度下工作,结果造成缺陷的形成晶体结构macromolecularchain流动减少剩余的非晶聚合物,最后限制最终的结晶度。
high polymer materialhigh molecular material