英语从句、分词从句是相对于主句而言的，从句是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。英语主要有三大从句，即名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句。
一、名词性从句用法归纳
1. 当疑问词做主语或主语的定语时，语序不变。
Smith asked me whose pen was red. （whose 做主语的定语）
2. 宾语从句中的插入语常见形式
特殊疑问词+do you think （believe， suppose， say...）；插入语还有you think / expect等；
3. That可以作except， in， besides， but的宾语，不可充当其他介词的宾语，in that 意为“在于（因为）” but that 意为“要不是（只是）”except that 意为“除了”；
4. 宾语从句中的否定转移：主语是第一人称I / we 时：
1） 将think， believe， suppose， expect， fancy， imagine， consider， expect， guess， reckon等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不会来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope，宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2） 如果think， believe， suppose， expect， fancy， imagine， consider， expect， guess， reckon等动词前有副词或表示强调的do， does， did或同其他词构成并列谓语，或不以现在时出现，或用在插入语中，这时候不用否定转移。
I really expect she didnt say that to him. 我希望她不对他说那件事。
I think and hope that he wont be deceived by the man. 我希望他不会被那个人欺骗。
3） 在think， believe， suppose， expect， fancy， imagine， consider， expect， guess， reckon等此类动词后，在简略回答中，用so替代前面肯定的宾语从句；若替代一个否定的宾语从句，用not或not...so替代前文整个句子。
—I believe weve met somewhere before. ——我认为我们从前在哪里见过。
—No， I dont think so. ——没有，我想我们以前没有见过。
—Do you think its going to rain over the weekend？ ——你认为这周末会下雨吗？
—I believe not. ——我认为不会。
5. 宾语从句还可以用在某些形容词的后面，如：sure， glad， certain， sorry， afraid， worried， anxious， aware， confident， convinced， proud， surprised， thankful， ashamed， disappointed， annoyed， pleased， hurt， satisfied， content ...
特别提示：
be sure / certain...表示“确信或肯定……”后边从句的连词用that，但 be not sure / certain后边从句的连词用 if或 whether。
6. 名词性从句用法常见错误分析：
1） 误：The question is if they can work out the difficult math problem.
正：The question is whether they can work out the difficult math problem.
[点拨] 引导名词性从句表示疑问时，常用whether不用if。
2） 误：That he said surprised all of us.
正：What he said surprised all of us.
[点拨] what引导主语从句并在主语从句中作said的宾语。当that引导主语从句时，不作句子成份，只起连接作用。
3） 误：I believe no matter what he says.
正：I believe whatever he says.
[点拨] whatever在这里引导宾语从句，no matter what只能引导状语从句。
4） 误：He asked how much should he pay the doctor.
正：He asked how much he should pay the doctor.
[点拨] 一般来说，宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序。
5） 误：Who leaves the room last should lock the door.
正：Whoever leaves the room last should lock the door.
[点拨] who可以引导主语从句，但往往具有疑问的意义；而whoever则没有疑问的意义，相当于anyone who。
6） 误：He wants to become a friend of whomever shares the same interest.
正：He wants to become a friend of whoever shares the same interest.
[点拨] whoever引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语，故不能用whomever 。
7） 误：It all depends on if they will support us.
正：It all depends on whether they will support us.
[点拨] they will support us 在句中作depends on的宾语，故用whether，而不用if引导。
8） 误：The reason why he didnt come is because his mother was ill.
正：The reason why he didnt come is that his mother was ill.
[点拨] The reason why ... is ...句型中，应用that 引导表语从句，表示“……的原因是……”。不能用because引导。
9） 误：We didnt know if or not she was ready to start work.
正：We didnt know whether or not she was ready to start work.
[点拨] whether引导宾语从句时可以和or not 连用，而if则不能。
10） 误：He is famous as an English teacher is well known.
正：That he is famous as an English teacher is well known.
[点拨] that引导主语从句时不能省略。
11） 误：That really interested the children was how to use the computer.
正：What really interested the children was how to use the computer.
[点拨] what引导主语从句在从句中作主语，而that引导主语从句时，不作句子成分，也没有任何含义。
12） 误：The man asked his son where he found his glasses.
正：The man asked his son where he had found his glasses.
[点拨] 宾语从句中动词find的动作是在主句动词ask之前发生的，因此要用过去完成时来表达。
13） 误：All what they need is enough time to prepare for the examinat
ion.
正：All that they need is enough time to prepare for the examination.
正：What they need is enough time to prepare for the examination.
[点拨] all what一般不连用。All that ... 结构中，that（不能用which）引导定语从句，修饰先行词all。what引导主语从句。
二、形容词性从句即定语从句
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句；
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分；
（一）指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that；
指人时，下列情况只用who不宜用that。
先行词为one，ones，anyone，these时；在there be 开头的句子中；一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复；在非限制性定语从句中。
（二）指物的关系代词有which，whose（=of which），that。
特别提醒：
介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom，which不能用who或that；部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后；指物时，下列情况下只能用that，不宜用which。
先行词为不定代词，如much， anything， none， the one；先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时；先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时；如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时（先行词既有人又有物），定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that；如果先行词被the only， the very， the last， the same， any， few， little， no， all， one of， just修饰时；当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。
指物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。
关系代词放在介词之后；非限制性定语从句中；that，those作主语时。
当先行词前有such， the same， as时， 关系代词用as，不用that， 但the same...as...表示同样的， the same...that...表示同一的。
关系代词as和which。
在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。
在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which。
“one of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况。这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所接近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致；但如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是one而不是那个复数名词。
三、副词性从句即状语从句
引导时间状语从句的词有when， before， after， until， as soon as， while等；条件状语从句由if等引导的条件状语从句；地点状语从句一般用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）引导；原因状语从句常用的引导连词有because，as和since；目的状语从句常用的引导连词有so that，that和in order that；让步状语从句由 though， even though， however， no matter how / what / who等引导；比较状语从句由 than， the more...the more， as...as引导；方式状语从句由in the same way， as 等引导。
四、非谓语动词与从句的相互关系
（一） 不定式和分词作定语相当于定语从句
不定式通常位于被修饰名词后，与该名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。如果不定式与所修饰名词在意思上是被动且逻辑上的主语不出现时，要用不定式的被动式，与所修饰名词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。分词作定语时，单个分词置于名词之前，分词短语置于名词之后，与名词构成主谓关系或被动主谓关系。定语从句和不定式、分词作定语只是两种不同的表达方式，本质是相同的。
I have many letters to type. （动宾关系）
→I have many letters which I should type.
I have many letters to be typed.（被动主谓关系）
→I have many letters which are to be typed by others.
The standing people shouted at the dean.（主谓关系）
（二）不定式和分词作状语相当于状语从句
1. 不定式多作目的状语和结果状语，故可以转化为相应的目的状语从句和结果状语从句。
Mother got up early to catch the early bus.（目的状语）
→Mother got so early as to catch the early bus.
→Mother got up early so that she might catch the early bus.
【注意】so as to和so that不可放在句首。
She is too young to join the army.（结果状语）
→She is so young that she cannot join the army.
2. 分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和让步等，相当于相应状语的从句。如果分词的逻辑主语与主句主语一致，则用现在分词；如果分词的逻辑主语与主句是被动关系且与主语一致时，则用过去分词。分词作状语时，如果其带有逻辑上的主语，称为分词的独立主格结构。分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语无语法联系。
Seeing those pictures， he couldnt help thinking of the unforgettable days in New York.（时间状语）
→When he saw those pictures， he couldnt help thinking of the unforgettable days in New York.
五、非谓语动词与从句的相互转换
（一） 不定式与从句之间的转换
1. 不定式作主语可转换成主语从句。
When and where to hold the meeting is unknown yet.
→When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown yet.
2. 不定式作宾语或宾补可转换成宾语从句。
I dont know what to do with the m
atter.
→I dont know what I should do with the matter.
3. 不定式作表语可转换成表语从句。
My wish is to become a pilot after graduation.
→My wish is that I can become a pilot after graduation.
4. 不定式作定语可转换成定语从句。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
→The meeting that / which will be held tomorrow is of great importance.
5. 不定式作目的、结果、原因状语可转换成相应的状语从句。
They started off early in order to（so as to）arrive in time.
→They started off early in order that（so that）they could arrive in time.
（二）动名词与从句之间的转换
1. 动名词作主语可转换成that引导的主语从句。
Toms knowing English helps him in learning French.
→That Tom knows English helps him in learning French.
2. 动名词作宾语可转换成that引导的宾语从句。
I remember having paid him for his work.
→I remember that I have paid him for his work.
3. 动名词作表语可转换成that引导的表语从句。
Our worry is your depending too much on him.
→Our worry is that you depend too much on him.
（三）分词与从句之间的转换
1. 分词作定语可转换成that， who， which引导的定语从句。
The man talking to my teacher is my father.
→The man who / that is talking to my teacher is my father.
2. 分词作状语可转换成相应的状语从句。
While waiting for the bus， I caught sight of her.
→While I was waiting for the bus， I caught sight of her.
3. 分词作宾补可转换成宾语从句。
I found him waiting for a bus at the station.
→I found that he was waiting for a bus at the station.
4. 分词在句中作伴随或结果状语时， 相当于一个并列句， 也可和并列结构转换。
He died， leaving his daughter much money.
→He died， and （he） left his daughter much money.
六、分词的独立主格结构与从句的相互转换 （一）独立主格结构转换为从句
1. 表示时间的独立主格结构可转换为时间状语从句。
The shower being over， we continued our journey.
→When the shower was over， we continued our journey.
2. 表示理由的独立主格结构可转换为原因状语从句。
All the tickets having been sold out， they went away disappointed.
→As all the tickets had been sold out，they went away disappointed.
3. 表示条件的独立主格结构可转换为条件状语从句。
All things considered， her paper is better than yours.
→If all things are considered， her paper is better than yours.
4. 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构可转换为并列句或两个独立的句子。
He went to the front door， his students following him. （=He went to the front door， followed by his students.）
→He went to the front door， and his students followed him.
（二）从句转换为分词的独立主格结构
1. 从句变为分词的独立主格结构时，要去掉连词，保留自己的主语。然后把从句的谓语变换为分词结构。试比较下面的句子。
Mother being ill in bed， I cant go to school.
→As Mother is ill in bed， I cant go to school.
2. 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构有时可用with或without.
He went away， and not a word was spoken.
→He went away without a word spoken.
3. 当分词的独立主格结构的含义表示“一般人”，如we，one， you时， 主语可以省略。
Judging from his face， he must be ill.
→If we judge from his face， he must be ill.
相关练习
I.用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. There （be） no rain in South China for a long time， most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.
2. Mr. Brown was much surprised to find the watch he had had （repair） was nowhere to be seen.
3. The young woman we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if （see） whether she was going in the right direction.
4. —Is there any possibility of the film （try） out in Paris International Festival？
—Not in the least， because audience generally think little of it.
5. —Hi， Helen. Would you like to go to the concert this evening？
—Sorry， Jack. （not prepare） tomorrows lessons， I have no time to go out with you.
6. —How did you get in touch with Mrs. White？
—Well， it seems to me that youve forgotten me （tell） her telephone number the other day.
7. Mr. Smiths hall was crowded with many people， （include） many children （seat） on their parents laps.
8. Everything （take） into consideration， they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
9. —The English exam is not difficult， is it？
—Yes. Even Tom （belong） to the top students failed in it.
10. Only （take） according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.
II. 单项填空
1. Your ability has never been in doubt—the question is you are prepared to work hard.
A. that B. whether
C. if D. how
2. —May I go to play football with my friend this afternoon， D
ad？
—No， you cant go out your work is being done.
A. as B. until
C. before D. after
3. it has been raining heavily those days will of course do harm to our crops.
A. That B. Whether
C. How D. If
4. The chief manager has decided to put he thinks is energetic， clever， and has good qualities in the position of the leadership of the company.
A. those who B. anyone
C. whomever D. whoever
5. The recent information has been put forward more high school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. that B. which
C. while D. as
6. After seemed an endless effort， the patient was finally able to carry out seemed a perfect normal walk.
A. what； what B. that； that
C. it； that D. which； it
7. The farm we see today is no longer the one it was ten years ago.
A. that； that B. where； that
C. where； where D. which； which
8. I often think of the days I stayed with them， has a great effect on my job.
A. which； that B. that； which
C. when； who D. when； which
9. Not far from the club， there was a garden， owner was seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.
A. its B. whose
C. which D. of which
10. I suggest that we should take part in more such activities in future we did last week.
A. which B. as
C. that D. than
参考答案
I. 1. being 2. repaired 3. to see 4. being tried 5. Not having prepared 6. telling 7. including； seated 8. taken 9. belonging 10. taken
II. 1—5 BAADA 6—10 AADBB
（作者：康传桂，海安县李堡中学）
