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药学英语毕业论文范文

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药学英语毕业论文范文

去创新医学网一定能找到的,上面24科室的论文都有,而且全部免费,自己去找找吧!

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

药学专业是一门独立的学科,具有较强的专业性,所以就要求学生要为学好专业课而打下坚实的基础。下文是我为大家整理的关于药学大专 毕业 论文的内容,希望能对大家有所帮助,欢迎大家阅读参考!

试论儿科用药中存在的问题及合理用药

摘要:目的分析儿科用药中存在的不良问题,并结合问题所在探讨合理用药的有效 措施 。 方法 我院自2009年7月起,对儿科用药方面的合理性进行严格管制。研究从我院儿科科室2009年7月~2010年2月(执行用药规范管制后)收治的患儿中选取60例作为研究对象,设为观察组,并选取2009年1月~6月(未执行用药规范管制前)收治60例患儿设为对照组。通过分析两组患儿的临床资料,对两组患儿的用药情况以及不良反应现象进行对比。结果经研究,从患者的用药不良反应以及治疗效果等方面进行比较,观察组明显优于对照组,且观察组与对照组存在显著性差异,(P<)具有统计学意义。结论在儿科疾病的临床治疗中,合理应用药物,对保障药物治疗效果以及降低不良反应发生率均具有积极影响。

关键词:儿科用药;合理性;不良反应;治疗效果

由于 儿童 年纪过小,生理上多方面功能均与成人有明显出入,如内分泌、神经、肝、肾等方面的功能,因此儿童在防御外界疾病方面的能力较弱,染病概率也较大[1]。此外,因为小儿肾功能仍未完全发育,因此在对于药物的代谢能力以及排泄能力较弱,所以在治疗儿科疾病时,若临床医师未指导儿童合理用药,极易引起药物副作用、药源性疾病等。研究通过分析实行用药控制前后的儿科用药情况,从而掌握儿科的用药特征,确保用药的合理性。

1资料与方法

一般资料①观察组:本组60例研究对象为儿科于2009年7月~2010年2月收治的患儿,其中包括33例男性患儿与27例女性患儿,年龄6个月~12岁,平均为(±)岁;②对照组:本组60例研究对象为儿科于2009年1月~6月收治的患儿,其中包括30例男性患儿与30例女性患儿,年龄6个月~12岁,平均年龄为(±)岁;经对比,两组患儿的一般资料无明显差异,(P>)无统计学意义。

方法通过对两组患儿的临床资料进行回顾,比较两组患儿的用药情况以及不良反应现象的差异情况,分析儿科用药中存在的问题,并探讨观察组所采用的的用药合理性管理方法。

观察指标观察两组患儿在用药后,观察患儿有无呕吐、恶心、腹泻等消化系统症状;有无肝功能不全的症状;有无咳嗽、鼻塞等呼吸系统症状;有无皮疹、泌尿系统受损、急性肾功能衰竭等不良症状。

统计学方法采用t或χ2检验两组数据,以百分比表示儿科用药不良反应的发生概率,若(P<)则表示组间差异具有统计学意义。

2结果

经研究,两组患儿在用药治疗后,均有不同程度的不良症状,如皮疹、泌尿系统受损、咳嗽、急性肾功能衰竭、肝功能异常以及呕吐、恶心、腹泻等不良反应,见表1。

由表1可看出,观察组患儿用药后的不良反应率明显低于对照组,(P<)具有统计学意义。

3讨论

临床上药物的滥用情况依旧大量存在。因为患儿正处于生长发育期,患儿的机体生长发育不完善,对药物具有远远高于成人的敏感性,其药物依从性也相对较差,不稳定、不规律用药的情况突出,在临床的治疗方面,临床医生常常选择几类药物联合应用,这样就使药物在应用的过程中泛滥存在。滥用药物对于患者会出现许多不良反应,不良反应发生率增加,而药物间协同作用效率被降低。许多药物经由肝肾代谢之后排出,而药物滥用则会大大增加药品对肝肾脏器的功能损害。

儿科用药方面存在的问题

①未正确掌握用药剂量:儿科临床医师在选择用药剂量时,仅依据自身临床诊断 经验 进行判断,此为引起用药不良反应的一个主要原因[2]。小儿的胃酸浓度通常较低,加上胃部排空的时间比较长,使肠蠕动缺乏一定的规律,因此在药物吸收方面较为容易。若临床医师未注意到小儿的实际情况调整药物剂量,易引起泌尿系统受损的情况。②滥用药物:相比起成人,儿童生理上尚未完全发育,因此对于药物的敏感性较高,相应的对于服用药物的顺从性也较差,常有用药不稳定的情况,而临床治疗中,多种药物共同使用的情况较为多见,普遍存在滥用药物的情况。

如抗生素、解热镇痛药、激素、维生素、微量元素等药物的滥用。此类情况不仅会导致药物的治疗效果降低,还会提高不良反应的发生概率。③忽视了药物剂型:贴剂、注射液、栓剂、喷雾剂、颗粒冲剂、口服液、分散片、控释片、缓释片等均是临床上较为多见的药物剂型。其中,部分剂型若分散使用则会导致治疗效果受到一定的影响,如缓释片等。

儿科临床用药分析

在临床用药不断进步的环境下,具有耳毒性、发育毒性等毒性的抗生素在临床上的使用频率逐渐减少,也降低了用药不良反应情况的发生率。近几年,有相关医学研究表明,抗生素可分为3类[3]:①时间依赖类;②浓度依赖类;③时间依赖+浓度依赖类;对于儿科用药而言,此种分类方法对改变用药的间隔时间、疗效、毒性等起到了直接影响,成为临床上无法忽视的问题。抗生素的后效应(PostantibioticEffect,PAE)属于抗生素在浓度依赖、时间依赖等方面的最主要影响因素。抗生素的后效应是指细菌接触了抗生素后,抗生素中的血清浓度的降低值虽然低于抑菌最低浓度或是消失,但药物对于微生物仍可维持短时间的抑制效果。对于革兰阳性细菌而言,临床上的抗菌药物通常均具备不同程度的抗生素后效应,但是多种抗菌药物中,以喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等浓度依赖类抗生素的PAE较为可靠。浓度依赖类抗菌药物的效果由血药峰浓度值所决定,药物持续时间对于药效的影响不明显。然而,在儿童的临床治疗中应用浓度依赖型抗菌药物,引起并发症的可能性较大,因此现阶段儿科用药中采用浓度依赖型抗菌药物的情况较为少见。对于β-内酰胺类药物等时间依赖型抗菌药物,药物峰浓度对于药效的影响不大,儿科临床上多是通过控制用药的间隔时间以及剂量确保用药合理性。

用药管理措施

从2009年7月起,我院从三个方面入手,严格管制儿科的用药情况:①药物选择。在选择药物时,若仅使用一种药物即可达到治疗的目的,则不采取联用其他药物的做法,尤其是抗生素方面,需准确掌握患儿的适应证,若患儿受染情况处于可控制状态,可通过培养细菌后,对治疗方案进行调整,在治疗时尽可能使用毒性较低与窄谱的药物;②剂型选择。原则上,可通过口服给药进行治疗则尽量避免采用注射治疗。积极研制口感较好的药物,以降低患儿对药物的排斥性。尽量给予患儿半衰期较长的药物,从而通过缩短用药时间以及用药频率,增强患儿对口服药物的依从性;③剂量选择。进行用药治疗前,应指导患儿进行相关检查,如肝功能、肾功能等方面,从而掌握患儿的机体情况,确保用药方面的合理性。

4结论

随着临床用药的管理强度增加,临床上的药物副作用发生率已经有效降低。研究表明,抗生素的分类对于患儿用药的效率产生很大的作用,因此,在临床上,医生要认真选择用药。而抗生素的后效应则与药品浓度密切相关。而浓度依赖性药物的使用会产生较多的并发症,而时间依赖型药物如β-内酰胺类药物的临床作用则主要取决于血与药物浓度在组织中高于MIC的时间,药物峰浓度不会对此产生太大的影响。因此临床上常常遵循着"缩短给药时间,减小给药剂量"的原则对患儿进行用药。

参考文献:

[1]姚冰,潘洁,王远光,等.儿科用药现状与分析[J].中国医院用药评价与分析,2011,11(1):41-44.

[2]张法.儿科用药存在的问题与合理用药[J].中国现代药物应用,2010,4(18):179-180.

[3]王爱英,窦传斌.加强合理用药规范儿科抗生素的临床应用[J].中国中医药现代远程 教育 ,2010,8(5):147-148.

中医处方用药中存在的问题分析

【摘要】目的:分析 总结 中医处方用药中存在的某些突出问题,探讨怎样从根本上保证中医处方用药做到科学、安全、有效。方法:随机抽取我院中医处方1000张,从中药的品种来源及其药效成分、药理作用或临床疗效分析存在的突出问题及危害。结果:存在超量用药、药味偏多、同类药合用、脚注遗漏、别名滥用及名称书写混乱。结论:这些问题的解决要依靠临床医师与药房两个方面的协作配合。

【关键词】中医处方用药;中药品种

中医处方是临床医师为患者治疗或预防疾病而开给药房配方用药的重要书面文件,既是给中药调剂人员的书面通知,又是中药调剂工作的依据,也是计价、统计的凭证,且有法律意义。处方用药的科学正确与否,事关患者的治疗效果与用药安全。笔者从药剂专业毕业后曾从事中药配方工作7年,从历年的调剂工作中发现中医处方用药存在某些较突出问题,现分析如下。

一、临床资料

随机抽取我院1999年-2006年中医处方1000张,存在问题的处方有32张,不合格处方率达。其中有些处方同时有多处问题存在,特挑选有代表性的处方分析如下。

1.超量用药

超量用药是目前中医处方十分普遍的现象,指处方中药味的量明显超出《中国药典》规定的常用量。从本质上讲,中药治病的物质基础是其所含的有效化学成分(药效成分)。中医在诊治中按辨证论治的原则为患者所开具的处方,不仅其药物组成,而且各药味的用量大小都直接与药效成分的发挥相关。但不是量越大越好,如细辛的使用自古有“不过钱”之说,即临床用量超过3g时,有使用不安全问题,现已证实其地上部分含肾毒性成分马兜铃酸,故2005年版《中国药典》规定细辛药用部位为根,删除了含毒性成分的地上部分。而在临床的处方中,却用到了20g,马兜铃酸虽中毒缓慢,但严重时可出现肾功衰竭、尿毒症而死亡。

不少中医药人员认为,当前中药存在炮制不规范、人工栽培养殖品增多等问题,引起质量下滑,只有增加用药量才能保证药效。这种看法是片面的。首先,随着中药材生产及中药饮片质量管理的不断加强,中药质量在不断提高[1]。况且中医常用的很多大量品种,数百年或更长时间以来就使用人工栽培品,不存在质量下降的问题。

2.药味偏多

处方药味偏多,即每剂药方由近20味药甚至更多的药味组成,在抽查的处方中发现,由于药味偏多,处方平均用药剂量均高达约200g/剂甚至以上[2],最重有达457g/剂。用药味数偏多使“君、臣、佐、使”的规律难以体现,不仅影响到中药疗效发挥,而且在煎药时由于众多化学成分的干扰或相互作用,可能产生不利的化学变化,导致中药的不良反应,同时也是对药材资源的一种浪费。

3.同类药的合用问题

这里的同类药合用是指中医常将两种药性与疗效特别相近的药味相互 配对 使用或相须为用,目的是增加疗效。如合用“二芽”(麦芽、谷芽)以提高消食健胃作用,并用“乳、没”(乳香、没药)以增强活血止痛生肌作用。但对于有毒性的药物,如川乌与草乌,因二者均主含乌头碱(aconitine)等多种毒性脂型生物碱成分,《中国药典》本身规定其内服时均应先煎或久煎(以降低毒性),如在不减小用量的情况下合用,极可能使毒性成分含量超过药用安全范围。故笔者认为毒性成分相同的药味不可盲目合用。

4.脚注遗漏

这是一个常见而又议论较多的问题。中医处方的“脚注”是指在处方药名前、后注示说明性术语,用以对该药味的来源或产地、规格、炮制加工、煎法用法等情况作出说明。目的是保障用药准确、用药质量及服用后的疗效与安全。一是说明药材的来源或产地,如川贝母、北山楂、怀地黄、川黄柏等,二是控制饮片的特殊质量,如黄芩开“条芩”或“子芩”(指黄芩中较嫩的根)时,则所含药效成分黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷等的量比老根“枯芩”中为高,三是指明炮制要求,如生首乌与制首乌,生用治疗肠燥便秘、降血脂,制用补肝肾、填精血、乌发强筋骨;四是说明特殊煎法服法,如矿石、贝壳、甲壳类药味须注明“先煎”,以便使难煎出的药效成分充分溶出,大黄、番泻叶及含芳香性挥发油类成分的药味应标明“后下”,以免久煎降低疗效或使挥发性有效成分散失。此外,还有另煎、包煎、冲服、烊化等等特殊要求,均有利于患者服用或疗效发挥。

二、讨论与小结

综上所述,中医处方用药是一项十分严谨的技术工作,事关防病治病安全有效的大事,不仅要求书写认真、细致规范,还要求临床医师彻底弄清每一处方药味的品种规格、炮制加工、药效成分、理化性质、毒副作用,以及正名与别名等方面的异同。处方用药涉及到医与药两个方面,在临床医师辨证论证、理法方药完全正确的前提下,还要求药房配方时做到准确无误,药房人员应该能够在用药品种来源、药材饮片的理化性质等方面对医师用药给予咨询建议及监督。此外,医院还应定期组织医药人员学习新的药物知识,不断提高业务技术。这样方可从根本上保证中医处方用药的准确、科学、有效与安全。

参考文献

[1] 万定荣,陈科力.近年武汉市区中药材原料与饮片质量调查与分析[J].中药材,2003,26(10):766.

[2] 姜翠敏,王洪泉,蔡玉凤.上海市部分医院中医处方用药剂量调查[J].中成药,2001,23(12):907.

药学英语毕业论文范文高中

在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文

药学专业毕业论文

药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。下面是我整理的药学专业毕业论文范文,与大家分享了解。

摘要:

有机化学实验是培养药学人才的一门重要课程。本文主要从教学内容、教学方法和网络虚拟教学等方面阐述实验教学改革,以提高学生学习有机化学的积极性,培养出高素质的应用型药学人才。

关键词:

药学;有机化学;实验教学

目前,重点高等医药院校药学人才培养目标主要是围绕研究型和创新型开展。一个国家民族医药企业的强大除了依靠研究型人才外,还需要大量的技术应用型人才。地方性本科院校现已成为我国高等教育的中坚力量,是本科人才培养的重要基地,其定位于培养为地方服务的大批应用型专门人才。我院于2014年10月被河南省教育厅确定为第二批向技术应用型本科院校转型的试点学校,我院药学专业初步确定为转型示范专业。我院于2013年开设本科药学专业,其办学定位是为医药企业培养高层次的应用型人才。有机化学是药学类专业一门重要的必修课程,有机化学实验[1]的应用性已充分渗透到药学的各领域。近年来,我院把高素质技术应用型人才培养作为教学改革的方向,加大实验教学投入,整合教学资源,把实验室建设和实验教学改革作为培养应用型人才的重要途径[2]。现将我院有机化学实验教学改革总结如下。

1转变观念,充分认识实验教学的重要性

传统观念认为有机化学的理论教学占主导地位,实验教学为理论教学服务,处于从属地位。学生也普遍认为理论知识重于实验,因此做实验时,只是按照实验大纲要求和步骤进行,对实验可能出现的结果无预知和分析,难以实现理论与实践教学相结合的教学目标[3]。因此,转变观念,改革实验教学,加强实验教学成为培养应用型药学人才的重要举措。

2改革实验教学模式

实验教学内容改革

[4]验证性、综合性和探究性是实验教学的主要特点。传统实验教学多以验证性实验为主,综合性和探究性实验较少,学生只是机械地重复操作过程,制约了学生的主动性和探究性。为此,我院删减了一部分验证性实验,保留一些基本化学实验操作,同时加强操作技能训练,适当增加一些设计性和创新性实验。在实验教学过程中,不断优化实验内容,使其更科学、更具适用性。蒸馏(包括常压和减压)、重结晶及萃取分离是有机化学实验最常用和最基本的操作,在实验教学中,尽可能多安排与这些操作技能相关的实验。在操作训练中,让学生知道并理解实验操作中的注意事项;熔点、沸点、折光率和旋光度等物理常数的测定在理论教学中着重讲解其原理,实验中则着重训练学生的操作技能。实验课程体系以典型合成实验为主,精选具有综合性和设计性的实验项目。例如,环己烯和1-溴丁烷的制备,将性质验证贯穿于合成实验中,使学生能加深对书本上理论知识的理解。将熔点测定和色谱技术分析融入阿司匹林的合成中,构成一个综合性实验。通过整合实验内容,不但强化学生的基本操作技能,还培养学生运用理论知识综合分析和解决问题能力。引导学生探究实验中出现的一系列问题,激发其探索精神,让学生对理论知识有更进一步的理解。开展设计性实验主要是满足药学专业学生毕业后工作和继续深造的需求,同时也有利于应用型人才的培养。例如,环己酮有多种合成路线,实验课前,让学生发挥主观能动性,设计出可能合理的合成路线及操作步骤。课堂上教师给出文献报道的合成路线,让学生对比一下自己设计的路线与文献中的有何不同,然后教师再引导学生分析讨论得到最佳的合成路线,即用次氯酸钠氧化环己醇得到环己酮,此法可避免重金属污染环境的问题。设计性实验教学可有效激发学生的实验兴趣,且实验后的成就感更能激发他们对有机化学的学习兴趣。

运用新的教学方法

[5]在传统“灌输式”教学过程中,学生只是一味地接受教师传授的知识,未能激发其主动性,教学结果就是学生对知识理解不深且不能灵活运用。因此,改革传统的教学模式势在必行。我院根据开设实验项目的特点,采用不同的教学方法,如启发式、示范式、讨论式等。实验前学生必须做好预习,对本次实验的目的、原理和步骤做到心中有数,并对实验注意事项和实验思考题多加思考。上课时,教师通过提问[6]来检验学生的预习效果,并根据提问情况,对教学内容有所选择地讲授,避免无重点的重复,提高教学效率。对实验操作,请2~3名学生课堂上示范演习,让其他同学找出其正确和错误的地方,然后教师再讲解示范。这种纠错式教学可使学生普遍存在的操作问题得到有效纠正。乙酰苯胺的合成有两种实验方法:(1)冰醋酸法。(2)醋酸酐法。实验前,学生查阅资料比较两种方法的优缺点。用冰醋酸法分馏时温度为什么要控制在100~110度之间,过高可以吗?用醋酸酐法加入盐酸和碳酸钠的目的是什么?等一系列问题,让学生带着问题去思考。做实验时,相邻的两组分别做冰醋酸法和醋酸酐法,这样学生可以相互对比实验效果。在做肉桂酸合成实验时,教师引导学生设计不同投料比、不同催化剂和不同温度的正交试验。对比实验结果得到肉桂酸的最佳合成条件。正交试验法有利于培养学生的探索精神和科研思路。

利用网络虚拟实验辅助教学

[7]随着网络信息技术的飞速发展,其在现代教育中的应用越来越广泛。传统授课方法无法将有些实验操作描述的很清晰,学生也不容易接受。我们教研室采用动态PPT实验操作图或教学视频来讲授实验操作,学生普遍反映良好。这种教学方式能将抽象的内容转变成生动、鲜活的知识,学生的实验操作不规范和失误率大大减少。此外,某些实验因仪器特殊、药品控制较严等原因而无法开展,我们采用网络虚拟实验教学法,学生看过讲义后,在电脑上进行虚拟实验操作并观察实验现象。在进行每步操作时,如果正确,可继续进行;若错误,电脑会提醒学生该如何进行,保证实验顺利进行。网络虚拟可模拟某些特殊实验,弥补了现实无法进行的不足,有助于提高教学质量。

倡导绿色化学理念

[8]现在环境污染越来越严重,已影响到人们的生活,而有机化学实验中的试剂和原料等都会对环境造成污染,如果处理得不恰当,危害更严重。在实验教学中要有意识地引用“绿色”理念,合理设计实验课程体系,联系相关实验,将上一实验产物作为后面实验原料。为尽量减少化学实验对环境的危害,在不改变实验的前提下,尽量采用小规格的容器,如采用50ml的圆底烧瓶做反应装置,大大减少原料和试剂的使用量。选用毒性小的溶剂代替毒性大的'溶剂,如乙醇代替甲醇,甲苯代替苯等。乙醇、乙酸乙酯是化学实验中使用比较多的溶剂,且可回收再利用。将回收的乙醇废液经蒸馏得到大约95%乙醇,可作为清洗剂,也可用于咖啡x因的提取。对实验产生的废弃物让学生加以分类、集中收集,倒入指定地方,最后由教师统一处理,避免有害溶剂腐蚀管道和污染地下水。

3完善实验教学考核体系,综合客观评定学生成绩

[9]以往实验成绩主要是根据学生上交的实验报告来评定,从报告上无法了解学生对知识和操作技能的掌握情况,因此有必要建立一套能全面客观综合评价学生成绩的实验考核体系。综合评价法可有效评定学生的实验成绩,主要从4方面对学生进行考核:

(1)预习(占10%),主要考查学生预习情况,包括目的、原理等内容;

(2)实际操作能力(占30%),教师考查每组学生的装置安装和操作规范与否等;

(3)考勤及纪律(占10%);

(4)操作考核(占50%),主要以抽题形式进行,考查学生基本操作掌握情况。

通过这一年的改革实践证明:综合考核方式更能引起学生对实验的重视,更能客观评价每一位学生。地方性院校本科药学专业有机化学实验教学改革的目的就是提高学生学习有机化学的积极性,培养出具有技术应用型潜力的优秀人才。虽然实验教学改革取得了一些成绩,但是时代在发展,技术在进步,教学改革也应与时俱进,要积极吸取其他院校教改的成功经验,不断探索,不断完善有机化学实验教学体系。

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[4]付蕾,范卓文,张立剑,等.改革药学专业有机化学实验培养学生创新能力[J].实验室科学,2012,15(6):146-148.

[5]宋尔群,宋杨.药学本科有机化学课程和实验教学探讨[J].药学实践杂志,2013,31(5):398-400.

[6]刘春萍,刘X,孙林,等.基于问题教学法的有机化学实验教学案例[J].实验科学与技术,2011,9(5):142.

[7]熊万明,陈金珠,陈清,等.网络课程辅助下有机化学实验的教学改革研究与实践[J].化工高等教育,2014(6):57-59.

[8]赵丽娜,陆国志.高校化学实验中绿色化学的研究[J].实验技术与管理,2013,30(2):179-181.

[9]姚建文,王虎,孙海军.药学专业有机化学实验教学模式改革的探索[J].中国科教创新导刊,2011(1):26.

药学英语毕业论文

我也刚被中药的英语录取,本身觉得很冷很绝望,听大家的意见后,觉得还不错嘛。我要好好学习

药学方向的论文写法如下:

1、论文选题。基本要求:实验性,研究性均可。毕业论文选题方向大致分类为:分析研究、药物化学研究、药学研究、工艺验证及改进、中药炮制研究、中药资源研究、中药化学研究、制剂研究、生物制药研究、药理研究、医院药学研究,药物安全性评价等。

2、给毕业论文确定题目。简洁:中文题目最好不超过20个字;准确:题目需要准确反映论文的内容,避免文题不符、以大代小、以偏概全等。如:CK制剂与原研制剂溶出曲线对比;铁皮石斛中粗多糖研究;葛根提取物检测方法开发与市场提取物评价;苯扎贝特胶囊的工艺改进研究。

拓展资料:

药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。药学主要研究药物的来源、炮制、性状、作用、分析、鉴定、调配、生产、保管和寻找(包括合成)新药等。主要任务是不断提供更有效的药物和提高药物质量,保证用药安全,使病患得以以伤害最小,效益最大的方式治疗或治愈疾病。

业务培养目标。本专业学生应掌握药学各分支学科的基本理论和基础知识,接受药学科研方法和技能的基本训练。具备较扎实的基础和较宽广的专业知识。培养能从事药物化学、药物分析、药物评价、临床合理用药、医药经营及管理、新药研究与开发、药品生产与管理等方面工作的高级科学技术人才。

业务培养要求。本专业学生主要学习药学各主要分支学科的基本理论和基本知识,受到药学实验方法和技能的基本训练,具有药物制备、质量控制评价及指导合理用药的基本能力。主要课程。无机化学、有机化学,分析化学(化学分析、仪器分析)、物理化学、生物化学、药用拉丁语、药学英语、人体解剖学、生理学、微生物学与免疫学、生药学等。

这个还好吧,药大的所有东西都是医药方向,当然你的英语专业也在其中。但是,学得东西应该都是差不多的,语言类的东西本就是相通的,而且专业英语比一般的英语要难,你想想:你专业英语都学得好,害怕其他的通用类英语吗?

研究方向: 对中药有效成份分子结构进行系统的化学修饰;药物合成与质量研究;药物合成工艺优化等。 工作成效: 发表学术论文40余篇,申请发明专利(包括PCT)近30项,曾主持过国家新药创制重大专项、国家科技计划、省、市重大专项等科技项目20项。指导本科毕业生多人获优秀毕业论文,参与指导的第七届“挑战杯”中国大学生创业计划竟赛,荣获全国“金奖”。被暨南大学评为2010年度科研先进工作者,被国际学院评为2012年度最佳全英授课教师。 教学工作主讲本科专业必修课:全英课程 Medicinal Chemistry 和Experimental MedicinalChemistry 参与本科专业选修课:药学英语主讲研究生课程:实验室安全知识,药品生产质量管理,化学制药工艺学 在研项目1、国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项 2009ZX09102-010具有降糖和保护胰岛双重功能的糖尿病I类新药AL-1的临床前研究(主持)2、国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项2009ZX091030-031 抗脑中风侯选一类新药TBN的开发研究(参加)3、广州对外科技合作专项,2011-2013年,项目编号11S52070024 治疗帕金森病新型药物的研究开发(主持)4、广东省教育厅科研项目,2012-2013年,新型抗心肌缺血药ADTM的研究开发(主持)5、第十三批教学改革研究项目,2012年,药学应用型人才培养毕业设计模式的探索与实践(主持) 代表论文:1. Zhongli Wang, Pei Yu,* . Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel andrographolide derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal . Hongli Sun, Lipeng Xu, Pei Yu and preliminary evaluation of neuroprotection of celastrol analogues in PC12 cells. Bioorg & Med. Chem. Lett. 2010,20(13),. Xiaoyu Lu, Jie Jiang, Xiaojian Jiang, Sainan Wan, Wenjing Yang, Pei Yu. Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Novel Apocynin Analogues. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46(7), . Zai-Jun Zhang, Sha Li, Jie Jiang, Pei Yu, Jing Liang, and Yu-Qiang Wang. Preventive effects of Flos Perariae (Gehua) water extract and its active ingredient puerarin in rodent alcoholism models Chinese Medicine. 2010, 5, 36. 5. Zhang Gaoxiao, Cui Qingbin, Yu Pei, Wang Yuqiang*, Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of anti-HIV agent AZT prodrug. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2011. 46(8), . Hui YAO, Sha LI, Pei YU, Xiaodan TANG, Yuqiang WANG Characteristics of Andrographolide and its Analogue AL-1 with GSH . Molecules 2012, 17, 728-7397. Zeqing Li, Zhibin Liang, Yuqiang Wang , Pei Yu* Microwave-assisted, Ir catalyzed aromatic C-H borylation. Research on Chemical Intermediates 2012. 8. Sun, Y.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, P.; Zhong, H.; Du, J.; Wang, Y. Novel multi-functional nitrones for treatment of ischemic stroke,Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2012, 20, 3939–. Yonghong Chen, Mingjuan Zhang, Qingbin Cui, Luchen Shan, Pei Yu, Gaoxiao Zhang, Dingyuan Wang, Zengchao Zhao, Qian Xu, Benhong Xu, Yuqiang Wang. Synthesis and Cardioprotective Effects of Novel Danshensu Analogues. Eur J Med Chem. 2012. (In press) 10. Pei Yu, Longfei Xia, Jing Zhao, Gaoxiao Zhang, Zaijun Zhang, Wei Li, Junlan Ren, Qian Cheng,Yuqiang Wang* Synthesis and Preliminary Anticancer Evaluation of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin Analogs. . Bull. 2012, 35(8), 1-5. 11. Yewei Sun, Pei Yu, . Therapeutic Effects of Tetramethyl- pyrazine Nitrone in Rat Ischemic Stroke Models. Journal of Neuroscience Research2012, 90, 1662–. GuoZhen Cui, Luchen Shan, MingWai Hung, Siwan Lei, InLeng Choi, ZaiJun Zhang,Pei Yu, PuiMan Hoi, Yuqiang Wang, Simon MingYuen Lee. A novel Danshensu derivative confers cardioprotection via the PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 pathways. Int J Cardiol. 2012.

药学英语毕业论文题目

论文题目是一篇药学论文的重要组成部分,理想的药学论文题目能吸引读者浏览全文,提高 文章 的被关注度。下面是我带来的关于药学论文题目的内容,欢迎阅读参考! 药学论文题目(一) 1.非甾体抗炎药物的合成及抗炎镇痛活性的研究 2.硫杂杯芳烃金属配合物的合成及抗癌活性研究 3.奥沙普嗪的化学结构修饰研究 4.分蘖葱头中甾体皂苷成分的分离和鉴定 5.新型选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂的研究 6.锰超氧化物岐化酶模拟酶的研究进展 7.吡唑衍生物类环氧合酶-2抑制剂研究进展 8.呋喃酮衍生物类环氧合酶-2抑制剂研究进展 9.硫杂杯芳烃的研究进展 10.氯化镉对人体的毒性及其机制研究进展 11.某院抗菌药物使用调查分析 12.感冒药使用情况调查分析 13.住院患者抗菌药物使用情况调查分析 14.某院某科抗生素使用调查分析 年我国抗生素市场分析 16.某种类药物不良反应及合理应用 17.临床抗感染药物使用的调查分析 18.抗肿瘤药物的研究进展 19.抗病毒药物的现状与研究进展 20.临床抗生素应用调查分析 药学论文题目(二) 1. 抗感冒药物的不良反应及合理应用 2. 喹诺酮类抗菌药研究进展 3. 抗癌金属配合物的研究新进展 4. 铂类抗癌药物作用机制研究进展 5. 某医院调查 报告 6. 某药厂调查报告 7. 抗生素类药物在临床的应用现状 8. 高效液相色谱法及其在药物分析中的应用 9. 中国临床药师发展现状调查 10. 中国临床药师发展现状调查 11. 药物分析在药学各领域的应用 12. 某药检所调查报告 13. 分析仪器公司调查报告 14. 某医院药剂科参观报告 15. 中国本土制药企业新药研究开发发展的研究 16. 某药品的质量研究 方法 17. 某中药制备工艺的研究 18. 现代药品分析方法与技术的研究进展 19. 试论中药及天然产物在某领域的研究进展 20. 关于加强中药质量控制的一点探索 21. 唐松草研究的现状 药学论文题目(三) 1. 西洋参中奥克梯隆型皂苷的研究 2. 藜植物中化学成分的研究。 3. 人参皂苷的研究进展。 4. 人参皂苷药理活性研究的概况。 5. 绿色化学。 6. 烯胺酮化合物简介。 7. 天然药物中无机元素的测定方法。 8. 藜属植物的研究进展。 9. 天然药物化学研究 热点 和未来发展方向。 10. 甜菜树茎叶营养成分的分析研究。 11. 甜菜叶化学成分与药理活性的研究进展。 12. 仙人掌研究概况。 13. 枸杞子的药理作用的研究进展。 14. 猪毛菜的研究现状。 15. 藜科植物菠菜化学成分及药理活性的研究。 16. 菠菜的研究进展。 17. 玉米属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展 18. 葱属植物化学成分研究进展 19. 葱属植物药理活性研究进展 20. 洋葱化学成分及药理活性研究进展 猜你喜欢: 1. 药学类毕业论文题目 2. 药学毕业论文题目 3. 药学毕业论文选题 4. 药学系毕业论文题目

学术论文题目是论文语篇不可缺少的一部分,在知识传播中起着非常重要的作用。下面是我带来的关于药学类毕业论文题目的内容,欢迎阅读参考!

1、新医改形势下的国家基本药物政策

2、新医改之药事服务费的探讨

3、国家药物政策与合理用药的探讨

4、浅析质量授权人制度的建立

5、对药品GMP实施过程中存在问题的探讨

6、药品安全问责时代给企业带来的机遇与挑战

7、试论我国药品召回制度存的问题及对策

8、我国药品流通领域存在的主要问题对策

9、我国网上药店的现状调查

10、浅谈我国虚假药品广告的监管对策

11、我国药品广告现状分析

12、药品安全风险与对策研究

13、我国药品不良反应监测报告存在的问题与对策

14、对我国过期回收药品立法的研究与探讨

15、对我国药品价格管理的分析与探讨

16、我国执业药师管理现状分析

17、试论新形势下加强药品监督管理的必要性

18、医院药学管理现状与对策研究

19、浅谈医药分业—医院药房社会化的探讨

20、我国医院药房托管的可行性分析

1. ****药品市场调查报告

2. ****医药企业营销实务中的4PS组合运用

3. ****医药企业产品策略分析

4. ****医药企业价格策略分析

5. ****医药企业渠道策略分析

6. ****医药企业广告策略分析

7. ****医药企业公共关系营销策略分析

8. ******医药新产品市场定位分析

9. ******公司医药代表的管理

10. ****新医改背景下医药市场的特点及营销策略

11. ****农村医药市场的特点及营销策略

12. ****传统医药保健品企业的直销分析

13. ******医药商品的“绿色营销”。

14. ****医药企业物流运行中存在的问题分析

15. ****药品零售连锁企业探析

16. ****平价药店的价格策略分析

17. ****药品品牌管理

18. ****地区医药企业营销人员现状调查

19. ****医药企业的营销战略选择

1. 抗菌药合理使用

2. 处方药和非处方药管理现状研究

3. 药品的广告管理

4. 药品销售中存在的问题

5. 药物不良反应

6. 药物相互作用

7. 中西药合用的优缺点

8. 给药时间与人体生物节律

9. 药物依赖性

10. 药物代谢酶在药物合用中的作用

11. 给药方式与药物疗效

12. 影响药物作用的因素

13. 谈谈你对中药毒性的认识

14. 药代动力学参数及其意义

15. 解热镇痛抗炎药的不良反应调查

16. 抗高血压药物的合理应用

17. 糖皮质激素类药物的合理应用

18. 细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性

19. 常用抗肿瘤药物的不良反应

20. 急性脑卒中患者凝血、抗凝和纤溶指标的测定及临床意义

21. 抗血小板治疗药物的临床应用

22. 溶栓药物的临床应用进展

5

.新型选择性环氧合酶

-2

抑制剂的研究

6

.锰超氧化物岐化酶模拟酶的研究进展

7

.吡唑衍生物类环氧合酶-

2

抑制剂研究进展

8

.呋喃酮衍生物类环氧合酶-

2

抑制剂研究进展

9

.硫杂杯芳烃的研究进展

10

.氯化镉对人体的毒性及其机制研究进展

11

.某院抗菌药物使用调查分析

12

.感冒药使用情况调查分析

13

.住院患者抗菌药物使用情况调查分析

14

.某院某科抗生素使用调查分析

15

2011

年我国抗生素市场分析

16

.某种类药物不良反应及合理应用

17

.临床抗感染药物使用的调查分析

18

.抗肿瘤药物的研究进展

19

.抗病毒药物的现状与研究进展

20

.临床抗生素应用调查分析

21

.抗感冒药物的不良反应及合理应用

22

.喹诺酮类抗菌药研究进展

23

.抗癌金属配合物的研究新进展

24

.铂类抗癌药物作用机制研究进展

25

.某医院调查报告

26

.某药厂调查报告

27

.抗生素类药物在临床的应用现状

28

.高效液相色谱法及其在药物分析中的应用

29

.中国临床药师发展现状调查

30

.中国临床药师发展现状调查

31

.药物分析在药学各领域的应用

32

.某药检所调查报告

33

.分析仪器公司调查报告

34

.某医院药剂科参观报告

关键不晓得你在什么方向做专题。不好说的。楼上属于生药或者药分。柴胡中有效成分的分析,属于天然药化柴胡的GAP研究,也是生药柴胡提取液对大鼠心肌梗塞模型的研究,属于药理柴胡注射液的药代动力学研究柴胡注射液和片剂生物利用度的研究 生物药剂柴胡酊剂的制备 药剂柴胡中药效成分柴胡酚的合成 药化浅论药监部门对柴胡等常用药材的规范化管理 药事管理反正一个东西就看你看什么方向了。

我的药店毕业论文范文英语

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

Title: of our country consider the development of online pharmacies Objective To explore our country online pharmacy development. Ways to use observation, investigation, case law, comparative study of law and literature retrieval method to analyze and sum up our country in the development of online pharmacies. The results of the monitoring means of online pharmacies are not strictly, medicine delivery is not timely and higher cost of traditional medicine the concept of consumers can not fully accept this new sales model, which are constraining our country's main problem online pharmacy. Conclusions online pharmacies in the development process, to the web through increased publicity, improve medicine online pharmacies with third-party logistics companies to co-operate, set up a sound regulatory system, in order to make our country online pharmacy be further developed.

药房药学毕业论文篇3 试谈医院药房药学服务的现状及展望 药房是医院一个重要的服务窗口,是与患者接触最多的一个部门。面对众多病种,药学服务工作要求越来越高,难度越来越大。药学服务是药师应用药学和临床 医学知识 向公众以药物治疗的安全性、有效性与经济性,实现改善和提高患者生活质量为目的。这些工作都是由药师来完成,工作做得好坏直接关系到整个医院的医疗质量,因此如何做好医院药学服务工作,提高服务质量,是每个药房工作者需要思考和关心的问题。 1 医院药房药学服务的现状 传统的工作模式 现绝大多数医院药房仍只是保证药品供应及调剂为主的工作模式,药师的主要工作是负责审方、调配、核对、发药等常规工作,药师与患者的交流机会甚少,小小的发药窗口和短短的发药时间也难以对患者进行全面、详细的药学服务。患者因药学知识缺乏,又长期得不到良好药学服务,以至于患者常出现误服、滥用药物等,药源性疾病频频发生,严重危害人的健康。 医院对药房药师要求不高 在我国绝大多数医院药房能完成药品供应和调剂等日常工作,把医师的处方调配好,不发生差错, 医院就会认为药房工作基本完成任务。尽管有的医院药房开展用药咨询服务,但只局限于有寻求咨询的患者, 且向患者介绍的只是药物的用法用量和一般注意事项等,对于患者用药史、治疗药物的临床评价等还不够深入探讨,医院也很少有这方面要求。 社会对药师缺乏信任感 社会普遍存在着一个问题,大多数患者宁肯相信医生, 也不相信药师。如医生没有按药品 说明书 的用法用量开具处方,药师在调配处方时予以纠正,患者常常不认可,对药师并不信任。这种传统观念直接影响药师参与疾病治疗和药学服务的转型[1]。 医院对药房执业药师重视不够 在我国有个普遍存在的问题,在药厂、药店都要求有执业药师,执业药师是药厂、药店的准入资格。而在医院工作的执业药师不能充分利用和体现,把医院执业药师资源闲置起来,医院药房的执业药师很难得到重视和重用,使得很多药师失去考执业药师的信心和勇气,也失去了提高药师业务水平的机会。 医院对药师的价值认识不足 医院普遍认为药房药师工作简单,重复性强,技术含金量低,只要不发错药品、不写错用法用量就行,而且药学服务不能直接体现经济效益和社会效益,难以得到医院的重视,谈不上建立有效的药学服务工作体系,更谈不上有梯队地培养药学服务的专业人才。 药师的临床业务水平有限 由于我国的药学教育体制的原因,在校时主要学习药学理论,临床药学知识匮乏。在医院药学工作中从事单调、重复的药品调剂工作,再加上新药层出不穷,使其所学专业知识趋于老化,让他们参与指导临床合理用药的工作有点勉为其难[2]。往往与临床脱钩。 药师更新药学知识不够 由于药房药师整日忙于调剂工作,与医生相比,外出学习或进修少,作为药师在医院主要每年进行简单的“三基”理论考试。药房药师既缺乏对药学专业知识更新的动力,又得不到医院应有的重视,业务水平难以提高。 2 医院药房药学服务的展望 药房工作的转变 随着社会需求的发展,药房调剂工作要由“具 体操 作经验服务型” 模式向“药学知识技术服务型”改变,医院药房药学要建立以患者为中心服务的模式,对患者用药追踪, 实行个体化最佳用药,全面提高药学服务质量和艺术作为工作的重点贯穿到日常工作中去。只有认识到这一点,才能更好地做好药学服务。 重视药房药学服务 由于药房面对患者较多,药房药师是正确选用药品者和监督者,同时也是患者安全合理用药的服务者,服务工作的好坏直接关系到患者的身心健康, 也关系到整个医院服务质量,因此需要药房工作者“以患者为中心”提供安全的药学服务。这就需要医院认清药房工作的发展趋势和药学服务的重要性,转变以往工作模式,把药房药学服务工作放在首位,建立长效的培养药学人才机制,充分发挥药学服务的作用,为药学发展营造良好环境,为培养药学人才创造有利条件,才能全面提高药学服务质量[3-4]。 建立和完善医院药房药学服务各项制度 要建立标准的操作规程和流程,要建立质量评定体系, 对每位药师的药学服务能力进行量化考核, 择 优选择适合做门诊 工作的药师。建立长效的药学服务工作体系,建立和落实相应的药学服务制度,如治疗药物的 临床评价制度等。这些制度的建立目的是确保药学服务更加顺利进行,重点是落实处方点评制度,确保质量,以质量 管理为 手段,其他各项制度为辅,才能有效地推动药学服务的健康 发展。 提高医院药房药师的 社会地位 只有发挥新医改的政策导向作用,重视药房药师的作用,加强对药师药学能力的广泛宣传,提高药房药师的社会地位,才能增强药师的信心和勇气,充分发挥药房药师的积极性和主动性,更好地开展药房药学服务。药师也应该充分发挥主人翁的作用,为患者提供优质的药学服务,以保证患者用药安全、有效、合理,才能得到社会的认可,自身的价值才能体现出来。 全面提高药房药师综合素质 药学服务质量的优劣决定于服务能力和业务水平,不断提高药师的业务素质,是做好药学服务的根本保证,因此国家应尽快建立一整套符合时代要求与 实践 应用的药学学科体系和 教育体系,扎实地培养好药学人才。药房药师既要完成药品供应、调剂等日常工作,也要加强对基础 医学、临床医学、临床用药等学习,还要经常到临床科室去查房学习,把药学和临床医学有关知识有机地结合起来, 以提高对临床知识的了解。平时多给药师机会,外出学习或培训,以开阔视野,不断更新知识。 加强药师与患者之间的沟通 改进原有的窗口调剂模式为可供药与患者面对面交流的柜台调剂 环境,加强药师与患者之间的沟通,了解患者疾病情况及用药史,为患者建立药历,提供更合理的用药服务。使患者改变对药师的认识,药师的药学服务价值才得以充分体现。 实行药房药师与临床药师轮换制 现我国绝大多数医院都是药房药师做药房工作,以致药房药师对临床药学知识缺乏了解。只有建立长效的对药师培养制度,实行药房药师与临床药师轮换制,才能全面提高药房药师的药学水平。 营造良好药学的社会氛围 在我国整体 文化 素质偏低的情况下,迫切需要药房药师除了做好日常工作外,还需要对患者用药进行广泛宣传。通过到社区、到基层以不同方式对广大人民群众进行 用药知识 宣传,使广大人民群众认识到如何才算合理用药,用药过程中应注意哪些问题等,这样既能充分发挥药学人员的作用,又能增强社会对药学人员的信任感,使患者用药更加安全、有效、合理。 综合上述,以“病人为中心”为患者提供全程药学服务,是医院药房的发展方向,也是医院药房面临的机遇与挑战。面对医院药房药学服务的现状,只有不断地改变、完善,才能使医院药房药学服务跟上时代发展的要求。 [参考文献] [1] 何展旺,李秀梅. 我院门诊药学服务现状及其对策[J]. 中国医药指南,2009,7(6):42-43. [2] 张石革,马国辉. 药师职责转型的时代使命与其必然性[J]. 中国药房,2006,17(2):84-86. [3] 石苏英. 提高药师综合素质,做好药学服务[J]. 海峡药学,2011,23(10):246-248. [4] 张辉. 浅析药师如何加强药学服务改善医患关系[J]. 中国医药指南,2011,9(30):395-397. 猜你喜欢: 1. 门诊药房的药学服务论文 2. 药学毕业论文范文 3. 药学专业毕业论文 4. 药学毕业论文3000字 5. 药学毕业论文参考文献 6. 药学毕业论文题目

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