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简单的英文词汇翻译，我们可以选择“有道词典”、“金山词霸”进行初步翻译；然后在找北京译顶科技翻译
这样查重时候应该不会算在重复率里面了，但是目前不少中文文章都是从英文翻译过来的，所以你在翻译回去虽然不会产生重复，但是有的观点就没有新意了，论文主审老师若是和你的论文研究方向一致应该很容易看出来你的文章是不是有大篇幅参考他人的文章。文章在中英文之间多翻译几次就肯定看不出原样了。
这个问题问得好啊哈哈
这么说吧，我觉得被查出来的几率永远都不可能是0，但是风险度我认为可以这么排一下（从低到高）
4相当危险不建议尝试（很有可能被自动检测抓住），1和2就赌没人看过原文，至于3可能从一开始就是不可行的
最好 注明文章的出处还有writer's translation
作为一名即将毕业并且已经拟录取为研究生的大学生，对毕业论文的准备也有一阵子了。自己尝试过很多文献翻译工具，也踩过很多雷，今天把我觉得不错的几个工具推荐给大家，希望能对各位有所帮助。
第一个就是deepl Pro。这款翻译工具口碑非常不错，可能很多人已经用过这个了，这个也是我最近用的最频繁文献翻译工具了。它支持一键翻译整个文档，而且字体、图片格式都不会发生改变，并且没有那么种严重的“机翻”的味道，翻译的更加地道。你可以随便编辑翻译之后的文档。还有一点就是，它的数据很安全，当翻译完成之后，网站会立即删除所有文本文档记录，并且会对相应链接加密。
第二个就是QuillBot。这个是可以支持帮你润色文献语句的，它可以帮你巧妙的替换掉一些不恰当的的词汇语句，把他们替换为高级的形式，这个对查重的用户还是非常有帮助的。
个人感觉第一个和第二个搭配起来非常好用，基本是可以满足大家的文献相关的学习。下面再给大家推荐三个我觉得还比较不错的工具，大家也可以试一试。
一个是scitranslate。这个翻译工具也是很不错的，它的用法很简单，但是却很实用。它最大的优点就是不会改变原文献的排版，打开之后点击一下谷歌翻译，就会成功翻译出pdf里边的内容。同时会给你提供两个类似平行世界的界面，一边是英文文献，另一边是翻译过来的中文文献翻译。你可以通过两边进行相互对照，达到更快的阅读的目的，能够更快地提高效率。
还有一个是copytranslate。这个其实也比较好用，它为用户们提供了很多种翻译的方法，当用户输入源语言时候，点击选择想翻译的另一种语言，就会立刻翻译出来。源语言包括很多种语言可以选择。同时，它里边还包括很多翻译引擎可以选择，包括百度、谷歌、搜狗等。总之用起来比较个性化，比较方便而且也很实用。但是也有它的缺点，最大的缺点就是可能时不时的出现某些翻译问题。
最后一个就是知云文献翻译。这款软件可以对照PDF直接进行翻译，对于我们不太理解的地方，可以直接选中，然后点击翻译，这款软件真的比较实用，很不错。
以上都是我自己觉得用着还比较方便的工具，大家可以按着这几个试一试，寻找一款自己用着舒服的，或者互相搭配着使用，希望能帮到大家。
虽然有许多英文学术文献翻译软件，但是由于语言的复杂性和学术术语的特殊性，机器翻译的准确度还存在一定的局限性。因此，在进行学术研究时，建议尽可能使用人工翻译或双语对照的方式，以确保翻译质量和准确性。以下列举一些常见的英文学术文献翻译软件：1. 谷歌翻译(Google Translate)：谷歌翻译是一款免费的在线翻译软件，可以实现多种语言之间的互译。它的翻译效果相对较好，但在学术术语和专业领域的翻译上还存在一定的不足。2. 百度翻译(Baidu Translate)：百度翻译是一款免费的在线翻译软件，可以实现多种语言之间的互译。它的翻译效果与谷歌翻译相当，但同样存在一定的不足。3. DeepL翻译(DeepL Translate)：DeepL翻译是一款新型的机器翻译软件，其翻译效果相对较好，特别是在学术领域和专业术语方面。但是，它的免费版功能有限，需要付费才能享受更多的服务。4. SDL Trados Studio：SDL Trados Studio是一款专业的翻译软件，可以实现机器翻译、记忆库、术语库等多种功能，并支持多种文件格式的翻译。但是，它需要购买授权并进行专业培训，使用门槛较高。总之，虽然有许多英文学术文献翻译软件可供选择，但是建议尽可能使用人工翻译或双语对照的方式，以确保翻译质量和准确性。如果需要使用翻译软件，建议多尝试几款，选择适合自己的软件进行使用。
As the degree of air pollution in recent years China's increasing severity, people began to realize that the atmospheric pollution hazards and began to reflect, to environmental damage from extensive mode for the cost of economic development has not been able to continue. The atmospheric environment if continue to be very serious pollution, the development of human society will cause inestimable losses. Change the mode of economic growth, control of air pollution, protect the atmospheric environment is imminent. Taking Xinle city as an example, through the data collected from Xinle City, the current pollution situation is very serious, at the same time, according to people in the past on air pollution control experience combined with the local reality put forward the view of their own, starting from the legislative means, economic means, ideological education and so on, in order to provide suggestions for the to solve the problem of local air pollution.（毕业大学生真泛滥啊.............
这个问题问得好啊哈哈
这么说吧，我觉得被查出来的几率永远都不可能是0，但是风险度我认为可以这么排一下（从低到高）
4相当危险不建议尝试（很有可能被自动检测抓住），1和2就赌没人看过原文，至于3可能从一开始就是不可行的
只能帮你找到英文的了，中文自己搞定吧。The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code instructions and drives a machine tool, a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate components by the selective removal of material. CNC does numerically directed interpolation of a cutting tool in the work envelope of a machine. The operating parameters of the CNC can be altered via a software load program. A series of CNC machines may be combined into one station, commonly called a "cell", to progressively machine a part requiring several operations. CNC machines today are controlled directly from files created by CAM software packages, so that a part or assembly can go directly from design to manufacturing without the need of producing a drafted paper drawing of the manufactured component. In a sense, the CNC machines represent a special segment of industrial robot systems, as they are programmable to perform many kinds of machining operations (within their designed physical limits, like other robotic systems). CNC machines can run over night and over weekends without operator intervention. Error detection features have been developed, giving CNC machines the ability to call the operator's mobile phone if it detects that a tool has broken. While the machine is awaiting replacement on the tool, it would run other parts it is already loaded with up to that tool and wait for the operator. The ever changing intelligence of CNC controllers has dramatically increased job shop cell production. Some machines might even make 1000 parts on a weekend with no operator, checking each part with lasers and sensors.
数控机床基本翻译nc machinenumerical control machine网络释义数控机床:Digit Control Machine Tool数控机床展:CCMT2006数控机床工:Automotive - Digital Controlled Machine Operator
numerical control machine
这种翻译题以后可以不问了，有在线翻译的，不过我还是帮你抄过来，呵呵 学英语加油啊NC and NC machine tool technology in today's machine manufacturing industry in an important position and great benefits that its national infrastructure in the industrial modernization of the strategic role and has become a traditional machinery manufacturing industries to transform and enhance automation, flexible, Integrated production and an important means of signs. NC technology and the widespread application of NC machine tools, machinery manufacturing to the industrial structure, product variety and quality and production methods brought about a revolutionary change. NC machine tool processing workshop is the most important modern equipment. It is the development of information technology (1 T) and manufacturing technology (MT) with the result of the development. Modern CAD / CAM, FMS, CIMS, Agile Manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing technology, are built on the technology in the NC. NC master modern technology of modern machinery and electronic knowledge is essential to professional students. The design of the content on the characteristics of the NC, processing and analysis of the general steps NC programming. And, through a detailed example of the NC on the process of analysis. Key words: NC programming technology processing technology
thesis论文(一本，如硕士，博士论文)。paper文章(发表在杂志上的一篇一篇的)ÄÕÂ
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺骗性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
The customer relations management in the United States and other developed countries have more mature applications, but a lot of theoretical research and practical exploration is basically based on a large enterprise, for small and medium-sized enterprise customer relations management of the application research very little, but to small and medium-sized enterprise customer relationship management theory study is less. Now, along with the increasingly intense competition environment, the rapid development of Internet technology with the rapid popularization, small and medium-sized enterprises of the growing demand of CRM, and small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out the timing of the CRM mature gradually. This paper puts forward the customer relationship management connotation and function, according to the present situation of the small and medium-sized enterprise CRM exist problems and their own characteristics, analyzes the SaaS model based on the small and medium-sized enterprise research and the application of CRM implementation strategy. 采纳哦
毕业论文用英语的翻译：毕业 论文 迅捷在线翻译：Graduation （毕业） thesis（论文）参考一下
have to be first, best or different. —— Loretta Lynn 你必须是第一， 或者最好的， 或者与众不同。 ——洛莱特·林恩 doesn't need any specific reason. If you're alive , you should feel 100 percent confident. 自信不需要理由,生活应该保持100分的自信 is nothing sexier than being confident and taking care of yourselves. 充满自信，爱护自己，魅力无以过之。--碧昂斯. confident, not arrogant. ------PA Teacher Miss Tan 自信 但是别骄傲 believe i can fly. 我相信我可以飞 leaders go out of their way to boost the self-esteem of their personnel. If people believe in themselves, it's amazing what they can Walton 杰出的领导人特例独行不随大流.相信自己,你会惊奇于自己无所不能。 Rohn Whatever good things we build end up building us. Maltz Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-break on. 缺乏自信,就好象没拉手刹地在人生道路上行驶 and self-reliance are the mainstays of a strong character.自信和自力更生是坚强品格的柱石。 Where there is great love, there are always miracles. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。 Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 Within you I lose myself, without you I find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet. 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 Look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 Distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 I need him like I need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 Love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 If I know what love is, it is because of you. 因为你，我懂得了爱。 Love is the greatest refreshment in life. 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 Love never dies. 爱情永不死。 The darkness is no darkness with thee. 有了你，黑暗不再是黑暗。 We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us. 如果没有人爱我们，我们也就不会再爱自己了。 There is no remedy for love but to love more. 治疗爱的创伤唯有加倍地去爱。 When love is not madness, it is not love. 如果爱不疯狂就不是爱了。 A heart that loves is always young. 有爱的心永远年轻。 Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的。 Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases. 爱情就像月亮，不增则减。 The soul cannot live without love. 灵魂不能没有爱而存在。 Brief is life, but love is long. 生命虽短，爱却绵长。 Who travels for love finds a thousand miles not longer than one. 在爱人眼里，一千里的旅程不过一里。 Love keeps the cold out better than a cloak. 爱比大衣更能驱走寒冷。 Take away love, and our earth is a tomb. 没有了爱，地球便成了坟墓。 My heart is with you. 我的爱与你同在。 I miss you so much already and I haven't even left yet! 尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想！ I'll think of you every step of the way. 我会想你，在漫漫长路的每一步。 Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. 无论你身在何处，无论你为何忙碌，我都会在此守候。 Passionate love is a quenchless thirst. 热烈的爱情是不可抑制的渴望。 The most precious possession that ever comes to a man in this world is a woman's heart. 在这个世界上，男人最珍贵的财产就是一个女人的心。 One word frees us of all the weight and pain in word is love. 有一个词可以让我们摆脱生活中所有的负担和痛苦，那就是"爱情"。 Every day without you is like a book without pages. 没有你的日子就像一本没有书页的书。 Love is hard to get into, but harder to get out of. 爱很难投入，但一旦投入，便更难走出。 Love is a light that never dims. 爱是一盏永不昏暗的明灯。 May your love soar on the wings of a dove in flight. 愿你的爱乘着飞翔的白鸽，展翅高飞。 She who has never loved, has never lived. 人活着总要爱一回。 Life is the flower for which love is the honey. 生命如花，爱情是蜜。 No words are necessary between two loving hearts. 两颗相爱的心之间不需要言语。 Precious things are very few in this world. That is the reason there is just one you. 在这世上珍贵的东西总是罕有，所以这世上只有一个你。 You make my heart smile. 我的心因你而笑。 The road to a lover's house is never long. 通往爱人家里的路总不会漫长。 Why do the good girls, always want the bad boys? 为何好女孩总喜欢坏男孩？ Being with you is like walking on a very clear morning. 和你在一起就像在一个清爽的早晨漫步。 It is never too late to fall in love. 爱永远不会嫌晚。 To the world you may be just one person. To the person you may be the world. 对于世界，你可能只是一个人，但对于某个人，你却是整个世界。 Where there is love, there are always wishes. 哪里有爱，哪里就有希望。 You don't love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her. 你不会因为美丽去爱一个女人，但她却会因为你的爱而变得美丽。 Love is something eternal; the aspect may change, but not the essence. 爱是永恒的，外表可能改变，但本质永远不变。 Love is not a matter of counting the days. It's making the days count. 爱情不是数着日子过去，它让每个日子都变得有意义。 With the wonder of your love, the sun above always shines. 拥有你美丽的爱情，太阳就永远明媚。 Love is a fabric that nature wove and fantasy embroidered. 爱情是一方织巾，用自然编织，用幻想点缀。 First love is unforgettable all one's life. 初恋是永生难忘的。 In the very smallest cot there is room enough for a loving pair. 哪怕是最小的茅舍，对一对恋人来说都有足够的空间。 Love without end hath no end. 情绵绵，爱无边。 Love's tongue is in the eyes. 爱情的话语全在双眼之中。 In love folly is always sweet. 恋爱中，干傻事总是让人感到十分美妙。 There is no hiding from lover's eyes. 什么也瞒不过恋人的眼睛。 The only present love demands is love. 爱所祈求的唯一礼物就是爱。 The heart that once truly loves never forgets. 真挚恋爱过的心永不忘却。 Love warms more than a thousand fires. 爱情的炽热胜过千万团的火。 Your smiling at me is my daily dose of magic. 你嫣然的微笑是我每日享受到的魅力。 Your kiss still burns on my lips, everyday of mine is so beautiful. 你的吻还在我的唇上发烫，从此我的日子变得如此美丽。 Love understands love; it needs no talk. 相爱的心息息相通，无需用言语倾诉。 Love me little and love me long. 不求情意绵绵，但求天长地久。 First impression of you is most lasting. 对你最初的印象，久久难以忘怀。 When the words "I love you" were said by you for the first time, my world blossoms. 第一次听到你对我说"我爱你"，我的世界一瞬间鲜花绽开。 Tell me you are mine. I'll be yours through all the years, till the end of time. 请告诉我你是我的。岁岁年年，我都属于你，永远永远。 Love is a fire which burns unseen. 爱情是无形燃烧的火焰。 I feel happy at times we have had angry words but these have been kissed away. 我们生气争执时，爱的双唇把它们吻得无影无踪，我的心也顿觉甜蜜。 You cannot appreciate happiness unless you have known sadness too. 不知道什么是忧伤，就不会真正感激幸福。 But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, all losses are restored, and sorrows end. 只要我一想起你，亲爱的人，所有的失落和遗憾烟消云散. A light heart lives long .( William Shakespeare , British dramatist ) 豁达者长寿。 (英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.) Early to bed and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise .(Benjamin Franklin , American president ) 早睡早起会使人健康、富有和聪明。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.) Sloth , like rust , consumes faster than labor wears .(Benjamin Franklin , American president) 懒惰像生锈一样，比操劳更能消耗身体。 (美国总统 富兰克林. B.) The first wealth is health .( Ralph Waldo Emerson , American thinker ) 健康是人生第一财富。 (美国思想家 爱默生. R. W.) All is but lip-wisdom that wants experience. (Philip Sideney, British satesman) 凡是没有实际经验的，都只是口头智慧。(英国政治家 锡得尼 D .) Expericence is a hard teacher because she gives the test first, the lesson afterwards. (Law Vernon, British writer) 经验是一位先行测试然后才授课严厉的教师。(英国作家 弗农. L.) Experience is not interesting till it begins to repeat itself, in fact, till it does that ,it hardly is experience. (Elizabeth Bowen, British novelist) 经验直到自我重复时才变得有意义，事实上，直到那时才算得上经验。(英国小说家 鲍恩 E.) Expericence is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him. (Aldous Leonard Huxley, American writer) 经验不会从天而降；经验只有通过实践才能获得。(美国作家 郝胥黎..) Experience is the child of thought , and thought is the child of action. We cannot learn men from books. (Benjamin Disraeli, British statesman) 经验是思想之子，思想是行动之子，了解他人不可以书本为据。(英国政治家 迪斯雷利 B .) Experience is the na me give their mistakes. (Oscar Wilde, British playwriter and poet) 经验是每个人为其错误寻找的代名词。(英国剧作家、诗人 王尔德 O.) Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you want. (Dan Stanfort, American brsinessman) 经验是当你没得到想得到之物时所得到的东西。(美国实业家 斯坦福。D.) Expreience keeps a dear school, yet fools will learn in no other. (Benjamin Franklin, Americna president) 经验始终是收费高的学校，然而，笨汉非进此学校不可。(美国总统 富兰克林 B ) Experience more than sufficiently teaches that men govern nothing with more difficulty than their tongues. (Bendict de spinoza, Dutch philosopher) 经验给我们太多的教训，告诉我们人类最难管制 的东西，莫过于自己的舌头。(荷兰哲学家 斯宾诺沙 B) Experience never misleads; what you are missed by is only your judgement, and this misleads you by anticipating results from experience of a kind that is not produced by your experements. (Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian painter) 经验永远不会对你做错误的引导；把你引导错的只是你自己的判断，而你的判断之所以对你发生误导的作用，乃是由于它根据那种并非借着实验而产生的经验来预料的结果。(意大利画家 达芬奇) Experience without learning is better than learning without excperi-ence. (Bertuand Russell, British philosopher and mathematician) 有经验而无学问胜于有学问而无经验。(英国哲学家、数学家 罗素.B.) I have but one lamp wait which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. (Patrick Henry, Americna statesman) 我只拿一盏灯来指引我的脚步，而那盏灯就是经验，对于未来，我只是能以过去来判断。(美国政治家 享利.P.) Mistakes are an essential part of education. (Bertrand Russell, Bdritish philosopher) 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。(英国哲学家 罗素 . B .) Neither beliver nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected of believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error, Use it. (Thomas Jefferson, American president) 不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西，你也就去相信它或否定它。上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就去运用它吧/ (美国总统 杰斐逊 .T.) One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (James Russell Lowell, British Poet and critic) 一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。(英国诗人、批评家 洛威尔 .J. R .) Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (Samuel Smiles, British writer) 实用的知识只有通过亲身体验才能学到。(英国作家 斯迈尔斯 . S .) Proverbs are short sentences drawn from long experience. (Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer) 谚语是从长期经验中获得的短句。(班牙作家 塞万提斯.M.) The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. (Alfred North Whitehead, British philosopher and nathematician) 世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。(英国哲学家、数学家 怀特海 .A . N.) The great difficulty in education is to get experience out of ideas. (Grorge Santayana, Spain-born American philosopher and poet) 教育之艰苦在于从意念中获得经验。(西班牙裔美国哲学家、诗人 桑塔亚那.G.) The greatest lesson in life is to know that even fools are right sometimes. (Winston Churchill. British statesman) 傻瓜有时候也是对的。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 .W.) To make good use of life one should have in youth the experience of advanced years, and in old age the vigor of youth. (Stanislars I, Polish king) 青年而有老年之经验，老年而有青年之朝气，就能使人生发挥更大的作用。(波兰国王 斯坦尼劳斯一世) To most men , experience is like the stern light of a ship which il-luminates only the track it has passed. (Samuel Tylor Coleridge, British poet) 对于大多数人，经验像是一艘船上的尾灯，只照亮船驶过的航道。(英国诗人 柯勒津治. S .T .) Too much experience is a dangerous thing. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist) 经验过多反而危险。(英国剧作家 王尔德 . O.) We know nothing of what will happen in future , but by the analogy of past experience. (Abraham Lincoln , American president) 除了凭着对过去的经验加以类推之外，我们对今后的事一无所知。(美国总统 林肯 . A .) Absence to love is what wind is to fire. It extinguishes the small; it inflames the great. (Roger de Bussy-Rabutin, French writer) 离别之于爱情好比风之于火，它能将小火熄灭，使大火熊熊燃烧。(法国作家 比西-拉比旦.R.) Every man is a poet when he is in love. (Plato ancient Creek philosopher) 每个恋爱中的人都是诗人。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图) First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of curiosity. (George Bernard Shaw) 初恋就是一点点笨拙外加许许多多好奇。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G) Friendship is like earthenware: once broken, it can be mended; love is like a mirror: once broken, that ends it. (Josh Billings. American humorist) 友谊就像陶器，破了可以修补；爱情好比镜子，一旦打破就难重圆。(美国幽默作家 比林斯 .J.) Friendship is love without his wings. (George Gordon Byron, Bdritish poet) 友谊是没有羽翼的爱。(英国诗人 拜伦.G,G) Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love. (Albert Einstein, American scientist) 并非地球引力使人坠入爱河。(美国科学家) The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse. (Burke Edmund, British statesman) 权力越大，滥用职权的危险就越大。(英国政治家 埃德蒙.B.) The greatest of evils and the worst of crims is poverty. (George Bernard Shaw, British dramatist) 最大的恶和最凶的罪是贫穷。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)
一九二九莫伸手，三九四九冰上走朝霞不出门，晚霞行千里会插不会插，瞅你两只脚买种百斤，不如留种一斤七月秋，里里外外施到抽一季草，两季稻，草好稻好夏至后压，一担苗，一担薯会种种一丘，不会种种千丘花草田种白稻，丘丘有谷挑千处粪田，不如一处来粪秧立秋前早一天种，早一天收破粪缸，不用甩，壅田多餐饭种田不施肥，你骗它，它骗你荞不见霜不老，麦不吃风不黄要想多打粮，包谷绿豆种两样种种甘薯种种稻，产量年年高头麻见秧，二麻见糠，三麻见霜春插时，夏插刻，春争日，夏争时 谷雨前后，种瓜点豆立了秋，麦不收今冬麦盖三层被，来年枕着馒头睡麦子不怕草，就怕坷垃咬春雷响，万物长。春雨贵似油，多下农民愁。立春三场雨，遍地都米。春雨漫了垅，麦子豌豆丢了种。雨洒清明节，麦子豌豆满地结。麦怕清明连夜雨。夏雨稻命，春雨麦病。三月雨，贵似油；四月雨，好动锄。春天三场雨，秋后不缺米。清明前后一场雨，豌豆麦子中了举。有钱难买五月旱，六月连阴吃饱饭。春得一犁雨，秋收万担粮。六月下连阴，遍地出黄金。春雨满街流，收麦累死牛。黑夜下雨白天晴，打的粮食没处盛。一阵太阳一阵雨，栽下黄秧吃白米。伏里无雨，谷里无米；伏里雨多，谷里米多。三伏要把透雨下，丘丘谷子压弯桠。伏里一天一暴，坐在家里收稻。秋禾夜雨强似粪，一场夜雨一场肥。立了秋，那里下雨那里收。立秋下雨万物收，处暑下雨万物丢。处暑里的雨，谷仓里的米。处暑下雨烂谷箩。
提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
谈英语习语的翻译[摘要]习语是民族语言文化的结晶,在英语语言中占重要地位。习语的翻译是英语翻译的一个重点。本文在分析英语习语特性的基础上,总结归纳了英语习语翻译的方法。[关键词]英语习语;文化差异;翻译方法习语结构稳定、言简意赅、生动形象,是人们在劳动和认识世界的过程中的思想结晶,它们主要来源于生活。另外,它还来源于神话故事和历史典故。它们同文学作品、诗歌一样是语言的精华,承载着不同民族的文化特色和文化信息,与文化、传统紧密相连,不可分割。翻译作为语际交流的手段,不仅仅是语言符号的转换过程,而且也是一种文化移植的过程,因为语言是文化的载体,文化是语言赖以生存的土壤,二者密不可分。本文现从文化信息传递的角度,就英语习语的翻译进行了探讨。一、英语习语的特性李福宁说:“一个英语习语是一种语言的一个要素,这种语言在其时代的基础上拥有一种独一无二的表达方式。”所有历史悠久的语言都包含着许多丰富的习语。一方面,英语习语是一种艺术,它主要反映英语国家的文化特征,所以思想和内容必须是可译性习语的先决条件;另一方面,在语法上习语的结构是固定的,且作为一种规则,任何一种习惯用法中的任何元素都是不能改变的。例如:在句子“A stitch in time saves nine”中,“A”不能被“one”所代替。“To be at liberty”不能改变成“To be at freedom”。随着中西方交流的日益频繁,中西方文化背景间的差异大量减少,这为英语习语的翻译提供了新的机遇。二、英语习语的翻译方法(一)直译法所谓直译法是指在不违背译文的语言规范和不引起错误的联想的条件下,在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方特色的方法。随着国际间的交往日益频繁,一些具有民族特色的东西越来越多地被其他民族所理解和接受,英汉语的文化差异正在缩小,民族特色正在逐步融合,这使得习语的直译成为可能。用这种方法翻译习语把西方习语移植到汉语中来,可以很容易地翻译原文。例1: Hewentwith the stream, forhe lacked confidence inmaking his own decisions·(A·他随波逐流,因为他对自己做的决定缺乏信心。B·他跟着别人做,因为他对自己做出的决定缺乏信心。)显然, A比B更忠实原句,因为英语习语“gowith thestream”,翻译成汉语“学别人的样做事”意思一样。如果我们选择B,“学别人的样做事”无法准确表达原来意思。相反B会使中国读者产生歧义。例2: She refused several offers ofmarriage, and then, atthe age of forty, found herself left on the self·(她拒绝了多次求婚,到了40岁,发现自己被“束之高阁”。)这里“on the self”被翻译成“束之高阁”。这种译法不仅忠实表达原句的意思,而且还展现出说话人有点自卑的心理。例3: He who follows two hares is sure to catch nei-ther———Benjamin Franklin·(追逐两只兔,两头都落空。)这种译法成功再现了原始谚语的形式和所描绘的情景,同时还给读者一种原汁原味的感觉。如果翻译成“同时干两事,全都干不好”,虽然通顺,但由于失去话语原来的特征而显得不够忠实原文,不够生动。(二)意译法语言毕竟是交流的工具,因此译者的首要任务是让读者理解原文隐含的意义。在翻译时如果不可能或没有必要保留英语习语的表达形式,且汉语中也找不到合适的同义习语来套用,就得使用意译法结合上下文把习语的含义表达出来,也就是在翻译时使用另外一个中国读者能接受的类似的习语来翻译。意译法的特点是简洁易懂,不足之处是失去了原文的风格特色,也可以说意译法是一种不得已而采取的方法。由于英汉两种语言差别很大,在实际翻译中此方法使用得很广泛,尤其是翻译民族色彩浓厚的习语时。例4: She can tdo itwell because she is a green hand·(A·她做不好这件事,因为她是新手。B·她做不好这件事,因为她是绿色的手。)这里A显然更加合适。在这个英语习语中“greenhand”代表“无经验的人”,所以这个习语应该被翻译成“新手、生手”。许多读者第一眼看这译文的时候会觉得很茫然,可仔细想想就会觉得这样翻译很有道理。译文B看起来翻译比较呆板,虽然做到了忠实原文,但事实上它不仅没有把这个习语的灵魂翻译出来,而且产生了不切实际的汉语表达方式,让读者觉得乏味。(下接60页)(上接158页)(三)直译意译兼用法直译法有时候会减少译文的可读性,同时也会导致阅读的厌倦和文化传递的失效。意译法经常会改变英语习语的原汁原味。为了使习语的翻译通俗易懂却又不失其原有风格,在翻译过程中可以采取直译意译二者兼用的方法。例5: Make hay while the sun shines·(趁着晴天晒干草,莫失良机。)“趁着晴天晒干草”,属于直译法,它在成功地表达出内容的同时,也保持了谚语原来的风格。然而读者可能无法理解其含义,因而“莫失良机”这种意译法被附加上。这两种译法的联合增加了可读性也保留了谚语的原始韵味。例6: Every family is said to have at least one skeleton inthe cupboard·(俗话说:衣柜里藏骷髅,家丑家家有。)To lifta rock only to have his own toes squashed·(搬起石头砸自己的脚。)(四)借用法英汉两种语言有一部分同义习语不但有相同的意义或隐义,且有相同的或极相似的形象或比喻。遇到这种情形时不妨直截了当地借用英汉语中的同义习语。例如: Milkthe Bull (缘木求鱼); Birds of a feather flock together (物以类聚,人以群分)。(五)直译加注译法严格来说,加注不是翻译法,在写作、翻译中加注是最后的选择。因为有些习语具有浓厚的地方色彩、民族色彩,或具有典故性,为便于读者充分领会和完全吸收其特殊的文化意蕴,翻译时以直译加注为宜,即直接翻译出来,然后加注,予以解释。例如:“To carry coals to Newcas-tle.”,译成“运煤到纽卡索,多此一举。”还是不能让读者了解为什么运煤到纽卡索是多此一举,必须采用加注法说明纽卡索是英国的一个产煤中心,运煤到纽卡索是多余的。参考文献:[1]骆世平·英语习语研究[M]·上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005·[2]蔡福华·英语习语的翻译[J].雁北师范学院学报, 2004(1)·[3]刘湘屏·英语习语的文化内涵及翻译[J].安徽警官职业学院学报, 2004(1)·