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Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. Features Online banking solutions have many features and capabilities in common, but traditionally also have some that are application specific. The common features fall broadly into several categories Transactional (., performing a financial transaction such as an account to account transfer, paying a bill, wire transfer... and applications... apply for a loan, new account, etc.) Electronic bill presentment and payment - EBPP Funds transfer between a customer's own checking and savings accounts, or to another customer's account Investment purchase or sale Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments Non-transactional (., online statements, check links, cobrowsing, chat) Bank statements Financial Institution Administration - features allowing the financial institution to manage the online experience of their end users ASP/Hosting Administration - features allowing the hosting company to administer the solution across financial institutions Features commonly unique to business banking include Support of multiple users having varying levels of authority Transaction approval process Wire transfer Features commonly unique to Internet banking include Personal financial management support, such as importing data into a personal finance program such as Quicken, Microsoft Money or TurboTax. Some online banking platforms support account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions... [edit] History The precursor for the modern home online banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early '80s (the term online became popular in the late '80s). These services used the videotex system. In the US the first bank to offer these services did so in 1981 and by 1985 at least 37 banks offered videotex banking services. Because of the commercial failure of videotex these banking services never became popular except in France where the use of videotex (Minitel) was subsidised by the telecom provider. Security Protection through single password authentication, as is the case in most secure Internet shopping sites, is not considered secure enough for personal online banking applications in some countries. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. The PIN/TAN system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (this is called two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed. Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information. A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. Countermeasures There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. Digital certificates are used against phishing and pharming, the use of class-3 card readers is a measure to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking variants. To protect their systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. In 2001 the FFIEC issued guidance for multifactor authentication (MFA) and then required to be in place by the end of 2006. -------------------- 网路银行 (或称 线上银行、电子银行) 常用转帐或付费功能上的银行服务。透过银行的网路安全机制，让客户可以在银行以外的地方使用金融服务。 大部分式透过网路浏览器，无须使用其他的软硬体。然而，许多银行皆限制只能使用微软IE的设计，使得非Windows的用户得到不少的限制。 特色 网路银行有下面几个特点: 帐户资料查询，可以透过一些软体汇入，如Quicken或Microsoft Money。 电子帐单付费 转帐 功能 股票买卖 贷款申请 帐户整合功能 网路银行有成长的趋势。因为网路银行不但可以让银行省下不少人力成本，也可以提供更高的存款年息率。 台湾的网路银行常见服务项目 查询 查询存款余额 查询放款余额 查询信用卡余额 查询待缴款项 查询帐户交易往来明细 查询特定金钱信托基金投资绩效 转帐、缴费 转帐至事先约定之本行转入帐户 转帐至事先约定之他行转入帐户 转帐至非事先约定之本行转入帐户 转帐至非事先约定之他行转入帐户 转帐至国外帐户 投资 投资特定金钱信托基金 投资黄金存摺帐户 转开定期存款 转开定期存款 外汇兑换 本位币存款帐户与外汇存款帐户相互兑换 安全机制 诈骗 有些人非常的排斥网路银行，因为他们觉得很容易受骗。银行提供的安全机制并非百分之百的安全，但是实际上因为使用网路银行受骗的例子却非常的少。事实上，骗子在传统银行实际上比网路银行的还要多。离线的信用卡盗用、伪造签名和身份盗用的罪犯远超过恶毒的骇客。银行的交易是可以查询的，而且银行诈骗案的惩处非常的高。网路银行可能因为使用者的不小心、受骗、和对电脑的不了解而更不安全。网路钓鱼的犯罪有增加的趋势，使用者可能因为某些原因而不小心把密码泄漏给诈骗者。 我也是抄袭的，希望能帮到你以上回答你满意么？
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
Haiti Earthquake of 2010 March 19, 2010 A delegation of experts on human rights in Haiti prepares to testify before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on March 23rd. The delegation will urge the Commission to formally investigate the human rights impact of post-earthquake aid in Haiti and guide donor States regarding their obligations when delivering assistance. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 19, 2010 In anticipation of the March 31 Donors' Conference on Haiti, over 300 NGOs from around the world sent a letter to donor states calling on them to embrace the human rights and dignity of all Haitians as the driving force behind international assistance in rebuilding Haiti. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 16, 2010 January’s earthquake has prompted hundreds of thousands of Haitians to leave Port-au-Prince, reversing a decades-long migration from the countryside. — NYT March 15, 2010 New Orleans Law School professor Jeanne M. Woods draws on the experience of Hurricane Katrina to advocate for a "human rights approach" to aid for Haiti, which would provide Haitians with control over their own destiny and long-term support for their basic needs. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 15, 2010 Successful and sustainable development projects require including the Haitian people themselves in the planning and execution. But as Loune Viaud of Partners in Health and Monika Kalra Varma of the RFK Center for Human Rights observe, "Those who have the greatest stake in rebuilding Haiti, Haitians themselves, don’t now and never have had a real seat at the table." — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 12, 2010 Elderly Haitians find themselves distinctly vulnerable and emotionally burdened after January's earthquake. — NYT March 9, 2010 In the aftermath of the earthquake, Haiti faces the added challenge of the growing number of amputees and other disabled victims of the catastrophe. There is a pressing need for prostheses and a rehabilitation infrastructure before it's too late. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti Table of Contents Overview Relief Efforts Haitian Government Response Earthquakes in the Caribbean Social Conditions in Haiti Americans Accused of Child Trafficking How to Help Complete Coverage Overview Updated: Feb. 19, 2010 By THE NEW YORK TIMES A massive earthquake struck Haiti just before 5 . on Jan. 12, about 10 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, the country's capital. The quake was the worst in the region in more than 200 years. A study by the Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the cost could be between $ billion to $ billion, based on a death toll from 200,000 to 250,000.
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺骗性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
这还是要具体看了正常状况下大概也就 15000
中文翻译成英语一般情况下字数会减少，大概相当于1200-1500这样
Haiti Earthquake of 2010 March 19, 2010 A delegation of experts on human rights in Haiti prepares to testify before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on March 23rd. The delegation will urge the Commission to formally investigate the human rights impact of post-earthquake aid in Haiti and guide donor States regarding their obligations when delivering assistance. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 19, 2010 In anticipation of the March 31 Donors' Conference on Haiti, over 300 NGOs from around the world sent a letter to donor states calling on them to embrace the human rights and dignity of all Haitians as the driving force behind international assistance in rebuilding Haiti. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 16, 2010 January’s earthquake has prompted hundreds of thousands of Haitians to leave Port-au-Prince, reversing a decades-long migration from the countryside. — NYT March 15, 2010 New Orleans Law School professor Jeanne M. Woods draws on the experience of Hurricane Katrina to advocate for a "human rights approach" to aid for Haiti, which would provide Haitians with control over their own destiny and long-term support for their basic needs. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 15, 2010 Successful and sustainable development projects require including the Haitian people themselves in the planning and execution. But as Loune Viaud of Partners in Health and Monika Kalra Varma of the RFK Center for Human Rights observe, "Those who have the greatest stake in rebuilding Haiti, Haitians themselves, don’t now and never have had a real seat at the table." — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti March 12, 2010 Elderly Haitians find themselves distinctly vulnerable and emotionally burdened after January's earthquake. — NYT March 9, 2010 In the aftermath of the earthquake, Haiti faces the added challenge of the growing number of amputees and other disabled victims of the catastrophe. There is a pressing need for prostheses and a rehabilitation infrastructure before it's too late. — Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti Table of Contents Overview Relief Efforts Haitian Government Response Earthquakes in the Caribbean Social Conditions in Haiti Americans Accused of Child Trafficking How to Help Complete Coverage Overview Updated: Feb. 19, 2010 By THE NEW YORK TIMES A massive earthquake struck Haiti just before 5 . on Jan. 12, about 10 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, the country's capital. The quake was the worst in the region in more than 200 years. A study by the Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the cost could be between $ billion to $ billion, based on a death toll from 200,000 to 250,000.
thesis论文(一本，如硕士，博士论文)。paper文章(发表在杂志上的一篇一篇的)ÄÕÂ
一般用thesis 博士论文dissertation
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺骗性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
1. 旅游的小文章（英语） Last summer vacation,my family and I went to Qingdao by was always sunshine and fresh air,which made us so went to the seaside,the sea was as blue as the sky,and bathing in the sunshine on the beach, was really an enjoyable also picked up a lot of colorful shells with my little we bought many interesting souvenirs,I was planing to send them to my ate many tings there,such as fish,prawn,and so are very we lived in a clean and tidy hotel,and the price was not so like Qingdao very much,and if I got a chance,I hope to e here again,it is such a beautiful and interesting place. 上个暑假，我和我的家人坐火车去了青岛。那里总是阳光明媚，空气也很清新，令人心情舒畅。我们去了海边，海水和天空一样的蓝，在沙滩上沐浴着阳光，是件很享受的事儿。我和妹妹还捡了好多五颜六色的贝壳。我们在这里买了好多有趣的纪念品，我打算送给我的朋友们。我们在这里吃到了很多东西，比如鱼，虾..真的很美味。 我们住在一个干净整洁的旅馆里，而且价格不是很昂贵。 我很喜欢这里，如果有机会我还希望可以再次去青岛，这个美丽有趣的地方。2. 一篇关于旅游英语小短文 好像来晚了呀 不过还是给你参考参考 我自己写的 It was last National Holiday,I went to Shandong Province on my own with a travel really had a unforgotable holiday there. We took a ship there,the weather wasn't so great then,however,when we got to Yantai,it's we had a big was tired that day,and fell asleep fast. The following day,we did some sightseeing in next day,we went to Confucius's home,it was just huge and amazing which I could never with the home of Wang Xizhi,it was great. The third day was really tired for me,cuz we climbed Mount was a rainy day,I put on was really hard for me. My trip to Shandong wasn't bad,I really enjoyed it. 希望楼主满意阿。 3. 关于旅游的英文文章 An orientation tour that begins with a drive around the Civic District past the Padang, Cricket Club, historic Parliament House, Supreme Court and City Hall. Stop at the MERLION PARK for great views of Marina Bay and a picture-taking opportunity with The Merlion, a mythological creature that is part lion and part fish. Visit THIAN HOCK KENG TEMPLE, one of Singapore's oldest Buddhist-Taoist temples, before driving past Chinatown to watch craft *** en at work at a LOCAL HANDICRAFT CENTRE. Proceed to the NATIONAL ORCHID GARDEN, located within Singapore Botanic Gardens, which boasts a sprawling display of 60,000 orchid plants. Our final stop at LITTLE INDIA will entrance you with the scent of joss sticks, ja *** ine and spices。 4. 旅游的好处 英语议论文 旅游的好处（The Advantages of Travel） Whenever a college student is asked, "What are you going to do this summer vacation?" The most probable answer might be "I am going to have a travel. " It sounds that college students are fond of travelling. Why? Because travel has numerous advantages. First of all, travel can widen our knowledge of geography, the knowledge of customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practise a foreign language through travelling. Finally, travel is the best way of pastime. We can enjoy eating various food and seeing beautiful sceneries. In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. It is worth spending the time. 旅游的好处 不管你什么时候问一个大学生这样一个问题：“今年暑假你要做什么？”他很可能这样回答：“我要去旅游。”听起来大学生们是喜欢旅游的。为什么呢？ 因为旅游有许多好处。 首先，旅游可以扩大我们的地理知识以及扩大我们对不同地区不同国家的风俗、文化和生活方式方面的知识。其次，通过旅游我们可以交朋友、练外语。最后，旅游是消遣的最好方法，我们可以享受各种食品，观看美丽景色。 一句话，旅游的好处不止一个方面，花些时间是值得的。 5. 跪求旅游英语论文 随着旅游业的发展，在有些国家或地区旅游业甚至成为经济收入最大的支柱产业.旅游是经济、社会、文化等现象的综合反映，这一特性决定了旅游的发展必然给旅游地带来经济，环境，社会等一系列积极的影响。 发展旅游业，还能增长当地的就业机会，使更多的人有业可从，解决了社会中就业的一大难题，降低社会制安事件的发生频率.同时， 各地游客的进入， 增长了当地居民和外地人的接触和交往， 促进了相互间的文化交流， 扩大了视野， 提高了文化素养.发展国内旅游业还可以促进其他产业的发展.旅游业的发展能 *** 旅游者的消费，从而可以形成和扩大新的消费市场。 旅游对经济环境的有利影响是最为显著的，旅游业和其他产业相比，是一个投资少，见效快，无污染 的产业，同时，旅游业还能带动其他产业的发展，这就使旅游业对于该地区国民经济收入具有重大的意义. 旅游业对生态环境也有明显的有利影响.随着旅游业的日益发展，不断地开发旅游资源，其中有不少旅游资源原来就存在一些生态问题，，在旅游资源开发中，便可采取旅游生态建设和污染治理的措施，使开发出来的旅游资源比原来的生态环境质量更高，即旅游开发美化了生态环境.旅游业还能保持生态环境.旅游资源开发出来进入利用阶段，若能科学地管理，能使当地生态环境进入良性循环. 发展国内旅游业对于激发人民的爱国主义热情，增进人们的身体健康，提高生活质量具有较大的作用。 旅游者游览祖国锦绣山河和名胜古迹，对其开阔眼界，陶冶情操，扩大信息交流，增强身心健康都有积极的作用。尤其是在青少年中开展爱国主义教育，国内旅游发挥的作用更为明显。 再次，发展内旅游还可以促进思想观念的更新，从而提高人民的素质。国内旅游发展所形成的游客流是信息流、观念流的载体。 这些信息、观念、思维、生活方式的传播，可以起着打破当地封闭保守思想、引发思维观念更新的作用。强化人们之间的思想文化交流，更新思想观念，其意义比因发展旅游所获得的经济效益要深远得多。 国内旅游业无论对于社会主义物质文明还是精神文明建设都有十分重要的促进作用。因此，发展国内旅游业应当引起社会各界特别是旅游界的充分重视。 当然，有好处就会有坏处。在旅游食宿措施的建设过程中，水、电及其他能源供应的絮乱，费水、废气、垃圾的处理不及时等都可能对生态环境形成污染。 在经济利益的驱使下，不少旅游地超负荷接待游客，或乱建滥造旅游措施，而使得一些有珍贵历史文化价值的古迹或独特、协调的自然、人文景观遭受破坏 新手，没分，不好意思。 愿意的帮一下，谢谢 旅游区的旅游气氛环境是由当地的自然环境，以及反映当地历史、地方或民族气息的环境烘托出来的，这其中，当地的环境和文化以及历史起了很大的作用。游客在欣赏大自然美景中，也要注意遵守社会公德。 游客自身也是风景的组成部分，不文明的行为举止不仅会玷污美丽的风景，也会破坏他人游览时的心情。和谐是大家共同的心声，为了让人人都能尽其游兴，每一名游客都不能放纵自己，应多一份谦让，多一份风度，营造一个彼此友善、相互谦让的良好旅游氛围。 With the development of touri *** in some countries or regions or even bee a touri *** ine of the largest pillar industry. Touri *** is the economic, social and cultural phenomena, such as a prehensive reflection of this decision features of the development of touri *** is bound to bring touri *** to the economy , The environment, a series of positive social impact. The development of touri *** , but also increase local employment opportunities so that more people from the industry has to address the social employment in one of the major problems and reduce the social security system, the frequency of incidents. At the same time, all over the tourists to enter, an increase of Local residents and outside contacts and exchanges to promote mutual cultural exchanges and expand the vision to improve the culture. The development of domestic touri *** can promote the development of other industries. Development of the touri *** industry can stimulate the growth of tourist spending, Thus the formation of a new and expanding consumer market. Touri *** on the beneficial effects of the economic environment is the most significant, touri *** and other industries, the investment is a *** all, effective, non-polluting the industry, at the same time, touri *** can promote other industries Development, which makes the region for touri *** revenue of the national economy is of great significance. Eco-touri *** on the environment is a clear positive impact. With the increasing development of the touri *** industry, continuous development of touri *** resources, touri *** resources, many of which are original to the existence of a number of ecological problems in the development of touri *** resources, can take eco-touri *** And the 。 6. 以"旅游报告"为题写一篇英语作文 Travelling is also one of the best means for learning. You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself. Seeing is believing. Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book. 旅行也是最好的学习方法之一。你可能看过或者听说过某些事物的报道，但只有当你亲眼看到这些事物时你才能获得准确的信息。眼见为实。此外，如果你是一个细心的观察者，在你的旅行过程中你会学到许多有关当地的地理、生物和历史方面的知识。不管你接受过多好的教育，通过旅行总是可以让你学到更多。你会发现在旅行中获得的知识在你的生活中并不比来自任何一本有影响力的参考书上的价值小。 7. 求一篇关于旅游的英文文章关于旅游的英文文章,最好中英对照的,中 Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm Located by the side of Guankouken inner road of No。 324 national highway in Jimei District, the Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm covers an area of 500 mu。 As the field is not very high, tourists can easily get into the orchard to look around。 All year around fruit trees are planted in the garden for picking and tasting by the tourists in any month。 There are lichee, longan, citrus fruits, carambola, persimmon, mango, strawberry, peaches, plums and more。 The farm is also equipped with a fishing pound, barbecue areas, camping areas, farming areas, refreshment rooms and a restaurant for customers' convenience and to meet their special interests。 Further more, a holiday villa within the farm can provide lodging and all kinds of entertainments。 8. 急求英语小作文一篇,200字左右,关于旅游的 last year ,I went to Beijing I love there The summer Places is to beautiful and we went to Wangfujing though there are lots of people in there and the things are too expensive ,most people buy things in bought a pair of beautiful shoes in love Beijing .This too beautiful！ 文章大意：去年，我去了北京，我喜欢那里。 颐和园的景色非常美，我们还去了王府井。虽然那里有很多人，而且东西都很贵，但是许多人还是在那里购物。 我在那里买了一双很漂亮的鞋子。 .我爱北京！那里很美。 9. 关于旅游的英文的毕业论文.知道的朋友告诉我一下,谢谢 二、旅游英语翻译的几种方法 解释是指增加的部分是对字' 词' 句的字面意思的解释% 如花港观鱼） Hua Gang Guan Yu"Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor* "孤山） Gushan"Solitary Hill* "紫来洞） Zilai Cave"Purple Source Cave* %# 西安古称长安$可译成# Xi'an was called Chang'an"or+everlasting peace,in ancient times$"& 天安门$可译成& Tian'anman"the Gate of Heavenly Peace$"这样的译法将名称与其含义联系起来"便于外国游客记忆"加深他们的印象"增加他们的游兴%又如"& 端午节那天"人们都要吃棕子$可以译为& During the Dragon Boat Festival, or the Duanwu Festival (which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), it is a mon practice to eat zongzi, which is a rice pudding wrapped up with reed leaves$%& 大乘寺坐北朝南"院墙按八卦建造$ 可以译为& The Great Vehicle Temple faces south with its walls shaped after the Eight Diagrams) binations of three whole or broken lines formerly used in divination* $% 八卦是我国古代的一套符号"用于占卜% 一般的中国人都不知道八卦"何况外国游客% 所以此处务必加以解释%在旅游英语翻译中采用类比的手法常常有喜人的效果% 如把杭州历史人物西施比作Chinese Cleopatra"将民间人物月下老人译作Chinese Cupid% 浙江兰溪一个济公纪念馆介绍济公事迹的英译文"也是采用类比的方法%中文为& 济公劫富济贫"深受穷苦人民爱戴$"其英译为& Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved by the poor people$"由于采用了& 以此比彼$的手法拉近了外国游客与中国文化的距离！使他们产生亲近感！激发他们的游兴"增加与解释不同！是指为了更好地理解某字#词#句而添加的相关知识和背景资料" 中国悠久历史中有许多著名事件！英雄人物！典故传奇等" 旅游资料中经常提到的许多风景名胜往往与他们有关！不增加说明！一般外国游客就无法理解" 如！$ 绍兴是越瓷的产地%的英译文是$ Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelains. Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in ancient China%" 在此！译文增加了一个句子来解释$ 越%这个专有名称" 又如！$ 林边有一洞！叫白龙洞" 传说& 白蛇传' 的白娘子曾在此修炼%的英文翻译为$ Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White, the legendary heroine of the Story of the White Snake, cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine%"这句如果没有添加！外国游客虽然也能看懂！但会产生怀疑！白蛇娘娘在这么小的洞里怎样来修炼呢（ 有了这些添加之后！他们方能正确地理解原文！原来修炼一事纯属传说"有时候！在翻译旅游资料中！删减是十分必要的" 因为大多数外国游客阅读这些资料都是为了了解中国的风土人情！增加一些旅游兴趣" 中国人在写事状物时喜欢引经据典！摘录名人名言或古诗加以验证" 中国读者读了会加深印象！从中得到艺术享受与美感！而在外国旅游者看来似乎是画蛇添足"如介绍青岛的旅游资料中有这么一段文字"$） 烟水苍茫月色迷！渔舟晚泊栈桥西" 乘凉每至黄昏后！人依栏杆水拍堤" *这是古人赞美青岛海滨的诗句" 青岛是一座风光秀丽的海滨城市！夏无酷暑！冬无严寒" 西起胶州湾入海处的团岛！东至崂山风景区的下清宫！绵延80 多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷" %其译文为$ Qingdaoisa charmingcoastal city,whosebeautyoftenappears inpoetry. It isnothot insummeror cold inwinter. The 40- km- longscenic line begins fromTuan Island at thewest end toXiaqingTemple ofMount Xaoat the east end%" 译者将古诗全部删除！但不影响译文读者对原文中其他部分的理解！而译文中第一句正是对前面古诗简洁的概括" 再看一段描写桂林地区景区之一兴坪的文字"$ 这些山峰！连同山上绿竹翠柳！岸边的村民农舍！时而化入水中！时而化入天际！真是） 果然佳胜在兴坪*" %其译文为$ These hills and the green bamboo and willows and farmhouse *** erge with their reflections in the river and lead visitors to a dreamy world%" 这段文字最后一句诗句英语译为$ and lead visitors toa dreamyworld%！虽没有正面译出兴坪的美景！它对名游译文却将读者引入梦幻般的奇境！反而烘托出兴坪吸引游客的特点" 再譬如！$ 观光层高达263 米！是岛瞰全市景色的最佳处所！当风和日丽时！举目远望！佘山金山！崇明岛隐隐可见！真有） 登泰山而小天下*之感%" 其译文为$ The observation deck, 263meters high, is the best place toget a bird's- eye- view of the city. On a sunny day, the deck mands an indistinct view of Mount Sheshan, Mount Jishan and the Chongming Island far, far away. Standingon the deck, one gets the feelingthat theworld is belittled%" 以上的这段译文中删除了引自& 论语'中的一句话！$ 登泰山而小天下%" 原文中引用此语无非是形容电视塔之高！如果要将$ 泰山%译出必然要加注！否则外国游客很难将它与电视塔。
你先把文章浏览一遍，认为可以删区的小节删去，再稍微仔细阅读下，会有一些重复或者说的比较罗嗦的地方，你自己可以改动，最方便的把某一小方面的东西都删了
【内容提要】现代社会教育与个人就业之间的关系正由过去的确定性走向不确定性。个人对教育的选择、学校办学以及劳动力市场工作搜寻的一系列特征，是这种转变的内在根源。当前应该采取措施，将教育与个人就业关系的不确定性控制在适度、合理的范围内。 【摘 要 题】考试与就业 【英文摘要】The relation beeen the&nb 现代社会教育与个人就业之间的关系正由过去的确定性走向不确定性。当前我国大学毕业生就业时不断遭遇“困难”，正是这种转变的一种反映。社会转型、经济结构调整、技术进步等因素是促使教育与个人就业关系走向不确定的外在根源；而个人对教育的选择、学校办学以及劳动力市场工作搜寻的特征等是其内在根源。限于篇幅，本文只对其内在根源作些分析。 一、个人的教育选择导致的不确定 按照经济学的一般解释，个人进行教育投资的根本动机在于经济利益和效用的最大化，即个人期图通过接受教育，使自己在劳动力市场上处于最佳位置；而社会根据生产需要，期图通过使用教育提供的人才达到社会生产成本最小，利润最大。这样，社会将会把各种熟练劳动力和高级人才的需求信息输入劳动力市场，个人则根据劳动力市场的供求信息，调整自己对教育的选择，与社会对劳动力的需求达到一致，最终实现个人的经济利益和效用的最大化。同时社会生产部门也在一定程度上根据劳动力市场的供求状况，调整需求。亦即个人与社会以劳动力市场为中介，各自不断调整需求，使二者达到基本一致。但是事实并非如此，正是个人对教育进行选择时的一些特征，导致了教育与就业之间的关系的不确定性。 1.个人选择动机的多样性 把个人对教育的选择仅仅看成是他出于理性，追求自身经济利益或效用最大化的行为，无疑将人的行为决策过于简单化了。首先，人的理性是有限的。个人不具有搜集和整理其对教育选择的所有信息的能力，不可能作出使自己接受的教育对将来就业产生最大化收益的决策。因此，西蒙认为个人只能以“满意”的收益或效用作为自己决策的目标。[1]其次，个人的教育选择受教育资源、制度和文化等方面的抑制。无论个人拥有的教育资源，还是社会分配的教育资源，相对于个人的选择而言都是有限的，个人不可能完全出于自己的愿望对教育进行任意选择。第三，真实的个人在进行教育选择时，除了自利的特征以外，还具有其他多种特征。一是容易情绪化。个人不可能是一个刻板的“计算器”，不断地对自己的教育选择进行利益或效用等方面的计算。事实上，个人往往是出于对某种教育的喜好、对自己的自负，甚至是为了躲避恐惧等冲动，而作出对教育的选择。二是受知识的限制。个人在进行教育选择时是以一定的知识为基础的，不同知识背景的人所得出的结论是很不相同的，如对教育成本和将来就业收益的估算与比较等。三是初始条件不对称。个人进行教育选择时在经济条件、风险态度、学习偏好等方面存在差异，即使个人行为是理性的，其行为之间也缺乏可预测性。 现代社会的教育具有多种功能。面对多种教育功能，个人在对教育进行选择的时候，其内部动机往往存在不一致的地方，这构成了内在的矛盾和冲突。一般来说，随着自我意识的增强，对自己认识的不断加深，个人可能需求教育为他的才能的发展提供机会。而现实社会中劳动力市场可能更多地需求应用型人才，迫于现实，个人可能对教育提出更为功利性或实用性的需求。人文的需求与功利的需求在一个人身上难以一致起来，甚至会产生冲突，冲突的结果可能是个人追求教育的功利价值，而放弃对人文价值的需求。但也有可能是相反。这种个人教育需求之间不一致的情况，在我国目前的市场经济社会中也是常见的。这也说明个人在进行教育选择时可能与劳动力市场的需求并不一致，其结果就是个人所接受的教育与将来的就业之间存在什么样的关系，让人无法确知。 社会学研究表明，商品不仅具有使用价值和交换价值，而且具有符号价值，即商品本身显示了与其他商品的不同，具有社会表现力。[2]教育，特别是正规的学校教育更是具有这种符号性，受教育者可以借接受某种教育来表现其个性、品位、社会地位、社会认同和未来价值等。实际上，对某些个人来说，选择接受教育如其说是考虑到教育与将来劳动就业的关系，还不如说就是凡勃伦所言的“炫耀性消费”[3]。 2.个人选择的博弈性 萨缪尔森(Paul )曾经提出“合成推理的谬误”[4]，即对于个人来说是对的，但对于总体或整个社会来说未必总是对的。（注：萨缪尔森以球迷看球为例，球迷为了看得更清楚而站起来看，可是当所有的人都站起来的时候，大家都不能够看得更清楚，认为“由于某一原因而对个体来说是对的，便据此而认为对整体说来也是对的，这就是合成推理的谬误”。）当劳动力市场某一规格或类型的劳动力供不应求时，个人的反应往往就是大量涌向这一专业或类型的教育。个人的这种反应是其理性所为，应该说也是符合劳动力市场需求的，无可厚非。但个人是有限的，他无法知道别人，特别是和他一样年龄和处境的人，会作出什么样的选择，个人也无法在整体上去规划或控制这种选择。这样，当个人接受了某种教育之后，即使劳动力市场的需求不发生变化，也会发现其供求矛盾已经面目全非。曾经热门火爆的专业，现在却严重供过于求，其中的一个重要原因就在于此。 个人选择教育的专业类型与劳动力市场的劳动力供求之间存在着时差。个人在对教育作出选择时，无法知道将来劳动力市场的需求状况。譬如，现在假定个人面对A、B两个专业，A专业是一个新兴的专业，当前劳动力市场需求旺盛，报酬较高；B专业是一个常规专业，市场对这类劳动力的供求基本保持不变，但报酬一般（如图1）。根据“合成推理的谬误”，个人如果选择A专业，那么他无法确知自己毕业后劳动力市场的供求状况，可能是供求基本平衡，也可能是供过于求。当劳动力市场对这类人才供不应求或供求基本平衡时，其就业收益是4；当劳动力市场供过于求时，其就业收益是1（或更低）。个人如果选择B专业，由于这是一个常规专业，就业收益基本保持在恒定的水平2。这样，个人在进行选择时有两种策略，即选择A专业或B专业，但结果却有四种可能。个人究竟该如何决策，最后教育对其就业收益影响的结果又如何呢？实际上最终的结果无法预先确定。 附图 图1 个人不同专业选择的得益 退一步说，假定个人知道自己选择接受某种专业教育后，在劳动力市场上得到一个报酬较高且自己满意的工作的概率为90%；自己顺利完成学业，拿到教育证书的概率也是90%；而事实也是如此。那么个人往往就会有足够的根据，满怀希望地选择这种教育，因为失败的概率为19%，对个人来讲实在是不高。但对整体而言，却意味着100名受教育者当中就有19名将不能从这种教育中获益，并存在失业的可能，教育与个人就业的关系势必难以确定。 3.个人选择的不可逆性 与其他投资相比，教育投资的不可逆性更为明显。即教育投资在时间上有着严格的先后顺序，是单维度的，个人在进行教育选择时，不能跳跃式前进，也不大可能停滞不前或后退。一方面，个人一旦选择接受了某种教育之后，往往不大可能再来选择退出，转而选择其他类型的教育。例如，“一个学生即使在看到中等教育比较欠有利，他也不可能再返回初等教育并在那里耗费更多的时间”[5]。另一方面，个人的教育选择受制于一定的先后顺序，个人不可能因为知道博士学位具有较高的就业价值，而跳过中等教育去直接攻读博士学位。 假定持有较高教育证书的个人在劳动力市场上才会有较大的优势，个人教育选择的这种不可逆性的直接后果就是，一旦个人在阶梯结构的教育层级之间前进时受阻，即不能升入高一级学校，那么个人先前的教育投入就形成了“沉没成本”（注：经济学认为，如果一笔已经付出的开支，无论个人或组织作出何种选择都不能被收回，这种成本就被称为“沉没成本”。），其先前所接受教育的就业价值就只能是忽略不计了。因此，个人对教育进行选择，就如同进入了迷宫（如图2）。在中考与高考两个节点上，个人都有成功和失败两种可能，结果会有三种，而获得就业收益只是其中的一种。个人无法确知自己将会是什么样的结果。事实上，当个人进了学校的大门，没有人知道结果将会是什么，不可预见性是显然的。 附图 图2 个人教育选择的迷宫 二、学校办学特征导致的不确定 当个人的教育选择无法导引出教育与就业之间的某种确定性的关系时，传统理论往往寄希望于学校教育根据劳动力市场的信息，通过自身的变革，调整教育结构，使劳动力供给在结构上适应经济结构的需求，从而使得教育能够解决人们的就业问题，改善个人的就业状况。然而问题是，学校能够这样去做吗？学校真的愿意这样去做吗？答案是否定的。 1.多元投资的异质性 教育投资的主体主要是 *** 和个人，而 *** 的教育投资与个人的教育投资是存在较大差别的。在物质表现形态上， *** 的教育投资主要表现为学校建筑、教学设备等费用和教职员工的工资；个人的教育投资主要表现为学费以及放弃的收入。在行为动机上， *** 进行教育投资是为了提供教育服务，其目的是为了满足社会对教育的“公共需要”，促进社会公平，弥补个人投资不足，协调政治、经济和社会发展等；个人对自己进行教育投资是为了获得教育服务，其目的在于获得心理上的享受和精神上的满足，以及将来的经济收益。[6][7]不同主体的教育投资，聚集到学校办学上来，构成了教育投资的异质性。 教育投资的这种异质性，使得学校的办学不可能以单一的受教育者将来在劳动力市场上的价值作为终极目标， *** 所委托的政治价值与人文道德价值常常是学校办学的重要宗旨。在更多的情况下，即使学校知道教育规模的扩张，可能导致“教育性失业”，即不利于个人就业问题的解决，但对于社会来说仍然有着正的经济或非经济效益。譬如， *** 可能为了协调社会经济发展，防止出现劳动力市场某种类型的劳动力短缺，而宁愿扩大这种类型的劳动力供给，宁愿接受劳动力市场出现一定数量的人才失业，所以愿意扩大教育规模。有时则相反，对于个人来说，即使不得不承担一定的投资风险，个人也不得不通过接受教育，提高自己的就业收益；而 *** 则可能从整体利益出发，不愿意看到受过教育的人毕业后出现失业的现象，为了防止失业而不主张扩大教育规模。又譬如，假定劳............ :yw66./Article/xueshu/xueshujsj/200707/53729.
是不是要在PPT中播放word文档？1、先把文档整理一下保存。页面文字左右缩进-7或-8让文字布满页面。文字设置28号、加粗。再调整显示比例：视图----显示比例---显示比例----页宽----确定。2、打开PPT-----插入-----对象-----由文件创建-----浏览------插入整理好的word文档----确定-----显示为图标-----确定。3、选中PPT中出现的文档图标------动画-----自定义动画-----添加效果------对象动作------打开（也可选编辑，放映时可以编辑）即可。这样放映PPT时单击图标word文档内容就展示出来，和word中一样用鼠标滚动翻页。word2007
就5000字的论文来说，如果论文中每段字数少，总体页数会多些，还有排版是5号字只是说正文，那标题用一级、二级标题格式来版也会再很大版面，所以这是个综合的问题。要说大概就是5、6页了。
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Higher Touri *** English professional English teaching model to explore scenarios [Abstract] the primary characteristics of vocational education to write papers on behalf of students is to cultivate the ability to integrate theory with practice, this paper discusses the characteristics of touri *** in English and discusses the use of more on the way to - scenes approach, noting that such Method The advantages and problems, and Touri *** English Teaching Problems also included in the scope of discussion. [Key words] Vocational Education Touri *** English teaching methods and problem scenarios First, several characteristics of Touri *** English 1. Practical strong. We often talk about the theory and practice should be a bination of (theory must be integrated with practice), the theory of learning is to better guide the practice, guides the work of one of the characteristics is to practice. Guides, known as civil ambassadors and image ambassador, who in the international exchanges of the role is particularly important, even if they have a solid theoretical knowledge, but it can not be used for practical work, this is not a qualified tour guides. 2. Specialized. There is no doubt that in the touri *** teaching English inevitably involves travel to the deep expertise. The six basic elements of touri *** , food, shelter, transportation, travel purchase, entertainment and touri *** resources, touri *** planning, hotels, travel agencies, tourist attractions such as the various departments of knowledge, requires students to master these basic professional basic knowledge. If the creation of the relevant professional courses on touri *** professionals to learn and understand English will be of great help. 3. Comprehensive and strong. Involved in the touri *** industry knowledge is very plex, politics, history, literature, art, architecture, religion, gardening, such as multi-disciplinary knowledge, I have seen a few of the basic teaching materials are in aordance with the six elements of touri *** know-how into the above into which constitute a whole. Second, touri *** scene in English Teaching As the saying goes, interest is the best teacher, then how to train students interested in teaching has bee one important aspect. Above have already said that guides the work of highly practical, but also in certain scenes ourred, such as tours at the airport shuttle, how weling and farewell speech, to move into the hotel, along the guided tours, attractions and so on , the author based on different scenarios into the training purposes of which have achieved good results, the following I would like to give one example, Unit 11 WaterTour: Lijiang river. 1. BACKGROUND introduced (backgroundinformation) This is paving the way each unit of knowledge and information to add, so that students of the natural resources of water have a total understanding, it can generally be divided into several categories: rivers, lakes, sea, hot springs, waterfalls, each category is a list of the most distinctive examples, such as: the Yangtze River, the West Lake, Jinan's Baotu Spring, Guizhou Huangguoshu waterfall, and then broken down into each, such as: What are the sites of West Lake, and the English translation shown to students, the I have followed each of the modules in this order, descending from a whole to partial, and the use of courseware ppt documents, first introduced after the display picture. Here I want to say is, the traditional template significantly those of very old, very old-fashioned style, teachers can browse the Web in the process of peace will be their favorite picture or interesting for touri *** save the picture of English language teaching, and their ppt documents into standby, the best choice of picture and each unit can be relevant to the subject, of course, need to spend a lot of work, but good value for money, students in the learning process can inspire their interest. 2. Courseware on specific (detailed explanation) The theme of this module is to introduce the world famous Lijiang River in Guilin landscape, the article is mainly to readers as a tourist, took us to visit the scenic甲天下, Castle Peak, Xiushui, Qishi, reflection ..., the article is more inclined to the narrative is a Field guides word. In order to allow students to Lijiang's landscape there is a general understanding, I will introduce into the relevant spots in which, such as the Reed Flute Cave, Cheung Pei Shan, Qixingyan and so on, to the students a whole pattern. 3. Scenarios interpretation (situational presentation) This is the most difficult step in the process of belonging to the output. At the end of each unit after the lecture, I will place the students of this unit have learned the content of drilling can be carried out group work, to enable students through role-playing (role play), so that students feel like, and give full play to their own imagination, and promote active learning students enthusia *** . Another method is to knowledge in their own language to anize themselves, and then they speak out, each class 10 minutes before I do, so can study the effect of book knowledge. However, in the course of the author, Professor, students or the existence of certain problems will arise, if students are too rigidly adhere to teaching materials, as well as the students are short of certain cross-cultural munication of knowledge, in exchange they would often make the phenomenon of culture shock. Such as in teaching to join the cross-cultural munication on the knowledge, you can play with the foreign exchange the role of lubricants to avoid conflict, do not be embarrassed to enable the o sides. Third, the main problems 1. Materials relatively single Most of the touri *** professional teaching English only for the province or a region, there is no nationwide introduction of the overall attraction, and the same theme, introducing a time when almost all of the same language, the lack of reference materials; part of teaching materials to more Touri *** deep expertise in the overall translated into English, which is no touri *** expertise to pave the way for English learners is difficult to understand, but such a career as higher vocational institutions, such as pure things significantly less useful, specific spots should be introduced to include a good word to focus on a good sentence, such as better able to recite in order to achieve the purpose of training. In addition, if the publication of these films all over the scenery of the English version of CD-ROM, coupled with on-site tour guides, students can imitate, or if there is mute function to allow students to e under the shooting scene with their own explanations, so the skills the requirements and further improved, for those who have a higher base and capacity of students. 2. The lack of professional teaching English for Touri *** At present, the majority of teachers are touri *** management professional or graduate English majors, specialized school English teachers very little touri *** , so it is very difficult to teach the process of grasping the curriculum focus, or not grasped, may be the beginning of the semester or students, and gradually bees a monologue students became teachers, Ap Lei like to listen to teaching. I think the teachers can take part in some training activities, continue to aumulate experience, check the length of others make up for our own short, At the same time, teachers can also go to the first line of services for others to experience the pleasure brought about by, to better promote classroom teaching. 3. The lack of school internship training base At present most of the opening of Touri *** English professional school, the teaching and practice are basically out of touch. First of all, to impart theoretical knowledge, and then make use of other practical semester. If we can bine theory and practice so that you can receive good results. However, due to practical needs some practice material support, so most students will need on their own to sum up in practice, so that delayed a lot of valuable time. References: [1]赵宝国,谭晓蓉. The use of the 21st century touri *** English Course [M]. Shanghai: Xue Lin Press, 2005. [2] Lu Po-chi. Guided tours in English [M]. Beijing: Touri *** Education Press, 2003. [3] Min. Teaching scenarios - Touri *** English Teaching effective method [J]. Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commercial Technology Journal, 2003,9 (3). 原文地址： :lwz./jiaoyulunwen/jichujiaoyu/200901/02-4394. 仅供参考，请自借鉴 希望对您有帮助
应注意以下几点： 1.首先确定论文的题目，就也就是需要说明的观点； 2.搜集材料证明观点的论据； 3.确定论文的结构： 1）第一段提出论点； 2）第二段论据证明； 3）结论:论点的正确性 确定三个段落的题目以后，再写内容，词汇要简练，不要拖泥带水，论点要明确。 关键不是论点的正确与否，关键的是用证据证明你的论点是正确的，也就进行论证。
楼主去时事一点通网站看看吧，上面有很多时事评论，楼主可以参考一下别人的观点或者写作思路方法，然后结合自己的观点写一下，而且该网站时事热点新闻也有很多，楼主可以顺便给自己的论文找点素材~
你是大几的？
Graduation design /Graduate Thesis /internship report
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)
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毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺骗性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)