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本科毕业论文设计翻译报告

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本科毕业论文设计翻译报告

1.确定自己的毕业课题方向;2.了解自己学校翻译要求,比如说字数、格式、对参考考文献是否要翻译等等;3.找好相关的英文原文,估计一下,比如要翻5000字,则英文原文不加图要4页左右;4.配好专业词汇软件和GOOGLE翻译,这两者会帮上大忙的,前者对一些专业词汇独到,后者可以让你对译文有个初步了解;5.注意语句通顺,还有就是有些要意译,不然就会很别扭;6.对于文中的公式最好用MATHTYPE编辑或者用WORD里的公式编辑器编辑,图片可以不用自己重新画,截过来在画图板里把要改的英文改成中文,其他工具也行,如果有严格要求就要用VISIO画了,对于图表,最好自己重新画;7.因为有些图式粘过来的,所以编辑格式的时候要注意;8.对参考文献的翻译:作者姓名可不用翻译,后面的基本都要翻译。希望对你能有所帮助。

外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

Along with the computer network development and popularization of Internet access, rapid and become the important channel and information, it is in politics, economy, life aspects plays an important role. The development of modern information technology, and provide people with the advanced technology and rich resources, and Internet connection, let us become more social informatization times, people no longer need to spend too much time to obtain information, as long as the mechanization to move the mouse was sitting at home again, can put the items they need to purchase, please space and time limit, so use computer network, has become the people into social skills necessary now. Drinks management system was born in this situation, it has already become our commodity trading in input indispensable management system is convenient for users to buy drinks and administrators and the establishment of the goods, the system is mainly composed of drinks, drinks, administrator for users, ordered drinks, order management. Make business network are not used to the board of trade, the user can face different places in different time to buy drinks, administrator management is more convenient, good clear improved the efficiency of management of drink system mainly using ASP technology, Server2003 + Access2003 background use SQL database. Using the tools of Dreamweaver8 Macromedia company. In addition, in the web page design, use some scripting language style and additionally a template, web sites, some effects of beautification use of Adobe Photoshop cs3 image, image processing graduation design based on the topic of ASP website design, the main design direction is to drink sales system. This system includes four modules, respectively is: visitors module (password revision, drinks, search, drinks, users browse) (including the user login module, bookmarks, browse drinks category), message module (including adding bookmarks, comment), an administrator (including editor, registration, selling drinks quantity statistics). Through this paper, to drink sales management system realization process were introduced in detail.

本科毕业论文翻译报告范文

浅析透过交往行为理论看隐喻的英汉翻译论文关键词:交往行为理论;隐喻理解;翻译论文摘要:本文利用哈贝马斯的交往行为理论重释翻译学的理解观,并借此说明在翻译实践这一特殊形式的跨文化交际中如何有效地解读隐喻。1.引言隐喻翻译是一项以语言为载体的跨文化交际活动,也是将一种语言所承载的信息传递到另一种语言中去的主体间性交往行为。对于主体间性交往行为的研究,德国后现代哲学家哈贝马斯的“交往行为理论”( Theory of Communication Action)为人们开启了一扇新的窗户。该理论是在取舍抑扬不同哲学思想观点的基础上创立的一个复杂的、多层面的“理性联盟系统”,它以“理解”为核心,语言为基础,融社会批判理论、普通语用学、社会进化理论为统一构架。2.交往行为理论视域下的翻译学理解观翻译学研究的新出路—交拄行为理论。翻译学研究从传统的语义学阶段到结构主义语言学阶段,发展到20世纪90年代传人我国的解构主义阶段,经历了漫长的历程。传统的语义学范式的翻译,受到古典主义知识论的影响,认为“人是万物之灵”,对客体的理解完全依赖于译者的主观感受,强调译者的悟性与灵感,讲求“神似”和“化境”,推祟所谓的神来之笔。由于它过分地强调译者的主观能动性,使得翻译这一跨文化交际活动变成了一种神秘的实践。20世纪80年代,我国结构主义语言学掀起了翻译学研究的新高潮。人们开始关注文本,尝试运用语言学的分析方法代替直觉感受,认为在纷繁复杂的言语现象背后隐藏着一种普遍性和规律性的东西,只要掌握了它就可以表达一切,使得翻译变成简单化的机械性操作,即用目标语言的语义一句法规则把存储在源语言的语义一句法规则中的思维内容编写进去。显然这种工具性又走到了另一个极端—过分强调作为客体的语言的规律作用,随之便受到了解构主义思潮的猛烈抨击。解构主义给人们提供了一种新的思维方式。它打破了结构,解构了系统,使一元规定走向多元化局面,把翻译从语言逻名斯主义的束缚中解放出来。但它毕竟又一次将翻译推向非理性,过分张扬主体意识,使释义变成了一种无限延宕的活动,人与人之间的理解和交往似乎变得不可能。如何克服这种思想观念的偏狭,进行有效的以语言为媒介的跨文化交际活动呢?笔者认为,借助哈贝马斯的交往行为理论,可为翻译学研究找到一条理性的新路。2. 2翻译学理解观的重释。一位法国译者说过:“翻译就是理解和使人理解”。理解是翻译大厦的基石,是翻译过程的第一步,没有一个好的理解,翻译寸步难行。当我们认为交往行为理论为翻译研究打开了一扇新的窗户时,就有必要对理解观进行重释。哈贝马斯认为社会交往以语言为媒介,语言交流必须互相理解,否则谈不上有效交往。交往行为中的语言,即言语,是可以进行规范分析的。每个言语行为都具有施行和陈述的双重结构。施行性部分作为主语句,处于主体间的交际层;而陈述性部分作为副语句,处于主体间的表内容层。施行性部分在一个言语行为中起决定作用,因为它限制了言语者和听者的关系,同时也规约了陈述内容的意义。这两个结构在言语行为中是相互依存的。有时言说者也许会强调其中的一部分,但并不意味着否定另外一部分,只是让它暂时退居次要的位置而已。比如,“我手机没电了”一语,看上去似乎仅仅陈述了手机电池已耗尽这一事实,但实际上它隐含着多种行为意义;①因为手机没电,所以我刚才没接你的电话;②我必须马上充电;③我不会带手机而带小灵通,所以有事请打我的小灵通。这就是隐性的施行性部分,而根据具体的情境,它将起到这样或者那样的施行效果。塞尔认为“说话人的思想的原初的,或内在的意向性被转换为语词、语句、记号、符号等等,这些语词、语句、记号、符号如果被有意义地说出来,它们就有了从说话人的思想中所派生出来的意向性。它们不仅具有传统的语言学意义,而且也具有有意图的说话人的意义。”这无疑与哈贝马斯的言语双重结构理论异曲同工。据此,对意义的理解也有必要进行相应的双重划分。理解某一言语应一分为二地看,在表述层上则是know-what的问题,而在交际层上是know-how的问题。know-what是指言说者何以会达到这种理解的明晰知识,即其能够获得关于理解的知识;从理解者的角度来看,就要求他能理解被语义、句法、规则排列起来的“语词、语句、记号符号”构成了怎样的意义。know how是指有能力言说者如何构造或施行这种言语行为的能力,是一种隐含的规则意识;从理解者的角度来看,就要求他能理解言说者的这种隐含性规则意识。在这一双重理解中,对言语表述内容的理解是一级理解(know-what ),而要真正把握言语者内在的意向性必须进人二级理解(know-how),即对施行性部分的理解。因此,理解不能停滞在先验判断的形式上,必须在交往过程中达成。理解的目标是导向某种认同,即“共享知识,彼此信任,两相符合的主观际相互依存”。它不仅包含传统的对语言表达式的理解,还包括“在与彼此认为的规范性背景相关的话语的正确性上,两个主体之间存在着某种协调”,及“两个交往过程的参与者对世界上某种东西达成理解,并且能使自己的意向为对方所理解”。3.隐喻的解读哈贝马斯的交往行为理论对翻译学的建构具有宏观的方法论指导意义,对翻译实践是否同样具有指导意义呢?鉴于纽马克曾说“隐喻翻译是一切语言翻译的缩影,因为隐喻翻译给译者呈现出多种选择方式:要么传递其意义,要么重塑其形象,要么对其一进行修改,要么对其意义和形象进行完美的结合。”以下将利用交往行为理论说明隐喻在跨文化交际中的解读。隐喻是一种语言使用现象,在“词典中找不到隐喻”。从现代隐喻学观点来看,隐喻现象应在形式上搭配异常,在语义上类属不同,逻辑错位,从而产生了语义冲突,而当听者对冲突产生回应时,便生成了隐喻的意义,即理解了某一隐喻式言语。对于隐喻的运作机制,有人曾作过这样描述:“隐喻涉及两个不同领域(范畴)的概念,隐喻意义的产生是两个概念之间相互作用的结果。这一相互作用通过映射的方式进行。在映射过程中,属于某一领域的相关概念和结构被转移到另一领域,最终形成一种经过合成的新的概念结构,即隐喻意义。而这一映射和整合过程的基础是两个领域在某些方面的相似性。”这无疑表明对隐喻的理解需要双重划分。隐喻的理解过程应由两部分组成:隐喻的辨认和隐喻意义的推断。事实上这就是一个由一级理解进人二级理解的过程。举一个人们常提到的例子“The tongue is a fire”来说,从表述层理解(一级理解),"tongue”被美国传统词典这样定义:"the fleshy,movable, muscular organ,attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallo-wing, and, in human beings,,important organ of speech"。我们可以认为舌头作为人体的一个重要器官,首先具有与绝大多数脊椎动物一样的味觉和辅助咀嚼及吞食的功能,除此之外,还是具有言说能力的人的重要语言器官。以这个基本意义为中心,tongue一词背后形成了一个庞大的意义集合:它可以指形状像舌头的东西,例如tongue of flame(火舌),guiding tongue(铁路导向尖轨),switch tong(开关铜片),也可以指人的言说行为和言说能力,例如hold one’s tongue (keep silent), lose one’s tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock)。这一言语行为中的另一个关键词fire,在美国传统词典里可以找到如下定义;" a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied勿flame”。同样,在它背后的意义集合中可以找到诸如,cooking fire(炊火),forest fire(森林火灾),wild fire(野火),the fire ofcannon炮火)等火的具体形态。也可以发现其他意义,如The boy is full of fire(这男孩非常热情决奋),He was on-der fire for mismanagement(因管理不善而受到责难)。当tongue和fire这两个背负着各自庞大意义集合的词语被嵌人A is B的基本语言框架(句型)中去时,两者的逻辑关系就通过“is’,发生相互作用。" is”用来表示一种等值。所以从字面上看,或者换一个角度说,从听者对表述层的理解来看就应该推理为:“舌头是火”。“是”表明两个意义集合在某方面来说是等值的。然而,从上面我们对这两个词的意义的理解来看,它们显然隶属于两个不同的范畴,将它们之间用‘` is"连接后,进行常规的等值逻辑推理的是行不通的,于是从表述层上我们能够辨别出这是一个隐喻,从而完成隐喻理解的第一部分。当听者明确说者使用的是隐喻式的言语行为之后,就要对隐喻所表达的真正意义进行推断,那理解当然就要进人二级阶段,理解该言语行为的施行性部分,即理解“说话人的思想的原始的,或内在的意向性”。可以这样假设,如果"The tongue is a fire”是说给一位正受媒体指责的艺人听的,那么说话人可能含有一种同情或瞥告的意向。艺人总是倍受媒体关注的,由于种种原因,媒体可能片面地、夸大地报道了某些事实,而这样的报道传播开来便演变成了某种绊闻和谣言,它们将或多或少地给艺人本人或其事业带来一些麻烦。这种语境为舌头与火的等值逻辑推理提供了一种可能:舌头—人类的语言器官—人的言语行为—媒体的报道—人们对报道的负面反应(纬闻和谣言)—给艺人本人或其事业带来麻烦(毁坏名誉或阻碍事业发展),火—会发光发热的化学物质—光和热过度会引发火灾,毁坏东西,甚至造成人员死亡,这样二者在毁坏这一功能上找到了相似性,逻辑推理就站得住脚了。"The tongue is a fire”的意思是大众对艺人的多种看法和言论中不乏啡闻或谣言,它们也许会攻击其人格,甚至会因为它们的存在,公司解除雇佣关系,或者没人敢请这位艺人演出。因此我们有理由推断,说话者是在发出人言可畏的感叹,或是在告诫演艺者要注意自己的言行,以免被媒体捕捉到后进行炒作,从而自毁前程。至此,听者才完成了对原言语行为的有效理解,导向了听者与说者的某种认同。完成对隐喻的理解,必须经由一级理解(对言语表述内容的理解)到达二级理解(对言语者内在意向性的理解)。在同一语言体系中是这样,在不同的语言体系间也应该如此,因为唯有如此才能进行有效的跨文化交往。我们应该怎样操作隐喻翻译就不言而喻了,或保全源语隐喻,或进行译语隐喻替换,或使译语语言显性化都具有可行性,只要它能够帮助听读者完成意向性理解。3. 1保全源语隐喻。当隐喻的喻体和喻意在源语与译语中完全或大体相同时,对于源语的喻体,译语听读者能产生与源语听读者相似的心理联想,并完成相似的意向性理解,译语中则宜保全源语隐喻。如: (1)Heisafox.他是只孤狸。英语fox和汉语狐狸指的是同一种动物,当它被用作说人时都含有“狡猾”之意,即使听读者与说写者处于不同的语言体系和文化背景中,也能有效地理解该言语行为的施行性部分:要当心这个人,他很狡猾。再如:(2) think tank思想库“思想库”一词本不存在于汉语文化里,然而“库”在汉语文化中指储藏东西的地方,因此尽管处在汉语文化中的人们还未认识到用“库”的特性来描述“思想”的集合,但这种“库”的认识能导向对英语文化中的“think tank’,的认同,因此“库”这个喻体可以保全下来。毕竟在这种跨文化交际中,我们不能低估听读者的理解能力,更不能剥夺他们的理解权利。在翻译过程中,为了达到跨文化交际的目的,有时需要变通地保全源语隐喻,即在保全源语隐喻的同时做出适当的解释。如:(3)What will it be when the increase of yearly proddc-tion is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalistic production.(Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 )要是每年的生产完全停止增长,情形又将怎样呢?像阿基里斯的脚踵一样,这将是资本主义生产的致命弱点。(《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷)"the heel of Achilles”这个短语来源于古希腊神话。A-chilies是古希腊传说中的一位杰出英雄,他在特洛伊战争中身经百战,屡建功勋。据说,Achilles出生时也只是一个极其普通的孩子。他的母亲为了锻炼他坚强的意志,造就他一副刀枪不人的钢铁之躯,便倒提着他的身体放到环绕地狱的冥河中去浸泡。果然,他的身体经过浸泡变成了一副钢筋铁骨,任何凶恶的敌人也不是他的对手。但是,他的一双脚后跟却因握在母亲的手里,便与普通人的一样,成了这位英雄的致命弱点。后来,在一次战斗中,仇敌射中了他的脚后跟。这位战功赫赫、所向无敌的英雄最终死于自身的这一致命弱点。由于汉语文化中没有Achilles其人其事,若仅仅保全英语源语隐喻,而不做任何解释,则会阻碍汉语文化中的听读者完成意向性理解。因为他们对“阿基里斯的脚踵”只能作出符合汉语常识的判断:一个名为阿基里斯的人的脚后跟,而无法导出“致命的弱点”这一认同,即无法进人二级理解。所以在保全英语源语隐喻的基础上,增加必要的解释,这样不仅使听读者顺利地完成理解,导向某种认同,还使听读者见到其原有形象和风格,促进了两国文化的交流。3. 2译语隐喻替换。当源语的喻体所承载的喻义完全无法在译语中再现时,可根据具体的语境而采用译语文化中听读者所熟知的喻体形象进行替换。如:(4)差人道:“马老先生,··…老实一句,‘打开板壁讲亮话’,这事一些半些几十两银子的话,横竖做不起来……”(《儒林外史》)"Now Mr. Ma,”said the rtmner,“…Let’s put all。cards on the table > a few dozen tales are not going to settle anything....生活经历和认识方式的不同,导致汉语和英语中使用了两种不同的喻体,这时,我们不得不使用英语文化中的认识方式“put all our cards on the table”来替代汉语文化中的“打开板壁讲亮话”,因为隐喻不仅作为一种修辞手段存在,更是一种思维方式。既是思维方式就一定会受到认知结构和认知方式的制约,当这种制约条件本身不一致时,我们就不能抓着喻体形象不放。试想把“打开板壁讲亮话”直接搬到英语文化中去,英语语言的使用者没有这种思维方式,根本不能解读出“老实地说、坦诚地说”这一层意义,而只会停留在它的字面意义解读的困惑中。这种滞留于一级状态的理解是不完整的,并没有导向某种认同。为了导向“坦白地说、老实地说”这一认同,英语中就必须更换喻体“put all our cards on the table"。3. 3译语语言显性化。显性化是指在译语中把源语的隐喻变为一种直说或阐释。在翻译过程中,有时在译语中无法再现隐喻的喻体和喻意,也无法在译语文化中找到听读者所熟知的喻体形象进行替换。这时,为了到达二级理解阶段,导向某种认同,就只能舍弃源语隐喻的喻体,而保留其喻意。如:(5)填鸭式教学法forced-feeding method of teaching“填鸭”是一个具有丰富中国文化特色的词。中国有五大名宴:满汉席,孔府宴,全鸭席,文会宴,烧尾席。其中全鸭席的菜肴全部以北京填鸭为主料烹制而成,共有一百多种冷热鸭菜可供选择。据考,北京填鸭的祖籍是南方,后来迁至京西玉泉山,用人工填喂法逐渐育成今日的品种。它的生长期较短,只需60一65天就能长成5一7斤重,45天之前的雏鸭自由取食,最后15~20天则由人工填喂,每6小时一次,一天填喂4次,故得名北京填鸭。把填鸭的饲养方法应用到教学上,是指一种强制灌输的教学方法。处在汉语文化中的听读者很容易由填鸭的饲养方法联想到以教师为中心的满堂灌教学方法,从而完成了对“填鸭式”的一级理解和二级理解。此时,若保留喻体,将“填鸭式”生硬地搬到英语语言文化中去(如duck-feeding),势必会阻碍该文化中的听读者理解这种教学法。由于在他们文化中没有这种饲养鸭子的方法,他们对duck-feeding的理解只能停留在字面意思即一级理解阶段上,无法进人到二级阶段。为了使他们“导向某种认同”—一种强制灌输的教学活动,就只能舍弃隐喻的喻体,而保留其喻意,故翻译为“forced-feeding method of teaching"。4.结语虽然中西方文化差异很大,人们的隐喻概念也时有不同,但并不意味着在跨文化交际中存在着不可逾越的鸿沟。随着社会的进步和各个学科领域的深人发展,翻译学以及在其抬导下的翻译实践活动被不断地注人新的血液。从哈贝马斯的交往行为理论这扇新打开的窗户看隐喻翻译时,我们获得了一种全新的思维方式:隐喻作为一种言语行为具有所有言语行为所共有的双重结构,基于此我们对它应有相应的双重理解,唯有如此才能达到“导向某种认同”的理解。相信这种思维方式能帮助我们在不同的文化交流中更好地解读隐喻。

汉语言文学是研究中国词语、句法和传统的诗词、 散文 等文学作品的课程,是通过对其基础知识的理解和认知来学习汉语言的主要能力,其在学习的过程中要具有中国语言功底和写作能力,更是追求各种文字美的关键。下面是我为大家整理的汉语言文学 毕业 论文,供大家参考。

汉语言文学毕业论文 范文 一:汉语言文学专业应用性问题分析

一、研究背景

汉语言文学专业,也就是早年间人们口中的中文系。毋庸置疑,汉语言文学专业有着十分源远流长的教学历史,同时在时间的沉淀之下,也形成了独具一格的教学传统。在新中国还没有成立时,也就是我国的民国时期,近代 教育 刚刚萌芽,中文系应运而生,这也就是现在的汉语言文学专业的雏形。中文系承载着我国熠熠生辉的 传统 文化 ,蕴含着无数先人的人生菁华。即便是在战乱时期,也没有让一个个的热血青年放弃对中文的热爱。在不断的积累沉淀后,汉语言文学专业形成了自己稳定的教学模式,其教学内容也逐步固定下来。在很长一段时间内,汉语言文学专业的高校招生比例非常大,同时就业率也相对较高。然而近年来社会经济发展迅速,社会上对于经济专业,管理专业的人才需求增加,汉语言文学专业的地位受到了来自各个方面的挑战,至今汉语言文学专业仍然处于一个瓶颈时期,如何进行有效的转型成为了众多汉语言文学教育专家首要解决的问题。按照现代教育学理论来看,应用性是衡量一个学科教育模式是否先进,教学体制是否健全,教学发展水平高低的一个非常关键的标准。而现在的汉语言文学专业恰恰缺乏的就是专业的应用性。显而易见,这是由于汉语言文学专业的历史决定,传统的教学模式不足以适应如今社会的发展,就导致了近年来报考汉语言文学专业的学生大大减少,就读汉语言文学专业的不少学生都是被调剂的,社会对于汉语言文学专业的认识也发生了微妙的变化。提高汉语言文学应用性俨然成为了奔赴在汉语言文学教育前线的工作者们的不得不面对的一个亟待解决的问题。从教育学原来角度来看,一个学科的应用性指的便是该学科所涉及到的在实践过程中转变为解决问题的能力或者说指导解决问题的能力,除此之外,还包括该专业的毕业生是否能够运用专业知识来发挥所长,狭隘的来讲,就是能否在工作中灵活运用自己专业的知识。笔者将以北京师范大学汉语言文学专业来展开分析研究。

二、汉语言文学教育的现状特征

1、汉语言文学专业历史悠久,教学内容固定

在近现代高等教育刚刚产生之初,北京师范大学也就是京师大学堂师范馆创建于1902年,随着学校的建立,汉语言文学专业也随之出现,至今已有110余年的历史,为国家建设培养了大批英才,也为二十世纪中文学科的建设和发展作出了巨大贡献。鲁迅、钱玄同、刘半农、黎锦熙、沈从文、沈兼士、顾随、余嘉锡、吴承仕、黄药眠、钟敬文、谭丕模、穆木天、叶丁易、刘盼遂、李长之、李何林、陆宗达、萧璋、俞敏会通开新,炳耀学界;启功、郭预衡等先贤奠定了文学院稳重求实不务虚名、锐意创新不断进取,既坚守学术家园,又保持现实关怀的良好学风。

2、文学性人才多于实用性人才

长久以来,无论是在世人的眼中,还是事实上,汉语言文学专业已然成为了诗人的摇篮,知识分子的海洋,但是这些名号称谓都不能称之为社会意义上的职业,其应用性也相对较低。不少高校因此开具了新闻学,翻译学,对外汉语等专业,来平衡汉语言文学的应用性与文学性。但是现实是残酷的,随着近年来汉语言文学专业就业率持续降低,为了躲避就业压力,不少学生都选择读研,而读研之后又不知何去何从。汉语言的文学性太强,以至于不少人认为汉语言文学专业是贵族专业,是不愁吃穿,不担心就业的学生选读的专业。归根究底,便是课程设置方面文学内容连篇累牍,而实践性课程较少。

3、汉语言文学专业实践性教学内容缺乏

汉语言文学专业的实践性教学内容缺乏是大多数汉语言文学专业的短板。以北京师范大学为例,北京师范大学汉语言文学专业是国内数一数二的汉语言文学专业,其研究水平和北京大学不相上下,也是北京师范大学的三大王牌专业之一。但其实践性课程较少却是不争的事实。语文教育学,创意写作,翻译理论与实践是为数不多的实践性课程,却是选修课程,并不能覆盖到全部学生。有的学生更偏重文学性,就会避开实践性的选修课,一定程度上讲,实践课程教学任务大于理论课程,这也就导致了学生尽可能地避免实践性课程的选择。笔者认为,可以给学生最大的自由,但是更应该给学生一个引导,可以让学生在实践课程的范围内,必须选定相应数量的课程来提高学生的实践性。

三、为什么要提高汉语言文学专业应用性

1、提高汉语言文学专业的应用性是顺应社会发展的必然

二十一世纪,社会对于人才的需求不仅仅需要具备丰富的知识,同时还需要具备较强的应用能力,综合性人才是当今社区缺乏的人才,也是我国高校需要重点培育的人才。因此,汉语言文学专业必须顺应时代的潮流,培养既具有文学性,又具备应用性的综合性人才,促进汉语言文学专业学生更好地就业。

2、提高汉语言文学专业的应用性是我国素质教育的要求

早年间,我国不断推进素质教育,在中小学开展综合培养,而在我国高校,也正如火如荼的开展素质教育。素质教育的目标便是提升我国预备人才的综合能力,使得学生全面发展。

四、如何提高汉语言文学专业的应用性

1、推进学科教育体制建设

教育体制包括了教学内容,教学模式。要想增强汉语言文学专业的实用性,就要与时俱进地更新教学内容,丰富教学样式。以北京师范大学为例,在2015年左右,进行了教学内容的大改革。将原有的大篇幅的文学史的教学,进行了压缩,设置了精读名著的单独课程,最大程度了满足了学生的兴趣,同时也实现了学有所专,学有所用。并设立了导师制,学生参与到导师的教学研究中,大大增加了学生的实践 经验 。由此可见,实现汉语言文学专业的实用性,就需要通过课程的设置,完善必修课和选修课的选定方式,优化学生的知识结构,增强他们运用语言的实践能力。

2、改善陈旧的教学方式

由于汉语言文学专业的传统性,加之汉语言文学专业人数众多,不少汉语言文学课堂充斥着满堂灌,照本宣科的状况。老师讲课是老师的事,学生听课是学生的事,教与学剥离开来。这种陈旧的教学方式,早就应该被高校淘汰。理科专业实用性强的一个原因,便是学生和老师一起进行实验研究。那么提高汉语言文学专业的实用性,也需要教学相长,老师带领着学生一起研究,利用现代化信息手段来支持教学,是必经之路。

3、加强学生语言应用能力的提升

汉语言文学专业学生应该具备的一个重要技能便是语言运用能力,然而语言运用能力不仅仅包括写作,还包括口头表达能力,阅读理解能力。因此,高校不能够仅仅凭借写作能力来判断学生语言运用能力的高低。这就需要,学校注重对各个方面的语言运用能力的培养,能够让学生挥发所长,尽可能地让学生全面发展,具备过硬的综合能力。

4、树立创新的教学观念

汉语言文学专业的转型势必要推陈出新。只有学校倡导教师和学生具有创新的观念,营造出思维活跃,百花齐放的自由的思想氛围,才能够让教师们解放思想,让学生们自由翱翔。培养学生的自主创新能力,势在必行。

汉语言文学毕业论文范文二:汉语言文学专业人才培养模式探究

1、前言

汉语言文学专业被誉为文科的万能专业,毕业生能够从事与社会人文领域相关的全部工作,但是随着市场化竞争的日益激烈,汉语言文学专业的就业形势不容乐观。主要原因之一就在于汉语言文学专业的人才培养体系缺乏应用性,而人文应用型人才是指掌握一些实用技能及相应人文知识的人才,集应用性与人文性于一身,秉受人文精神,希望能够基于精神层面来对世界和社会予以改造,从而更好地为我国的文化建设、经济建设、社会建设服务。本文就汉语言文学专业人文应用型人才培养模式进行探究。

2、汉语言文学专业人文应用型人才培养目标定位

从目前来看,各个行业、各个部门之间的交流与融合日益增多,单纯的汉语言文学专业毕业生已经很难满足社会的需要,这就要求我们要深入研究汉语言文学专业的人才培养目标,重新定位。基于不同行业、不同部门对于汉语言文学专业人才的需求来形成具有特色的培养模式。与此同时,汉语言文学专业毕业生还应该具有熟练运用现代媒体的能力,以及过硬的听说读写能力,融合多种知识,只有这样,才能够有效地满足社会的发展需要。

3、汉语言文学专业人文应用型人才培养模式的构建 措施

合理设置人文应用型课程体系

基于市场经济的要求,应该要为汉语言文学专业学生建立起灵活多样、厚基础、因材施教、多方向的培养模式,实行“基础课程+提升课程+应用行文课程”三结合。

(1)基础课程基础课程的主要目的在于培养学生从事语言教育科研和语言教学的能力,可开设 演讲与口才 、现代职业礼仪、基础教育课程改革、语文教学艺术、教师职业技能训练、教育研究 方法 、 语文教材 篇目研究与教学设计、语文课件制作、教师发展研究等多门课程。

(2)提升课程提升课程的主要目的在于升造学生的综合能力,训练科研能力,提升专业理论,可开设外国文学专题、杂文创作艺术论、现代汉语语法专题研究、唐诗宋词、音韵学、现代汉语虚词研究、中国当代文学专题、修辞学研究、中国古代文学专题、文字学、中国语言学史、国外汉学研究、文献学、影视艺术欣赏、汉语语法学史、中国现代文学专题、明清小说研究、逻辑学等多门课程。

(3)应用行文课程应用行文课程的主要目的在于培养学生从事机关文员的工作能力,可开设办公室礼仪、档案管理学、新闻采访与写作、应用写作、 人力资源管理 、公务员基础知识管理学、秘书学、 广告 学、行政法学、公共关系学、编辑与采访等多门课程。

以社会需求为导向,扎实推进教育教学改革。

务必要坚持立足地方、面向基层,积极推进汉语言文学专业人才培养模式改革,结合社会、市场及行业发展需求突出培养特色,深化学分制改革,完善选课制、弹性学制,研制适应市场需求的人才培养方案,实施校地合作、校企互动的实践教学模式,不断加强与地方政府、企业的全面联系与深度合作,使汉语言文学专业人才培养更符合社会需求,提高汉语言文学专业毕业生就业核心竞争力。

广建基地,深挖功能

为了进一步加强校地合作,拓展专业实习和就业 渠道 ,进一步提升汉语言文学专业学生的人文应用性,各高校应该应该要多与企业、地方合作建立起一批学生容纳能力强、专业对口性强的汉语言文学专业实习基地,倡导和鼓励大学生将实习与就业结合起来,避免为实习而实习,强调实习是就业的敲门砖,与此同时,还可以邀请实习基地领导来学校作就业指导讲座。一方面加大与实习单位产学研的合作,另一方面帮助.汉语言文学专业学生感受就业氛围,调适就业心态,树立正确就业观念。

全程辅助职业生涯规划

汉语言文学专业新生在入学教育时就应该被灌输 职业规划 的理念,积极引导学生树立起正确的成才观和就业观,并且要制定出符合自身实际的大学四年规划;对于汉语言文学专业大二学生,则应该对他们进行详实的就业形势分析,端正他们的就业观,引导学生主动、积极地为就业必备的技能和素质做好准备;对于汉语言文学专业大三学生,则应该加强分类指导,帮助学生对未来的职业去向进行选择,是选择独立创业,还是选择去企事业单位工作,还是选择报 考公务员 ,亦或者去学校当老师教书育人,或者深造读研。针对学生的不同职业选择来集中资源优势进行分类指导;对于汉语言文学专业大四学生,则应该进一步加强其未来的职业生涯规划。

本科汉语言文学毕业论文范文相关 文章 :

1. 汉语言文学本科毕业论文范文

2. 汉语言文学毕业论文范文

3. 关于汉语言文学的毕业论文

4. 本科毕业论文 范文

5. 本科毕业论文范文

6. 汉语言文学本科毕业

本科生英语论文 范文

范文一:英语本科 毕业 论文

The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Thesis statement:

Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.

Outline

Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles

A. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in England

B. A brief commentary of the novel

1. the writer --Thomas hardy

2. general introduction of the novel

Ⅱ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her life

A. Tess’s fight to the moribund society

1. the moribund society

2. Tess’s fight to the moribund society

B. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept

1. the traditional moral concept

2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept

C. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion

hypocritical religion in that time

2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion

D. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage

’s unfortunate marriage

2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage

Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.

Abstract

This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.

key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate

内容提要

本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先,本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后,对文本进行简要评论。再次,本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论:(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后,揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。

关键词:悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运

范文二:英语专业毕业论文格式要求

1、主要任务

毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段,是英语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节,是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分,是培养学生综合应用所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能,并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径,是对学生进行科学研究的初步训练。毕业论文是学生大学毕业前的最后学习阶段,是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语 语文知识 及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。

2、知识要求

英语专业的毕业论文按专业方向的不同可分为“文学”、“语言及语言学研究”、“语言教学”、“翻译研究”和“ 文化 与跨文化”等不同类别。按论文性质的不同,又可分为理论型研究论文、应用型研究论文、综述型论文和研究 报告 型论文。每个专业方向都可以有这4种不同的类型。

(1)理论型研究论文指对已有的语言、文学、翻译、教学、文化等学科领域的理论性和应用性的研究成果,在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进行有一定新意的探讨,这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视角、新的材料、新的 方法 、新的论证、新的结论。理论型研究应熟识与了解现有的科学观点、结论和评价,并进行消化、吸收,针对现有理论中的不足、不确切和未涉及之处进行局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。写理论型研究论文的学生要有较好的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确、科学地分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体的理论性问题,在教师的指导下发现、提出理论性问题并对某一具体理论提出自己的看法和意见。

(2)应用型研究论文指以实际应用为目的,探讨已有的知识在实践中应用的可能性,或运用已有的研究成果探索应用的新途径。应用型研究必须与教学、研究或社会相结合,重点在于如何运用现有的知识,提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题,作出有参考或应用价值的结论。选择写应用型研究论文的学生要有一定的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体问题并在老师的指导下运用某一具体理论提出解决问题的看法和意见。

(3)综述型论文是对某一学科领域研究与发展状况作综合叙述介绍的一种论文类型。综述型论文是在大量阅读各种文献的基础上,对学科中某一具体的理论性或实际应用性问题的研究状况进行综合归纳,分析整理,去粗取精,做出判断,理出清晰而明确的研究发展脉络,从而展示研究现状和已取得的研究成果,分析问题的症结,并指出未来的研究走向和发展趋势的动态性研究成果。写综述型论文的学生应对所选课题的研究状况有比较全面的把握和正确的了解,对材料的归纳 总结 要较好地体现出综合性和概括性,要在分析、判断的基础上作出新的结论,而且要有一定的前沿性和前瞻性。

(4)研究报告型论文是就某一课题开展调查或测试并对调查或测试中获得的各种数据进行分析、综合、归纳、整理、讨论,从而作出结论的调研性论文。研究报告型论文可分为调查报告与测试报告两类。写研究报告型论文的学生需要具有正确采集、分析和处理信息和数据的方法,需要具有在理论上对调查过程进行分析和论证的能力,并能在老师的指导下独立 1

制定调查或测试方案。

3、能力培养要求

毕业论文写作是本科英语专业教学计划中规定的一项内容和组成部分,是学生毕业前提交的一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的学术论文。它是学生毕业前独立而系统地从事科学研究的初步尝试。毕业论文表明学生的英语水平和实际应用英语的能力,表明学生相关学科方面的学识水平,表明学生发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。毕业论文对能力的培养有以下几个方面的具体要求:

(1)锻炼学生运用连贯的、正确的、科学的英语语言的能力,全面提高学生综合运用英语的水平;

(2)培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题的思维品质;

(3)培养学生运用所学的理论知识解决来理论性问题或英语实践技能方面的应用性问题的能力;

(4)培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和严谨踏实的工作作风;

(5)培养学生勇于实践、勇于探索、勇于创新的精神。

4、综合素质要求

毕业论文在英语人才培养中起着一般教学不可替代的作用,是对课堂教学和非课堂教学的重要补充。毕业论文跟课堂教学和非课堂教学二者的配合可有效地解决语言知识、言语技能和相关知识的活用问题,能以一种综合性的研究成果的方式把分散的知识、技能与能力要素有机地结合起来。这种结合是全方位的,即思想、观念、知识、技能、能力和文化素质等诸多方面的全面综合,这种结合同时也包括文献资料检索能力、资料筛选能力、计算机应用能力、动手能力、概括能力、归纳能力、分析问题的能力与解决问题的能力等等。总之,毕业论文教学以培养学生全方位的多方面综合素质为目的。

翻译实践报告本科毕业论文

最简单的事用金山词霸翻译

可以。毕业论文翻译实践报告是可以用机翻的,但是翻译过后需要自己检查改正一下,以免有错误。毕业论文(graduation study)是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。毕业论文一般安排在修业的最后一学年(学期)进行,论文题目由教师指定或由学生提出,学生选定课题后进行研究,撰写并提交论文,目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力,加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练,从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。

一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下: 1.英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》) 2.语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 3.翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 (一)前置 1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 (二)主体部分 主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例: 1. 2.…… …… .… 3.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。 4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。 (1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。 (2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 (3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。 (4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后: 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD) 网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online) 5.文内所引文献:要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in 字样。 例:(王佐良,1982:38) (Newmark,8:26-33) 6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。 (三)附录部分 附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料,如图表或照片等。

英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译,开始也不太会,也是莫文网的高手帮忙的,很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告

翻译本科毕业论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

本科毕业论文翻译方向开题报告

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果(大纲):zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. Emily’s Gothic HeritagezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 ThemezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Good and EvilzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 RevengezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Characters DescriptionzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Villain-herozFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Delicate Young GirlzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Atmosphere, Environment and PlotzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 TerrorzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 MysteryzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 SupernaturalzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载’s Gothic Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Combination of romanticism and RealismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Change of the BackgroundzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Use of SymbolismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Stream of ConsciousnesszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Illusion and SubconsciousnesszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载. Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载Reference2.拟采用的研究方法zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1.研究进度安排zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献(不少于8条)zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

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