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“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse（学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
Across the development and the implement of the bridge cultural geography course resources of the lakeChinese summaryThe People's Republic of China Ministry of Education establishes and promulgates the implement of 《 the geography course standard( experiment) of the senior high school 》 medium suggestion:" Make use of the geography course resources of the school well, the reasonable development outside of school geography course resources, for abundant geography course contents, open the diverse but valid geography teaching of the exhibition form, strengthen the geography teaching vitality, have the important meaning." Be showed from this to develop actively and the full exploitation" across the bridge culture of the lake" geography course resources, not only can let the student study the geography in the social activities knowledge, geography knowledge study nearby, develop the course resources of the style of travelling of have the place betterly to aggressive meaning of the geography as to it's his geography course resources development be of great benefit, providing the way of thinking and the method that can draw lessons from. The culture is a root of race, a 魂 of culture of the mountain of 萧 accumulates the 淀 deep, have the across of the history of more than 8000 years lake bridge culture, more than 2000 year agos Wu to fight more, the road of the 浙 east Tang's poem starts some etc..Belong to the across of the new stone age culture bridge culture of the lake, the river 姆 the 渡 culture that compares the of 著 want that more than 1000 years be apart from now for more than 8000 years of across the lake of bridge culture contain ancient old Wu more the earth is abundant but brilliant culture, have in the world the earliest shipbuilding culture;Have to make the pottery culture and the long paddy rice cultivation histories consummately;Still have the very advanced Chinese herbal medicine culture and the tea cultures at that the origin nourishment of take the bridge culture of across the lake, develop the geography course resources, be the native generation person of mountain of 萧 , from the angle study of the geography acrosses the lake of the natural environment, the humanities environment of the bridge ruins etc. knowledge, study the cultural cist knowledge and study of ancient relics the culture, scoop out it endows with to save of course resources will open widely the visual field of the geography course resources necessarily, enrich" stock" of the geography course resources. The 践 goes the new course principle, the knowledge and ability target, processes and method target, the emotion attitudes and the value targets that combine the geography course, full the cist that scoop out the bridge culture of across the lake discovers the process, historic relic and keepsakes and long brilliant of culture be the course teaching can make use of of factor and condition, necessarily enrich the means and methods of the increment course teaching, the geography teaching of material and information, promote the teachers and the students' an interaction exchanges, push new course of the implement and the development. Take" across the bridge culture of the lake" as to carry the body, this text is on the foundation that the backlog teaching practices the research, guiding the student to take group as the unit, passing the ability to the collections of the data, analyze with the sorting, open the exhibition the research study, train the student the independence study, cooperate learning and investigate sex study, the 锻炼 and raise the student the analysis the problem, collect and tidy up the data, resolving the ability of the geography problem;Make use of" across the bridge culture of the lake", the aggressive development teaching case example, make use of a teaching method of case, build the student and text originally, student and student, students and teacher, teachers and text originally, study with life, of the classroom and society hand over with each other terrace, let geography's study more vivid, concrete, develop the thinking ability, analytical skill of the study, promote the student's geography cultivated manners and humanities state of minds;Set up the elective actively, lead the student to walk into" across the bridge culture of the lake", carry on the on-the-spot investigation, provide various teaching modes and path of the new course teaching, explore the student's geography study interest, spacious their cultural visual field, better understanding home town, have a passion for the home town and concern the home love" house", then can love" country" betterly. This text mainly has the four-part cent to constitute:The first part is talk about a put forward of background, meaning and related research say the 评 ;The second part is to across the lake cultural overview;The third part is the course resources that the bridge culture that acrosses the lake endows with to save;The four-part cent is the development and the implement of the bridge course resources that acrosses the lake. Keyword: Across the lake bridge culture;Geography course;The geography course resources, development make use of
Now the development of hotel industry affected by many factors, but also suffered a serious trend. Various companies are using various means for development. Hotels in the fast growing process, not only to come up with its own characteristics also need to be learning the advanced Western concepts. How to make a strong and competitive is a key factor. The hotel's many features are decomposed by social services, friends and family gatherings during the Spring Festival, is also more choice to the hotel rather than at home. View hot dinner reservations, market potential, the business has made some attempt to introduce new, launched a New Year's Eve feast. Every "Sze times every season, but also a happy enjoyable for the Danian Ye, where we taste the first meal this New Year then?" Family reunion, get together a good meal, inventory year career Zhong v. warmth of their loved ones. Spring Festival this year, most of the Bridge City People's ancestors are still inherited the tradition of Chinese New Year at home. However, rising quietly eating dinner outside the hotel out of the way of life, has affected the culture of our New Year, the Chinese nation has a long history of the Chinese people are more traditional, but now the concept of consumption is changing, more and more people Start out of the kitchen door, at the hotel the New Year. Analysis of the status of a large stone bridge restaurant industry, to find out the focus of our business catering sales. Spring sales of this single product will be packaged, the establishment of the Spring Festival "members meal" planning, through multiple channels of our hotel restaurant New Year "members rice" to promote to new business concept will Spring "reunion dinner" content refinement, shape the hotel dining culture brand, not only to meet consumer demand, but also to create a good benefit for the hotel, the real win-win objective.
关于毕业论文外文文献翻译怎么弄，相关内容如下：
毕业论文的外文文献翻译需要进行专业、准确的翻译，以确保学术交流的清晰和有效。
1.翻译前的准备工作
在进行外文文献翻译前，需要对研究领域及相关术语有足够的了解。同时，要明确所翻译文献的类型、目的和读者，以便掌握翻译的难易程度和技巧。此外，对于文献中的生词和复杂语句，需要提前进行查阅和理解。
2.翻译步骤和技巧
翻译外文文献需要分为逐段翻译和整体校验两个阶段。在逐段翻译时，需要特别关注语法结构、上下文和语体特点，以确保译文准确、通顺、符合学术规范，并且在整体校验中将必要的修改进行到位。
3.注意事项和常见问题
在进行外文文献翻译时，需要注意一些常见问题。例如，翻译过程中应避免机械翻译，以免出现翻译错误；同时，应注意语言的流畅性，不能只追求准确性而牺牲表达的清晰度。此外，需要注意目标读者的背景知识和文化差异，以保证翻译的准确性和易读性。
4.常用工具和资源
为了提高翻译质量和效率，可以利用一些常用的工具和资源。例如，有些在线翻译工具可以提供实时辅助翻译；各种翻译词典和术语表是进行专业翻译的必要资源；同时，还可以利用公司或大学图书馆的资源，获取更多帮助和支持。
毕业论文使我们大学毕业的最后一课，我们一定要认真的完成。
综上所述，毕业论文外文文献翻译需要进行系统的准备、技巧运用和注意事项的遵循，以保证翻译的准确和通畅，满足学术交流的需求。在此基础上，利用各种工具和资源，可以更加高效地完成翻译工作。
石油工程可以写的题目很多啊
自己去数据库找资料
毕业论文还是自己写吧。。。
你要什么样的论文什么类型的
题目翻译如下The risk settling a claim analyses and studies under the control of healthy intention danger (unexpected danger and the health insurance shorter form)。内容翻译如下The synthesis expecting healthy danger , being that person accident hurts danger and health insurance is called for short. Healthy dangerous intention business is sure that person has the insurance that possibility provides to ensure including four aspect: The death arranging a fortuitous accident and the disease causing an assured is paid , deformity is paid a reason, be caused by person loss is paid by be paid being sure just paying fee-for-service and be collected losing the part and all service abilities because of it. Possessions O. K. starting from January 1 , 2003 in supervising a meeting as long as Chinese marketplace insurance company obtaining a guarantor , without exception not bad manage the accident hurts with healthy insurance services. The product safe and sound begins almost also after being able to O. K. as a result of guaranteeing prison in 2003 manage intention is good for the dangerous product. Process the several years of development,healthy dangerous intention scale expands already step by step , already begins to take shape to today. With this two business manage the main body skyrocketing by, compete also surely will very fierce, intention various risk problem in being good for the process almost settling a claim is outstanding also gradually , aggravate the degree of difficulty settling a claim. Gradually outstanding settlement of claim problem press every manage in a hurry, the main body studies investigation and discussion intention is good for the dangerous risk factor and controls measure, evade risk managerial decisionmaking to do out adaptability's.文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、
如果文献是英文或者其他语种的，翻译成中文时，知网系统的数据库并没有类似的内容来进行对比。所以知网系统收录了你抄袭的那篇英文文献的话，对于翻译成中文的内容是并不能有效的检测出。但是要注意了，抄袭的英文文献是否被别人用过，如果别人也跟你一样，翻译过这篇文献，并被知网收录。那么你检测的时候就会被显示抄袭他的文章，这到底能不能检测出来，还得查了才知道，不代表没有别人翻译过的可能性。而且如果是投稿发表，并不建议你这么做，到时候被发现抄袭，后果是比较严重的。个人建议理解内容后，按照自己的意思再重新写一遍比较靠谱。不然有可能被撤销学位或者吊销学位证书等。像早检测，是有知网vip，知网pmlc，还有知网期刊，小分解。或许可以看看。
如果文献是英文或者其他语种的，翻译成中文时，知网系统的数据库并没有类似的内容来进行对比。所以知网系统收录了你抄袭的那篇英文文献的话，对于翻译成中文的内容是并不能有效的检测出。但是要注意了，抄袭的英文文献是否被别人用过，如果别人也跟你一样，翻译过这篇文献，并被知网收录。那么你检测的时候就会被显示抄袭他的文章，这到底能不能检测出来，还得查了才知道，不代表没有别人翻译过的可能性。
The synthesis expecting healthy danger , being that person accident hurts danger and health insurance is called for short. Healthy dangerous intention business is sure that person has the insurance that possibility provides to ensure including four aspect: The death arranging a fortuitous accident and the disease causing an assured is paid , deformity is paid a reason, be caused by person loss is paid by be paid being sure just paying fee-for-service and be collected losing the part and all service abilities because of it. Possessions O. K. starting from January 1 , 2003 in supervising a meeting as long as Chinese marketplace insurance company obtaining a guarantor , without exception not bad manage the accident hurts with healthy insurance services. The product safe and sound begins almost also after being able to O. K. as a result of guaranteeing prison in 2003 manage intention is good for the dangerous product. Process the several years of development,healthy dangerous intention scale expands already step by step , already begins to take shape to today. With this two business manage the main body skyrocketing by, compete also surely will very fierce, intention various risk problem in being good for the process almost settling a claim is outstanding also gradually , aggravate the degree of difficulty settling a claim. Gradually outstanding settlement of claim problem press every manage in a hurry, the main body studies investigation and discussion intention is good for the dangerous risk factor and controls measure, evade risk managerial decisionmaking to do out adaptability's
论文都有了，怎么没有开题报告啊！
一份科技论文最好是毕业论文性质的不要直接 园林专业毕业论文参考 兰州园林花卉毕业论文急 毕业论文除了老师们给出的选题外能自己命题 毕业论文摘要英文翻译 谁有食品包装的毕业论文 化工专业毕业论文题目化工在新能源发展中的 次贷危机毕业论文题目 答:我就把一些内部资料给你吧！只是题目！ 输油管线应急机动泵站设计 东017-X3井地面集输工程站场设计 一种固定管板换热器设计 油罐温降规律研究 某市天然气转换方案探讨 油气田管线腐蚀预测方法研究 天然气单井集输分析与设计 长输热油管线综述 减阻剂减阻机理研究综述 瞬变流数值模拟算法研究 铁大线热油管道优化设计 输气管道压气站故障特性与诊断方法研究 对山区地形等温输油管道优化的探讨 只给你题目其他的帮不了你！如果非不自己写，可以上网花钱找人代写！
《三相异步电动机-------》以图解的形式，详细地介绍了三相交流低压中、小型异步电动机的常见故障分析判定、修理技术，以及检查和试验方法，直观地展现了复杂的技术问题和操作工艺，使学习很容易。 三相异步电动机的转子转速不会与旋转磁场同步，更不会超过旋转磁场的速度。因为三相异步电动机转子线圈中的感应电流是由于转子导体与磁场有相对运动而产生的。如果三相异步电动机转子的转速与旋转磁场的转速成大小相等，那么，磁场与转子之间就没有相对运动，导体不能切割磁力线，因之转子线圈中也就不会产生感应电势和电流，三相异步电动机转子导体在磁场中也就不会受到电磁力的作用而使转子转动。因而三相异步电动机的转子旋转速度不可能与旋转磁场相同，总是小于旋转磁场的同步转速。但在特殊运行方式下（如发电制动），三相异步电动机转子转速可以大于同步转速。 由于三相异步电动机的转子与定子旋转磁场以相同的方向、不同的转速成旋转，所以叫三相异步电动机而不叫三相同步电动机。 三相异步电动机与三相同步电动机之间区别是三相异步电动机存在转差率，而三相同步电动机没有。《三相异步电动机———》的内容均采自于国内有丰富经验的电机制造和修理企业，因而具有很强的可操作性和使用价值。此外，书后的电机修理常用数据也为修理工作提供了方便。
以下是些英语论文,你可以参考下:)~~ 英语(科技/经贸英语)毕业论文 英语论文类文章1001篇,里面有很多的:)~ 英文的毕业论文 或:) 英语毕业论文[1829] 毕业论文的引文[208] 毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139] 毕业论文的评价[83] 教育论文网：）很多的 英语论文：） UMI外文博硕论文库 Springer外文期刊 EBSCO外文期刊 OCLC NetLibrary图书 SPE和SPWLA全文资料下载 万方外文传递系统 西文期刊目次数据库（CCC） 两种外刊在线 美国石油工程师学会(SPE)会议论文 cnpLINKer（中图链接服务） Socolar(教图链接服务） 以上网站也可以找到,只是收费的.
是的。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
一、内容要求毕业设计报告正文要求：（一）理、工科类专业毕业设计报告正文内容应包括：问题的提出；设计的指导思想；方案的选择和比较论证；根据任务书指出的内容和指标要求写出设计过程、课题所涉及元件结构和相关参数的设计计算，有关基本原理的说明与理论分析；给出所设计课题实际运行的数据或参数，并与理论设计参数进行比较和分析，说明产生误差的原因。最后要对所设计课题实用价值做出评估说明；设计过程中存在的问题，改进意见或其它更好的方案设想及未能采纳的原因等。（二）经济、管理类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括：问题的提出、设计的指导思想；设计方案提出的依据，设计方案的选择和比较；设计过程；所运用的技术经济分析指标和方法；数学模型及其依据，数据计算方法；对设计方案的实用性和经济效益等方面做出评估；对设计实施过程中存在的问题 （ 或可能发生的问题 ） 提出合理化建议。毕业论文的基本论点、主要论据；根据国家有关方针、政策及规定联系实际展开理论分析。（三）文科类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括：问题的提出、解决问题的指导思想；解决方案提出的依据，解决方案的选择和比较，结论。二、论文印装毕业论文用毕业设计专用纸打印。正文用宋体小四号字，行间距为24磅；版面页边距上3cm，下、左，右2cm。三、论文结构、装订顺序及要求毕业论文由以下部分组成：（一）封面。论文题目不得超过20个字，要简练、准确，可分为两行。（二）内容。1、毕业设计（论文）任务书。任务书由指导教师填写，经系主任、教务部审查签字后生效。2、毕业设计（论文）开题报告；3、毕业设计（论文）学生申请答辩表与指导教师毕业设计（论文）评审表；4、毕业设计（论文）评阅人评审表；5、毕业设计（论文）答辩表；6、毕业设计（论文）成绩评定总表；7、中英文内容摘要和关键词。（1）摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，应尽量反映论文的主要信息，内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论，不含图表，不加注释，具有独立性和完整性。中文摘要一般为200-400字左右，英文摘要应与中文摘要内容完全相同。“摘要”字样位置居中。（2）关键词是反映毕业设计（论文）主题内容的名词，是供检索使用的。主题词条应为通用技术词汇，不得自造关键词。关键词一般为3-5个，按词条外延层次（学科目录分类），由高至低顺序排列。关键词排在摘要正文部分下方。（3）中文摘要与关键词在前，英文的在后。8、目录。目录按三级标题编写，要求层次清晰，且要与正文标题一致。主要包括绪论、正文主体、结论、致谢、主要参考文献及附录等。9、正文。论文正文部分包括：绪论（或前言、序言）、论文主体及结论。（1）绪论。综合评述前人工作，说明论文工作的选题目的和意义，国内外文献综述，以及论文所要研究的内容。（2）论文主体。论文的主要组成部分，主要包括选题背景、方案论证、过程论述、结果分析、结论或总结等内容。要求层次清楚，文字简练、通顺，重点突出，毕业设计（论文）文字数，一般应不少于8000字（或20个页码）。外文翻译不少于3000字符，外文参考资料阅读量不少于3万字符。中文论文撰写通行的题序层次采用以下格式：1 格式是保证文章结构清晰、纲目分明的编辑手段，毕业论文所采用的格式必须符合上表规定，并前后统一，不得混杂使用。格式除题序层次外，还应包括分段、行距、字体和字号等。第一层次（章）题序和标题居中放置，其余各层次（节、条、款）题序和标题一律沿版面左侧边线顶格安排。第一层次（章）题序和标题距下文双倍行距。段落开始后缩两个字。行与行之间，段落和层次标题以及各段落之间均为24磅行间距。第一层次（章）题序和标题用小二号黑体字。题序和标题之间空两个字，不加标点，下同。第二层次（节）题序和标题用小三号黑体字。第三层次（条）题序和标题用四号黑体字。第四层次及以下各层次题序及标题一律用小四号黑体字。（3）结论（或结束语）。作为单独一章排列，但标题前不加“第XXX章”字样。结论是整个论文的总结，应以简练的文字说明论文所做的工作，一般不超过两页。10、致谢。对导师和给予指导或协助完成毕业设计（论文）工作的组织和个人表示感谢。文字要简洁、实事求是，切忌浮夸和庸俗之词。11、参考文献及引用资料目录（规范格式见附文）。12、附录。13、实验数据表、有关图纸(大于3#图幅时单独装订)。(三)封底。附：规范的参考文献格式参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识：M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为：1、专著示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989.[2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956.[3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，、论文集示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979.[2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979.凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。3、报纸文章示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3）4、期刊文章示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）.5、学位论文示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，、报告示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。8、其他要求（1）文字论文中汉字应采用严格执行汉字的规范。所有文字字面清晰，不得涂改。（2）表格论文的表格可以统一编序，也可以逐章单独编序，采用哪种方式应和插图及公式的编序方式统一。表序必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。表格的结构应简洁。表格中各栏都应标注量和相应的单位。表格内数字须上下对齐，相邻栏内的数值相同时，不能用‘同上’、‘同左’和其它类似用词，应一一重新标注。表序和表题置于表格上方中间位置，无表题的表序置于表格的左上方或右上方（同一篇论文位置应一致）。（3）插图插图要精选。图序可以连续编序，也可以逐章单独编序，采用哪种方式应与表格、公式的编序方式统一，图序必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。仅有一图时，在图题前加‘附图’字样。毕业设计（论文）中的插图以及图中文字符号应打印，无法打印时一律用钢笔绘制和标出。由若干个分图组成的插图，分图用a,b,c,……标出。图序和图题置于图下方中间位置。（4）公式论文中重要的或者后文中须重新提及的公式应注序号并加圆括号，序号一律用阿拉伯数字连续编序，或逐章编序，序号排在版面右侧，且距右边距离相等。公式与序号之间不加虚线。（5）数字用法公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时间和各种计数、计量，均用阿拉伯数字。年份不能简写。数值的有效数字应全部写出。（6）软件软件流程图和源程序清单要按软件文档格式附在论文后面，特殊情况可在答辩时展示，不附在论文内。（7）工程图按国标规定装订图幅小于或等于3#图幅时应装订在论文内，大于3#图幅时按国标规定单独装订作为附图。（8）艺术设计作品无法用纸质文档保存的艺术设计作品应用光盘或照片保存。(9)计量单位的定义和使用方法按国家计量局规定执行。以上是我的毕业论文要求，全国各个学校其实都是一样的.回答完毕.