建议着重在摘要内提到的核心概念来选择关键词。然后如果论文涉及某一专业技术或者方法，那么一定要在标题或者关键词内展示出此项技术的专业术语，可有效提高科研者搜索论文的精准率以及论文的引用率。最后在写关键词的时候，要
关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……Therearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleasto____Somepeoplesuggestthat____俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。Thereisanoldsaying______It’stheexperienceofourforefathers，however，现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。Today,____,First,____Second,____Whatmakesthingsworseisthat______现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays,itiscommonto______Manypeoplelike______because______Besides，______任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everythinghastwosidesand______isnotanexception，关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……People'sopinionsabout______Somepeoplesaythat______Tothem,_____人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。Manisnowfacingabigproblem______……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。______hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople，……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。______hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-I根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？Accordingtothefigure/number/statistics/percentagesinthe/chart/bargraph/line/graph，itcanbeseenthat______Obviously,______,butwhy?
文章关键词提取应该根据关键程度选取，可以根据关键程度加以大致排序选择最关键的词汇，同时关键词最好不要在一段文章中反复出现，否则适当程度就会有失偏颇。 关键词是论文的重要构成部分也是文章的高度凝练，有效的关键词可以精准的反映出文章的核心内容，在论文中出现必要的学术关键词会提高论文的审核率和通过率，以上就是关于论文关键词怎么写。
非常好的如果议论文的关键词实际上就是论点论据和论证只有注意这个论点论据和论证才是可以的那如果你在周二论点方面做的非常直爽论据方面他们还都不含糊其辞那么这个时候就这样论证过程就更好论证了也不能挑你'
英训学习中心我会推荐ABC恬下英语有好学习效果 他们要求我上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，只要你能做到下定决心学 注意学习方法 你一定能够学好英语 你没有买那本书吗？去网上买了书就有关盘了。我以前有，不过考了以后就删了。
句型英语作文常用句型一、用于驳性和比较性论文 In general, I don’t agree In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold The chief reason why… is that…There is no true that… It is not true that… It can be easily denied than… We have no reason to believe that… What is more serious is that… But it is pity that… Besides, we should not neglect that… But the problem is not so Therefore… Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… Perhaps I was question why… There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… Though we are in basic agreement with…, What seems to be the trouble is… Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… What these people fail to consider is that… It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages The advantages of B are much greater than A A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into 二、用于描写图表和数据 It has increased by three times as compared with that of There is an increase of 20% in total this It has been increased by a factor of 4since It would be expected to increase 5 The table shows a three times increase over that of last It was decreased twice than that of the year The total number was lowered by 10% It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 The number is 5 times as much as that of It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文Everybody knows that…It can be easily proved that… It is true that… No one can deny One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… The chief reason is that… We must recognize that… There is on doubt that… I am of the opinion that… This can be expressed as follows; To take …for an example… We have reason to believe Now that we know that… Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… The change in …largely results from the fact There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… A number of factors could account for the development in… Perhaps the primary reason is… It is chiefly responsible of… The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that… Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that… It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… Different people observes it in different 四、用于文章的开头 As the proverb says… It goes without saying tan… Generally speaking… It is quite clear than because… It is often said that … Many people often ask such question:“…?” More and more people have come to realize… There is no doubt that… Some people believe that… These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? One great man said that… Recently the issue of… has been brought to public In the past several years there has been… Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… Currently there is a widespread concern that… Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… There is a general discussion today about the issue of … Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive [英语作文常用句型]在英语写作中,有一些句型的搭配能力非常强,基本上可以用在各种话题的议论文中,如果能将这些句型掌握并熟练应用一定会使你的英文写作得心应手想不想试一试呢?一、开头句型我们常说,良好的开端等于成功的一半做事如此,作文也是如此所以我们颇有必要在作文的开头花一番心思在写议论文时,你通常以什么样的方式开头呢?最简单也最常用的可能就是开门见山法也就是说———直截了当地提出你对这个问题的观点,点出文章的中心思想I．．．．has both advantages and disadvantages．……既有利又有弊例如：1．Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages．2．Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages．3．Com pared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages．举一反三：1．Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages．2．．．．has many advantages．For example,．．．However,just as every coin has two sides,．．．has its disadvantages．（本例将利弊分开讲,转折过渡自然just as every coin has two sides也很值得背诵）II．．．．play（s）an important role ／part in．．．……在……中扮演重要角色／起重要作用例如：1．Computers play an important role in science and technology．2．Computers play a more and more important role in our life．Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies．3．Education plays an important part in developing our mind．4．Addiction to alcohol and drugs play a role in homelessness．举一反三：1．Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life．2．In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication．But now ,telephone,email,fax have taken their place．III．With the development of．．．,随着……的发展,例如：1．With the developm ent of our econo- m y,m any Chinese fam ilies can afford a car．2．With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious．3．With the rapid development of science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home．4．With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed．举一反三：1．With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious．随着中国人口的急剧增加,住房问题越来越突出2．With more and more women entering society,people's attitude towards women is changing．随着越来越多的妇女走入社会,人们对妇女的态度也在改变3．With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up,an increasing number of Chinesefamilies can afford a car．随着中国改革开放的深入,越来越多的中国家庭买得起车了（“越来越多”除了常用的more and more外,还可以用an increasing number of, a growing number of,a significant number of,a great number of等来表达）本结构看似固定,实则富于变化,只要记住with有“随着”的意思,相信大家可以根据实际的需要造出更多的句子我们已经看到,开门见山的开头使论文直切主题,直白明确地提出了论点不过在讨论某些有争议性的问题时,就显得有欠缺,因为我们必须在文章的开头引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法,然后再表明自己的观点下面就是专门针对争议性论文的一种句型IV．When it comes to．．．,some people think ／believe that．．．,others argue ／claim that opposite ／reverse is true．There is probably some truth in both arguments ／statements,but．．．当说到……,有些人认为……,但另一些人则持相反的观点……这两种观点可能都有点道理,但……本结构先用when it comes to ．．．引出话题,再用some．．．others ．．．这个对立的结构引出了两种相反的观点,然后说There is some truth in both．．．表明严谨公正的态度,最后用but．．．很自然地引出了自己的论点请看下面这个例子：TV,a good thing or bad thingWhen it comes to TV,some people believe that it is extremely valuable,as it provides relaxation, entertainment and education． Others argue that it is harmful for it begins to control our lives and deprives people of time to do other activities．There is probably some truth in both sides．But we must realize that television itself is neither good or bad．It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society．二、结尾句型英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨论的问题提出解决办法来结尾总结全文时除常用到in one ／a word,generally speaking等外,没有固定模式提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型V．．．．take measures to do sth．例如：1．We should take measures to control pollution in order to save the world．2．We'd better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams．3．The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse．4．Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks．本文列举了英语作文中常用的几个句型,当然不是要大家写出千篇一律的文章来,而是希望起到一种抛砖引玉的作用,提醒大家在学习中注意多总结,以使自己的写作水平更上一层楼单词和短语moreover(另外）, meanwhile（同时）, at the same time（同时） in the other words（换句话说）, in a word（总之）, in my opinion（在我看来）, besides（另外）, firstly（第一）, secondly（第二）, thirdly（第三）,however（然而）although/though(虽然）but（但是）because（因为）这些是比较常用的简单一些关联词I am looking forward to hearing from （盼望收到你的来信）I am looking forward to your （盼望你的到来）first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides ,in addtion ,finally
1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型She had said what it was necessary to 2． 强调句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules 3． "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）He was all gentleness to 4． 利用词汇重复表示强调A crime is a crime a 5． "something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似’’They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a 6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那般的父亲"。Those pigs of girls eat so 7． as…as…can（may）beIt is as plain as plain can 8． "It is in（with）…as in（with）"It is in life as in a 9． "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt 10．"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……，也可以……"等等。"might as well …as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it 11．"to make…of"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作）I will make a scientist of my 12． oo…+不定式"，not（never）too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式She is too angry to 13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so "和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready（apt） +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。You know but too yell to hold your 除此之外，还有很多很多~~~主要是靠自己平时的积累
1、首先明确，论文关键词是论文中出现频率最高，同时也是最为核心的词汇2、论文关键词一般放在摘要后面3、关键词要求简洁明了，概括性极强，但一定不要自创4、论文关键词来源，在题目找到1-2个核心关键词，另外再从论文中找2-3个关键词就可以了。
Now we're in a high-speed development of science and technology era, an era of information explosion, a mass of information appears in every corner of our lives every day, how to deal with these information effectively and rapidly, it has become a research hotspot at Thus, automatic text classification emerge as the times Feature selection is an important step in text Selection of optimal feature subset from the original feature set, is the goal of feature But the text dimension can guarantee to reduce expenses, increase the running speed of the maximum classification accuracy under the premise There are two main methods for dimensionality reduction, feature selection and feature extraction This paper introduces the actual application in four kinds of commonly used feature selection methods, namely the document frequency shift frequency (DF), mutual information (MI), statistics (CHI) and information gain (IG), and based on Chinese text corpus, respectively, the four methods are obtained from experiments, and the comparison of The experimental results show that, considering in synthetic effect, document frequency is
论文的关键字通常和你这个论文的主要内容有关系，比如说你做的是一个乘机管理系统，那么你的关键字就要写管理系统，还有乘机这两个字，除此之外还有你实现的技术，比如说Java PHP。
摘要主要包括论文的六个要素，即： 题目 目的 方法 结果 结论 关键字 学术堂要提示各位同学，上面6个要素，缺一不可，一篇好的论文全看摘要文字的浓缩水平，切记，切记！ 一般学术期刊小论文和本科毕业论文的摘要字数控制在300字以内，硕士和博士的毕业论文摘要控制在1000字以内。 摘要文字切莫冗繁拖沓，直抒胸臆即可，千万不能为了凑字数而是降低整篇文章的层次，比喻一下，整篇论文是一个人的话，摘要就是人的脸面，可千万不能打脸哦！
不知道你什么时间要呢?这个我会的
“经过调查得出结论”“经过专家认证”“经过实践证明”毕业常用结束语1回首往事，心潮难平，感慨良多，但无论如何这些实实在在的经历，是我人生中弥足珍贵的记忆。在此，要个性感谢求学过程给予我无限支持和帮忙的老师、朋友和亲人们。感谢我的指导老师，从日常的学习，论文题目的确定到论文的撰写，程老师都给予我悉心的关怀和耐心的指导，给我鼓励和动力，也正是在她的指导和督促下论文才得以如期完成感谢我们一齐在学校努力的同学，我们彼此关心、互相支持和帮忙，留下了许多难忘的回忆。感谢我的父母和家人，感谢他们对我学习、生活给予的支持和照顾。在论文的写作过程中，还获得了许许多多人的帮忙与先前研究工作者的宝贵资料，论文的研究成果离不开你们的协作和帮忙，在此对你们表示深切的谢意。
走\跑\跳等等
论文的关键字通常和你这个论文的主要内容有关系，比如说你做的是一个乘机管理系统，那么你的关键字就要写管理系统，还有乘机这两个字，除此之外还有你实现的技术，比如说Java PHP。
1、清楚、确切（不清楚、不确切的原因）2、对题旨和材料的内容了解不够清楚3、对其中的若干因素之间的关系没弄清楚4、词汇有限，不善于造句修辞，词不达意5、未从读者认识程度考虑6、清楚、确切（举例： B 比A好）我们可以从下面几个实例进行说明：A 他的所有这些工作，把以前一向不知道的情况和问题公开了。B 他的工作提供了新的事实和新的理论A 当口服青霉素引起过敏反应，可能有其它服药方法。B 当病人口服青霉素发生过敏反应时，可以改用其它方法服药。 简明、直接尽力使文字简练，用最少的字句把意思表达清楚 ，如：A 作者忽视了一个事实，即这种实验在以前曾经有许多人做过很多次了。B 作者忽视了以往别人做过的多次实验。客观、朴素大多用第三人称（“本文作者”非“作者” 文内人称的统一）常用被动式语气A 这一方法的优劣，由它的经济价值来决定。（被动式）B 经济价值决定这一方法的优劣。（主动式）避免用俗语、土话、口语等 能肯定的不用“可能”、“也许”引用他人注意两点：一是不要把论文写得象是一篇综述二是不要把别人的结果说成象是自己的结果。与别人比较时，不用苛刻狡辩的语气对于别人的研究工作进行评论 ，应该就事实和文字进行讨论，而切不可有推测别人的动机的口气。例如：“在某些国家，把营养素供给标准的数字订得如此之低，就是为了使广大的劳动人民得不到充分的营养。”这样的措词是不恰当的。若改成：“在某些国家，把营养供给标准的数字订得如此之低，那将意味着广大的劳动人民得不到充分的营养。”这样的措词就较妥当些。在科技论文里，不需要用一些华丽的或是带情感的词句。如“这种代乳糕的营养效果，是不以和牛乳粉的效果媲美的”，“那个地方的蔬菜品种是丰富多彩的，”等。若把“媲美” 改为“相近”或“相当”，把“丰富多彩”改为“很多”或“非常之多”，就显得较为合理比喻：要视论文性质而定。通俗读物，初级教科书或非正式的科技文章中，有时用些比喻来帮助叙述科学理论，可使普通读者感兴趣、容易看懂。科技期刊所发表的科技论文通常是严格限制用比喻的。不应把比喻和类比相混淆。类比是科学研究工作中常用的推理方法，例如：从研究动物的生长发育规律来推测人类的生长发育规律，在科技论文中是完全正确的。但是，有人把儿童生长发育的整体性、局部性、连贯性、阶段性，发育速度时高时低，生长曲线有起有伏的现象比作是有“旋律”、有“节奏”的一部“交响曲”，这就不是严肃的科学论文应有的笔调单独性和连贯性每一节和每一段，也都各为一个单元。一节的开始，应该有一个主题段，一段的开始，应该有一个主题句。主题段或主题句把该节或该段所叙述或讨论的问题提出来，颇似一篇论文的引言。每一节或每一段里的内容。都应与该节或该段的主题有关。或者每一节或每一段，应尽可能有一个结束段或结束句，就好象全篇论文的一段结束语一样全文的文字结构相同，即用语法结构相同的词句，以便于使读者容易领会排列次序：从时间、因果、重要性、复杂性、相似与相反的对比等
语法结构宜合理。题名不能用主语、谓语、宾语齐全的完整句式，也不能使用动宾结构或主谓结构，而应采用以名词性词组为中心的偏正结构。 题名字数应适当。题名应当是科技论文主题的高度浓缩，字数一般不应超过20个汉字。 词语的选择要便于检索。题名选用的词语应当有助于关键词的选定和题录、索引等二次文献的编制，能够为文献的检索提供特定实用信息。 术语不宜过于生僻。科技论文的题名应避免使用数学公式、化学结构式、上角标和下角标，且不应出现非公知或公用的缩写词、字符、代码及专业术语等。
我觉的科技论文翻译首先要做到以下几点：一、做好译前准备在翻译论文前，译者应先将要译的论文全文通读一遍，深刻理解原文每句话的含义以及其总体的结构。要在阅读的基础上，抓住该文的主要内容及特点。然后，在此基础上记下自己无法翻译的单词或术语及必要的句型。最后查阅有关词典或参考书，找出其相应的英语译法及句式表达。另外将其用铅笔轻轻加注在汉语论文无法翻译的词语或句型等下方，以便后续进行定稿整理。具体地说来，译前准备阶段有下列几个步聚：1、审读全文审读全文过程中要考虑下列几个问题：（1）你是否抓住了全文的中心内容？如果读完后还不知道该文的中心内容，你得考虑是否有把握翻译该文？（2）汉语论文中是否有文理不通或表达不清楚的地方？你能否把这些文理不通或表达不清楚的地方加以修改，使其文字通顺？（3）汉语论文中有否语言拖沓之处？应该怎么修改？（4）有没有修辞不当之处？你能对其加以改正吗？（5）汉语论文中的标点符号是否都正确？如有不当可以根据上、下文的意思将其改正？如果汉语论文中有上述之一点（或者有上述几点）的话，译者一般情况下是有能力独立处理的。如果万一自己无法处理，就应设法寻求帮助。否则，你自己就不具备翻译论文的最起码的汉语语言水平的条件。2、二次审读全文在第一次审读全文的基础上，现在就需要译者抛开汉语的思维习惯，一边读汉语的论文一边用英语进行思维了。当遇到某一（些）不知道如何译的专业术语时应当划下线，对于较生疏的汉语句式应当记下来。具体步聚是： 在二次阅读的基础上，用铅笔划出汉语论文中不熟悉（不会译）的词语和句型。查字典翻译出这些生疏的词语和句型，注在原文划下线的下方。看一看汉语中是否有句子长短不合适的地方？一般说来，中国人喜欢用短语，英美人（尤其在科技论文中）喜欢用多层次的长句。英译汉时常用折译法，而汉译英时却常常合（并）译。所以有些汉语句子可以根据其上下文的逻辑关系将两句译成一句。译者在二次阅读时应思考这个问题。二、仔细翻译论文一般说来，做好译前准备工作后，就可以开始仔细认真地手译（或用word整理好）。如果在翻译的过程中每一句话，每一个词，甚至每一个标点符号都准确无误的话，那么这次翻译基本可以定稿。但是译者只能尽量做到这一点。翻译时就应注意：句与句之间（除标点外）应当留一个字母的空隙；行与行之间留一行的空白。以便最后修改、加工时使用。如有因手误而导致译错的地方，应当及时在该行的左边页空处用铅笔加写正确的译文，同时将错译处划掉（注意不要涂抹），以便译完后及时修改。初译完后首先要自己审读一遍。看看除了自己在初译时及时发现的误译处外，有否别的不当之处：有否其它的译文用词不当？有否其它的标点错误？有否用词错误之处？有否句型等不合适的地方？有否译文的整体逻辑不清之处？如果上述几点均不存在，那么初译的论文在稍加工的基础上便可交付使用。三、做好论文加工论文加工指的是论文翻译大体得当，只有少数地方需要加工。一般说来，技术性的加工方法如下：（1）剪贴：指的是在论文的错（漏）处把正确的译文译好剪贴在错（漏）处。剪贴时应当注意：①纸质要与原纸质一致。②笔迹要一样。③如原文用打字译出，剪贴时也应打字。④剪贴时不应与前句（或后句），或上下文的最末（第一个）字母重叠。也不应覆盖原有的标点符号，以免影响原意。（2）局部修改：指的是论文在翻译中有较大的误译或错译。如果仅有几行错译或误译可以将其重新改写或打印。但一定要整齐、干净、达到“美”的标准。四、把控论文修改当初译的论文有取局部加工或剪贴的办法，需要重译。通过重译以更好地的把控质量，重译时有下列几点注意事项：（1）只重译有误译（错译）的那一页或那几页，没有必要全文重译。（2）避免改动过大，要保持上下文的一致。
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