Thesis
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn] 专题论文，学位论文；学术演讲 毕业论文； 博士论文； 论文； 学位论文 例句：He was involved in writing his doctoral 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文 I have not yet footnoted my 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注 I'm working my notes up into a 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文
论文的英文是：thesis或者paper
个人觉得这个论文题目不错，关于文化和国际商务的。TOPIC: "Culture and International Business"〔1〕[PDF] Culture and International Business文件格式: PDF/Adobe Acrobat in language, patterns of perception, reasoning and thought processes, Culture and International B Rosalie L Tung, FRSC The Ming & Stella Wong Professor of International B Faculty of Business Administration 文章下载：du/cib/papers/PDF 〔2〕ITIM International - Business Culture and International Management Training and consultancy in business culture and international management to create cultural competence, based on work of Geert H Central office in Sweden (before Holland), world-wide 文章下载：－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－更多文章》》》
商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析内容摘要:随着世界经济一体化趋势日渐明显,国家、地区之间联系紧密化态势不断增强,商务英语在经济组织交往活动中日益发挥重要作用,如何有效利用商务英语实现经济组织交往的无缝对接成为亟待解决的难题。本文立足商务英语翻译现状,以企业文化理论为分析背景,以企业文化适应性特征为切入点,探讨了商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应性问题,以期为商务英语翻译工作提供有益借鉴和参考。 关键词:商务英语 翻译 文化适应性 商务英语翻译问题概述 从某种意义上讲,国家间、地区间经济交往的实质是国家文化、地区文化的互动、交流与接触。在不同文化的交互过程中,首先面临的问题就是弱化和消除文化障碍,实现文化沟通和交流。英语作为国家间、地区间经济交往和商务往来的有效工具,具有存在形式的多样性与表达方式的多样性等特点,这些特征不仅反映着国家、地区间文化的差异性,也影响着商务英语翻译的准确性。因此,商务英语翻译必须注重国外企业与本国企业之间的文化差异。 作为一种社会存在,文化环境是一个不同区域、行业、特征和性质的文化交织影响、能动渗透的有机能动场,尤其是其中的文化传统有着较强的波及力和辐射力,会对社会生活的诸多方面造成影响效应,商务英语翻译也不例外。企业文化是企业在长期发展演化过程中形成的历史产物,是社会文化在企业组织管理实践中的折射,也是西方管理理论在经历“经济人”、“社会人”、“自我实现的人”与“复杂人”假设之后,对组织的文化价值、经营理念、管理过程和未来经营业绩关系的又一次重新审视。企业文化渗透于企业的一切活动中,又流溢于企业的一切活动之上,既是企业组织的基因和灵魂,也是企业持续发展的潜在动力和重要保障;既是制度性和非制度性、绝对性和相对性的辩证统一,也是批判性和继承性、稳定性和动态性的有机结合。商务英语翻译过程中的文化适应,应关注和把握以下三个方面: 重视商务英语翻译的外部环境 密切关注国外企业文化的最新成果,充分考虑商务英语翻译的外部环境。随着我国企业改革的深化、国内市场经济进程的加快和经济全球化趋势的推进,东西方文化的交流渗透成为不可逆转的历史潮流,学习市场经济国家先进的企业文化逐渐成为培育和创新我国企业文化的重要途径。但实事求是地分析,对如何借鉴、学习、吸收和内化国外先进企业文化成果在商务英语翻译过程中的适应性、可移植性等关键问题,并没有从理论上、学术上加以明确描述和科学阐明。目前,商务英语翻译过程中对待国外先进企业文化或多或少、或轻或重存在以下方面的不足: 局限和满足于介绍和翻译,而忽视根据本土社会特殊的文化背景、文化特征进行商务英语翻译,以及对国外先进企业文化的吸收、修正和创造性地应用。 忽视文化盘点,即忽视国外先进企业文化的制约性,不注重原产地文化与本土文化的差异性与共同性分析,在商务英语翻译过程中未从方法论角度把握其来龙去脉,缺乏对国外先进企业文化成果深层次的文化学透视。 缺乏对我国本土文化独特性的准确认识,未经系统科学地分析就直接从国外先进的企业文化中演绎出各种关于商务英语翻译的手段、设想、方式与模式,企图在较短的时期内来完成商务英语翻译工作。实践证明,单纯考虑国外企业文化,不会产生与国内企业商务交往活动的英语翻译理论及实践操作方式,也不会促进国内企业商务活动的持续、深入和有效地开展,反而给企业商务交往与活动的有效开展带来很大障碍,造成企业生存力、发展力和竞争力的巨大破坏。把握国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性 事实上,在商务英语翻译过程中一个非常重要而又往往被忽视的环节就是文化的适应性。当然,文化适应性的观点决不是否认不同商务英语翻译的相互借鉴和学习,但国外先进企业文化不能原封不动地渗透到商务英语翻译过程中,商务英语翻译必须注意文化适应性问题。国内外众多专家学者的研究表明,东西方管理文化存在诸多方面的差异,彼此各有优势,很难找到一条客观、有效的商务英语翻译标准。对于商务英语翻译过程中存在的一些现象和问题,究其本质是由国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性所致。因此,在我国企业商务英语翻译过程中一定要注意文化适应性问题,注重跨文化的比较研究,反映国外企业文化特性,才能更好的造就企业商务英语翻译在企业商务创新实践中实现实质性转变和历史性飞跃。本文认为,商务英语翻译的首要前提应该是注重国内外企业文化之间的内在耦合性与本质差异性,有效体现国内外企业商务活动交往之间的文化适应性。 全面构建商务英语翻译的内部环境 文化适应性作为商务英语翻译能否取得实质性突破的关键要素,说明商务英语翻译要与我国传统文化价值理念相一致。商务英语翻译是体现企业亚文化的一种手段,是社会宏观的大文化在企业中的投射,因而商务英语翻译必须体现出社会的宏观大文化。所以,中国企业商务英语翻译的文化基础就应该是中国优秀的传统文化,中华五千年的历史文化是人类的一种本原文化,是在与各种文化、思想、观念不断碰撞、借鉴和融合的历史过程中积淀而成,是中华民族智慧的结晶与表征。儒家的“仁、义、礼、智、信”思想,道家的“天人合一”思想,“道可道,非常道”的真理追求意识,“无为而治”的管理意识和“有生于无”的创造观以及孙子的“五事七计”以道为首的思想等优秀传统文化,无疑是培育和建构商务英语翻译理论的重要基石。 长期以来,我国商务英语翻译理论缺乏中国特色,究其原因主要是没有把中国传统文化中的思想精华借鉴和应用到商务英语翻译理论中。实践表明,只有建立扎根于现实土壤、具有我国传统文化特色的商务英语翻译,才能使企业发展具备永续的原动力和发展的持久力。例如,海尔的“In Good Faith Forever”,集中反映了德、信、人尊、人与人之间亲和的传统精神在企业文化中的延续,也正是由于海尔把传统文化作为商务英语翻译过程中的一个重要因素和重要组成部分来认识,从无序到有序,从有序到体系,从体系到高度,从高度到延伸,将诸多竞争对手远远抛于身后。 综上所述,商务英语翻译应置于中国的传统文化背景中去深入探讨。研究商务英语翻译与中国传统文化和当代社会文化的关系,商务英语翻译与企业管理、企业环境、企业发展和企业创新的关系等,提出具有中国特色的商务英语翻译理论体系和模式,加强商务英语翻译理论应用、测量、评估、诊断和追踪的实证性研究,从而形成独具特色的商务英语翻译管理模式,推动经济组织交往的无缝对接。 参考文献: 赵雪涛,王明辉浅谈商务英语翻译与文化关联[J]商场现代化,2008(24) 杨恕华商务英语翻译的特点[J]科技信息(学术版),2006(7) 刘洁谈商业广告翻译中的文化对接现象[J]商业时代,2008(36)
商务英语专业毕业论文参考题目一、1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧2、商务英语函电翻译技巧3、商务英语信函的语体分析3、浅谈商务信函的文体特征4、商务英语学习方法探究5、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养6、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素7、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突8、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异9、商务谈判中的语言艺术10、商标名称的翻译与策略11、广告英语的分类与分析12、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用13、商务英语听力策略研究14、商务英语写作问题研究15、商务英语考试技巧研究16、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策17、The Ways to Increase the Competitiveness ofChina’s Export Goods18、TheAdvantages and the Disadvantages of China’s Cheap Labor in Its Foreign Trade19、Multinational Corporations Help ChinaDevelop Its Economy20、Export and Import Are Equally Necessary toChina 二、1、 初析英文广告句式结构及修辞的功能2、 从文化视角比较中英文广告语言3、 国际商务英语信函话语分析4、 商务英语发展现状浅祈5、 商务英语翻译技巧6、 商务英语函电中的文化因素初探7、 商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践8、 试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用9、 中英文广告标题的共同点10、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题11、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示12、商务英语翻译标准初探13、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧14、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略15、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点16、英文广告的特点及翻译17、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色18、浅议国际贸易的几点理论创新19、高职高专商务英语专业教学模式探讨20、商务英语翻译技巧21、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析22、礼貌原则在商务英语信函写作当中的应用 三、1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 3、商标名称的翻译与策略 4、商务谈判中的语言艺术 5、商务谈判的文化障碍 6、商务英语课程设置的探讨 7、商务谈判中英语的重要性 8、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养9、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突10、商务英语阅读研究 11、商务英语写作问题研究 12、商务英语考试技巧研究 13、商务英语听力策略研究 14、商务英语考证口语考试技巧研究 15、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 16、如何翻译好日常商务文书 17、商务英语信函的语体分析 18、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 19、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 20、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 21、商务谈判的艺术性 22、跨文化的商务谈判 23、商务英语的特征与翻译 24、商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系 25、汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 26、浅谈涉外合同英语特色27、商务英语背景知识与商务英语28、广告英语的分类及分析 29、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒”30、英语口语或语法在商务领域中的应用 四、1、论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 2、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 3、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 4、商标名称的翻译与策略 5、商务谈判的艺术性 6、跨文化的商务谈判 7、美国英语习语与文化 8、中美日常交际中的文化差异 9、TheCultural Comparison in Business Activities 商务活动中的中西方文化差异 10、商务英语交往中的礼貌原则 11、如何翻译好日常商务文书 12、商务英语信函的语体分析 13、浅谈商务信函的文体特征 14、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 15、商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 16、论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 17、跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 18、浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 19、商务英语信函的用语特征分析(An Analytical Term Features ofEnglish Business Correspondence ) 20、商务英语学习方法 21、跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 22、国际商务中的跨文化交际问题 23、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突 24、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素 25、国际商务谈判中的“文化壁垒” 26、广告英语的分类及分析 27、商务英语背景知识与商务英语Business Knowledge and Business English 28、虚拟语气与商务英语表达Subjunctive Mood and Business English 29、跨文化交际在商务英语学习中的运用Utilization of Cross-culture Communication in BusinessEnglish Learning 30、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养Developing Cross-culture Communication Skill in BusinessEnglish Learning 31、商务英语在国际营销中的作用The Role of Business English in International Marketing32、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 33、Etiquettein Business Activities 商务活动中商务礼仪 五、 1、商务英语信函的写作特点2、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突3、商务英语中的委婉策略4、商务英语书信翻译的特点5、商务英语听力理解障碍分析及对策6、网络与商务英语学习7、商务活动中的中西方文化差异8、商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探讨9、礼仪在商务谈判中的作用10、影响高职学生口语能力的因素及对策11、浅谈高职学生英语听说技能的培养12、谚语与翻译13、颜色词的翻译14、英语委婉语的文化内涵15、英语应用能力的培养与学生就业16、中国英语和跨文化交际17、商务谈判与中西方文化差异18、商务活动中商务礼仪19、商务口译技巧 六、1、 商务英语的特点及翻译技巧2、 Characteristics and DistinctiveEnglish Translation of Words in Business Contracts商务合同英语用词特点3、 On the Features of BusinessEnglish Letters浅谈商务信函的写作特点4、 On the Art of Rhetoric and TranslationApproaches in Advertising English论广告英语的修辞艺术和翻译方法5、 On the Application of thePoliteness Principle in Foreign Trade Correspondence“礼貌”在函电中的恰当使用6、 Influence of Culturaldifferences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差异对商务汉英翻译的影响7、 The Cultural Comparison inBusiness Activities 商务活动中的中西方文化差异"8、 On Cultural Elements Integratedinto Business English Teaching 商务英语沟通中的文化因素9、 A Study of InterpretationSkills in English-Chinese and Chinese-English 商务口译技巧10、 On Translation of EnglishAdvertisement广告英语的翻译
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Abstract In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, based on love, on the other side, demonstrates the collision between humanity and The humanity is very Accordingly, this novel has the haunting This novel reveals the humanity’s complexity and profundity, because it implies the love and resentment, furthermore, the humanity has impacted on the temporal social This paper explores the love and hate ——producing from the collision between humanity and And try to illustrate the undying love between Catherine and Heathcliff through humanity and culture and how to face their Under the social culture, when love turns to hate , hate twists Thereby, humanity’s love is as tragedy Because they missed the beautiful time for love ,when humanity arises Key words: Humanity Culture Love Revenge Humanity ? Culture ?——Wuthering Heighets’love IntroductionIn Wuthering Heights, the topic is love, deduces us a world-shaking undying They are not only have the lingering love, but also a deeply ingrained hate between Catherine and Heathcliff’s love has both humanity and social culture and which bind with The humanity has made their love unchanged and undying, but culture destroys this love, and causes hate, Catherine betrays Therefore Heathcliff’s hate is quite incisive and vivid, but still comes back to the In the novel by Emily Bronte, the two main characters have the natural style and primitive nature—— naivete, truculence, frankness, firmness, a flush of sentiment, behavior is They love very desperately, they hate is regardless of As a result, the characters’ love quite strong, shaking- “Unchanged as the mount, ferocity as the lighting” (song p7)Hence, Wuthering Heights becomes the most magnificent love epic in the The social culture and humanity In the nineteenth century, the Victorian period the nobleman is enormously proud of their success, full of the temporal rank Status is first, money is G People’s spirits suffer from the intense Humanity is twisted without The Earnshows hold a precarious place within the Although the gentry, possessed servants and often large estates, they nonetheless hold a fragile social The Lintons are relatively firm in their gentry’s status, but the Earnshows are on much shakier ground Catherine wants to marry Edgar so that she will be “the greatest woman of the neighborhood” Above all, this is the social culture and humanity on that But Catherine and Heathcliff‘s character is governed by their passions, not by reflection or ideals of Also the house where they live comes to symbolize the humanity, but Thrushcross Grange represents culture, convention, When Catherine left for Thrushcross Grange the first time, she has impacted on this culture and finds herself deeply attracted by Therefore, for love her heart so Owning to Catherine’s changing, Heathcliff begins to resent the society that is responsible, “when he acquires power and returns to Wuthering Heights with money and the trappings of a gentleman he becomes a villain” Humanity was dispelled in a corner; social culture was filled in civic Catherine’s love under the social cultureThe heroine—Catherine is very ambivalent in her love Due to human nature, she loves Heathcliff deeply with childlike passion, and her soul can’t live without But the social culture made her betray the love in order to satisfy her yearning for fame and She chooses Linton, hereby her love becomes a Catherine is crazy about Heath Their love is rooted in their childhood and is marked by the refusal to change and embrace those Moreover, their love is based on their shared perception that they are identical, even their souls are shared by Catherine declares, “Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same” (Gao p103) “I am Heathcliff!”(Gao p105) When she first comes back from Thrushcross Grange, she immediately realizes the impact that the social culture has had in Her heart becomes more complex and Catherine looks for Heathcliff, to embrace and kiss him, at the same time she is afraid about Heathcliff’s dirty clothe against her clean She also treats her marriage like If she marries Heathcliff she will be a Even if she is well aware that without Heathcliff she can’t live, but the cruel reality helps her realize that marrying Linton will make her become the greatest woman in the The temptation of material benefit and the bourgeois culture society, made her betray her love But her betrayal is not Although, she dares to break free from the low class She is still crazy about Heathcliff even without property, As Catherine says “It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now ………but because he is more myself than I ” (Gao p102) But humanity’s love never let Catherine give up Heathcliff Catherine said “My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary……but as my own ”(Gao p105) Her choice about marriage made her betray her humanity and Heath cliff, forcing Heathcliff to leave Despite her childlike nature to love him very deeply with fierce Social culture wins humanity in Catherine, but she was never happy at the civilized Thrushcross Grange, and found herself feeling empty without And for the next seven years, Catherine coasted through life, living only in the past Her soul so eager to meet Heathcliff’s Ultimately, she is torn between her wild passion for Heath cliff and her social But the primitive love exceeds the cultural love, causes her miss the Wuthering Heights in And before she dies, go into the bosom of H After she dies, her lonely ghost thirsts for coming back Wuthering H She uses the melancholy voice sobs “Let me in —Let me in!”(Song p28)Heathcliff’s love and hateHeathcliff’s love is pure in intention and never Like Catherine, he loves to run around on the His love just has the human nature’s emotion without rank, culture Heathcliff never says “love”, but his love stronger than hurricane, compare with He is filled with uncontrollable In chapter third, he hears some sounds in Catherine’s room, “his agitation was so extreme, that he could hardly pick it ”(Gao p30) Upon arriving at the bedroom, as Lockwood[the renter of Thrushcross Grange] flees from it, Heath cliff cries out to Catherine begging her to “ ‘Come in ! Come in!’He sobbed ‘Cathy, do come Oh do –once more! Oh! My heart’s darling; hear me this Catherine, at last!’ ”(Gao p33) this shows how Heathcliff tastes the bitterness of his lost His love for Catherine is expressed simple, honestly brevity but full of fervid In chapter sixteenth, he curses Catherine for the She has caused him and pleads with her spirit to haunt him for the rest of his She may take any form, he says, and even drives me mad as long as I am He goes on to say “may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed you ---haunt me, then!” “Be with me always---take any form ---drive me mad! Only do not leave me in this abyss, where I can’t find you!”(Gao p218)Although in this chapter, there are no definite words to represent Heathcliff’s love, it is nonetheless known and deeply rooted in their hearts, never losing their Because of the strength of his love for Catherine, Heathcliff undertakes his wicked and vengeful revenge against those deems responsible for his misery Heathcliff comes from the lower class and because of this, the Linton family makes him feels unworthy of Catherine seeks a more genteel life therefore betraying their When Heathcliff heard that “It would degrade me to marry Heath cliff now”(Gao p102) He withdraws in a rage of shame, humiliation, and Three years later, Heathcliff comes back with power and money, he is longing for meeting Catherine, at this time he begins to do an elaborate plan for But his cruel and harmful behavior comes from the pain of his love He becomes a fiend, a demon, toward every person around him He ruins Hindley [Catherine’s brother] by tricking him and therefore, taking possession of Wuthering H He also ends Hareton’s [Hindley’s son] education after Hindley died, and then elopes with Isabella [Lintion’s sister], after she is ill-treated by Likewise, Heathcliff uses Isabella to revenge E “His malevolence proves so great and long—lasting that it can’t be adequately explained even as a desire for revenge”(Liu p34) Without Catherine , he lost his sense of life , revenge replaces love , and become the driving force behind his However, who strips his love? What does twist his humanity? But the deep-rooted love didn’t disappear at Heathcliff tries to recapture the spirit of Catherine in his desire to rejoin He even opens her coffin, Heathcliff says “I saw her face again” The many signs of Catherine show that “she did exist” but that “I have lost her”When Heathcliff fulfills his revenge, he finds that the primary pleasure is no longer within He begins to give up his revenge, wanting only to be with C The humanity of his love arises again, love for Catherine eroding his lust for In Heathcliff’s life, he sees Catherine’s shadow He is bound to C They shared one soul, longing to become one Heath cliff becomes more and more obsessed with the memories of Catherine, begins to talking with her ghost Remembering his climactic night on the moors , he feels so happy and anticipates a reunion with her ghost Two opened souls become one Heathcliff’s feeling of revenge for his lost love ,eventually ,return to the original In the end, Humanity’s love wins driving his life from this point Conclusion“Inevitably , the unbridgeable gab in Catherine’s and Heath cliff’s social positions renders their fervent romance unrealizable on any practical level ”（Liu p77）Catherine’s actions are so stringing driven by her social ambitions , that she betrays her humanity, and consequently Heathcliff’s love turns top the Heathcliff becomes a so-called genteel man, returns to Wuthering Heights and carrying out all the cruel acts of Nevertheless, this love is natural, primitive, inner, and spiritual On account of their soul has been the unit can’t separate from each other, no more than two The emotion can’t use the culture to explain and alter The temporal social culture compares with the delicate humanity, thereby resulting in a painful ending to this love When love turns to hate, hate twists the humanity This profound avatar is shown through Heathcliff and C The author shows for us the struggle between humanity’s love and social In light if this ideal, today, how do we choose our love when faced it? 给我分吧，我弄了3个小时，送你一图
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gavin7991 - 举人 四级 说的很详细，但更加简洁明了的说法是：硕士论文用thesis， MA thesis (文学硕士论文），博士论文用dissertation, 学期论文或发表的文章可用paper，essay指篇幅较短小的文章，相当于作文类或散文类
“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse （学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper 作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
,商务英语语篇,衔接,连贯discourse,business English discourse, cohesion, and 语篇(text／discourse)在不同学者的著述中，有不同的含义，有些语言学家认为，语篇既指书面语言，又指口头语言。有些语言学家认为语篇(text)只指书面语，而用“话语”(discourse)指口语。有些语言学家用“话语”指书面语和口语。威多森用“话语”指书面语。所以，很多人在讲到书面语时用text这一术语，在谈到口语时则用discourse。斯塔布斯认为，话语常常有“口头交流(interactive)”的含义，而语篇则有“非口头交流的独白(noninteractivemonologue)”含义。斯塔布斯还认为，话语有一定的长度，而语篇则可以很短。所以，像Exit(山口处)，No smoking!(禁止吸烟)这样的语言单位是语篇，而不是话语。埃德门德森认为，语篇指不出现在使用场合的语言，而话语则指出现在使用场合的语言。本文采用韩礼德，夸克等人的观点，用discourse／text这一术语既指口语又指书面语。实际上，discourse和text只具有地域色彩差别。美国学者喜欢用discourse，与之相对应的是discourses analysis：欧洲学者喜欢用text这个词与之相对应的是text linguistics，它们指同一内容。 众所周知，语篇(discourse)是语篇分析(discourse analysis)的研究对象。语篇分析作为一门学科是20世纪50年代以后才发展起来的。语篇分析通常指的是对比句子更大的语言单位，如句群、段落等语言单位所作的语言分析，目的在于解释人们如何构造和理解各种连贯的语篇(coherent discourse)。研究语言结构的理论一般分为两大类：语法和语篇分析。前者通常研究单个的、孤立的句子；而后者则研究用于交际(communication)的语篇。语法学研究词的形式、用法和句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律：在语法研究中，句子是最高一层的结构。语篇分析研究比句子更大的语言单位，研究语篇中句子的排列、衔接(cohesion)和连贯(coherence)，是一种超句法分析。 历史悠久的传统语法，本世纪风靡一时的结构语法和近三十年来在语言学理论领域中最引入注目的转换生成语法，对语言的研究都只局限于句子本身及其组成部分，这些学派很少研究句子与句子的关系，也极少讨论句子在比其更人的语言单位中的地位和作用。然而，正如一个单词在不同的句子中可以有不同的意义和不同的句法功能一样，一个句子、句群和段落在不同的语篇和语境中也会有不同的表意作用和交际功能。如果不把句子、句群或段落放到一定的语言环境中去考察，那就无法确定其真正的意义。离开了语言的使用场合、离开了 特定的语言环境，那就很难确定语言单位的交际功能，治言单位也无法充分起到交际的作川。 越来越多的语言学家认识到，语言研究不应局限于句子平面，不应只研究句子结构，而应超 越句子的范围，研究句子、句群和段落在语篇中的作用，研究现实生活中活生生的语言。 衔接（cohesion）和连贯（coherence）是语篇分折（discourse analysis）中的两个重要术语。由 于语言学家们研究语篇的角度不同，他们对这一术语的定义也就不一样。对于衔接与连贯的 关系，目前人们既有一致的看法，也有许多分歧。如何把握衔接与连贯的实质以及二者之间 的关系是语篇分折中一个不容回避的重要问题。以连贯为例，克瑞斯多尔从语篇本身的特征 出发，把连贯定义为一段话语“潜在的功能性联系”（he undetlying functional COnnectedness．）。 而彼多非在对语篇进行形式分析时认为，语篇连贯是语言外的联体在头脑中的映像，如果读 者能够重新构造山一个联系着的、完整的世界映像，那么这段话对读者来说，就是连贯的。 国内的学者一股认为，衔接是词汇和语法方面的手段，是形式的；连贯是用这些手段得到的 效果。在衔接与连贯的关系方面，语言学家们的看法也不一致。例如，韩礼德和哈桑认为， 衔按是创造语篇性的必要但不充分条件，而威多森则认为，衔接既不是连贯的必要条件，也 不是充分条件。 本文从宏观和微观两方面，以会话分拆理论和衔接连贯理论为基础，在对其分析的前 提下，探讨商务英语语篇中的衔接与连贯问题并以此推动语篇分析的研究发展。In different scholars" works, text/discourse has different Some linguists believe that it refers to both spoken language and written Some linguists take text as the written form of language but discourse as the spoken form of Other linguists regard discourse as both the spoken and the written forms of language and H Widdowson takes discourse as written So many people want to use text to refer to written language and discourse to spoken In 1983, Stubbs thought that discourse always has an oral interactive sense, while text often has non-interactive monologue meaning; discourse has a kind of length while text might be very W Edmondson regards text as a kind of language unit which did not appear on a use occasion, however, discourse as a kind of language unit appearing on a use In this paper, discourse is to be used to refer to both the spoken and the written forms of E In fact, the differences between discourse and text are They are the same in American linguists prefer to use discourse and discourse analysis while European linguists use text and text It is well known that discourse is the object of study of discourse Since 1 950s of the 20th century, discourse analysis has become one of independent It means analyzing a kind of language unit that is much bigger than a sentence, sentence groups, paragraphs, It aims at helping people to make up and understand all kinds of coherent There are two kinds of theories that dwell upon language One is grammar, the other discourse The former always deals with single, isolated sentences, while the latter studies discourse in In grammar, a sentence is the largest unit of grammatical structure, while discourse analysis is a super-sentential It studies sentences" arrangement, cohesion and What the traditional grammar and the structural grammar together with the transfermational generative grammar study is limited to the level of sentence and its Those grammarians do not adequately take the relations between sentences and their positions and functions in a larger language unit into However, like individual English words possessing different meanings and functions in different sentences: sentences sentence groups and paragraphs have different connotations and communicative functions in different linguistic If sentences and sentence groups or paragraphs were not placed in a certain context, then there is no way to identify their real It is difficult to define language units" communicative functions if there were no concrete contexts and More and more linguists have come to realize thativlanguage study should not be confined at the sentence It must go beyond the sentence bounds and study the functions of sentence groups and paragraphs in discourse as well as the vividness of language in real Cohesion and coherence are two important terms in discourse Linguists study discourse from different Accordingly they define these two terms in different When speaking of the relations between cohesion and coherence, linguists hold identical and divergent views on How to understand the crux of cohesion and coherence is an important question that we cannot By using coherence as an example, Crystal defines it as a piece of discourse with the underlying functional connectedness on the basis of discourse features; Petofi regards it as an image of relatuni in human brains, If readers can match a discourse with a sense so that they can rebuild a connected, completed image, then it is a coherent discourse to Scholars in China always take cohesion as lexical and grammatical devices a matter of Coherence is an effect of a discourse consisting of these cohesive As for the relations between cohesion and coherence, scholars hold different views on this point【目录】： Acknowledgements3-4 Abstract in Chinese4-6 Abstract in English6-8 PartⅠ Introduction8-11 1．1 Historical Backgrounds8-9 1．2 The Main Contents of Discourse Analysis9-11 Part Ⅱ Discourse and Business English Discourse11-26 2．1 Discourse and Business English Discourse11-13 2．2 Macrostructure of Business English Discourse13-15 2．3 Microstructure of Spoken Business English Discourse15-19 2．4 Micro-structure of Written Business English Discourse19-26 Part Ⅲ Cohesion and Coherence26-38 3．1 The Origins and Development of Cohesion and Coherence26 3．2 Definitions of Cohesion and Coherence26-28 3．3 The Relationship Between Cohesion and Coherence28-34 3．4 Cohesion and Coherence in Business English Discourses34-38 Part Ⅳ Conclusion38-39 Bibliography39-40
一下是比较好写的论文题目，希望能帮助你！噢 顺便一提 几天前帮我指导的ABC天丅口语的导师说过 就是想征服英语应该是不费力地！绝对有个好的学习环境以及进修口语对象，最关键就是外教水平 口语纯正非常重要，持续每日口语交流，一对一家教式辅导才能够有好的学习成果~上完课还要重复温习课堂音频 更可以加深印象。若真的是没有人可以指导的情况 可以去 VOA或大耳朵取得课余教材学习 多说多问不知不觉的英语水平就培养起来，学习效益肯定会迅速明显的！ 论商务英语与文化的关系 论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达 试论商务英语交际中的文化因素 论沟通语言在商务英语谈判中的作用与功能 试论中西文化习惯在商务英语谈判中的作用 论文化差异对商务英语谈判的影响 论 商务英语翻译中的不对等性 论撰写商务英语信函的礼貌原则 论商务英语写作中的语气分析10 论商务合同英语的文体特征分析 论礼貌与商务英语信函中礼貌的表现 论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译 论商标名称的翻译与策略 论产品中文商标的翻译英语商务传真话语类型分析初探1 论外贸英语函电的语言特点 论商务场合中的汉英跨文化交际 论商标英译中的“信” 论商标英译中的“雅” 论商务英语信函及翻译特点 论模糊语言在商务英语写作中的运用 论商务英语翻译中的”忠实”与”变通” 论商务英语合同及其翻译特点 论英语俚语的汉译10 论英语委婉语的差异和翻译对策
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家DA Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。_74dvJoNSWoCp2FIyudzpd1uBSgh2ccFJS6RN7xNBPb9WFk_matYEwCRT0EMxynK7D_vYN7D59Og5G题目：英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
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