发布时间：
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。接下来给大家分享英语议论文模板及范文，供参考。
Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)
However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)
Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive
aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To
begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same
time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
Shall we send children to study abroad?
With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family. #p#分页标题#e#
In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了，这个不影响的，如果你实在不想这样，就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分，但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”，不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦，这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:
英文摘要格式如下：
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容：
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。
（4）结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要
英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下：1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：（1）筛选1-2个例子。（2）避免重复，删除细节，只保留主要观点。（3）把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。如下例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”（5）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。（6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”（7） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。（8）把文章中的第一人称转换成第三人称，把对白简化。
论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，通常中文摘要不超过 300 字，英文摘要不超过 250 个实词， 中英文摘要应一致。硕士毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。论文摘要的分类根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。
摘要要简练，内容亦概括，字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于一篇6000字的论文，其摘要一般不超过300字。摘要包括四部分：研究背景/目的、研究内容/对象、研究方法、研究结果。摘要可以“套”公式法摘要 万能公式 模板第一句（背景/目的）在……/随着……发展。第二句（内容）对……进行了研究/探讨……。第三句（方法）以……研究对象，采取……方法。第四句（结果）结果表明……如需更多写作帮助，咨询v可以搜dyl加156联系6658我们3090。
如下：
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。
5.内涵：短文
6.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。
7.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的'四要素：
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。
在日常学习和工作生活中，大家都不可避免地要接触到论文吧，论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？以下是我收集整理的论文摘要内容怎么写，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
一、论文摘要内容怎么写
摘要是对论文内容的简短而全面的概括，能够让读者迅速总揽论文的内容。与题名一样，摘要也是各种数据库中常见的检索对象。摘要是整篇论文中最重要的组成部分。就作者而言，一旦论文刊登在期刊上，论文摘要就将作为印刷版或电子版的摘要总集的一部分，开始其活跃而又长久的“生涯”。
在翻阅学术期刊时，大部分人也是首先阅读论文的摘要，然后再依据摘要来决定是否阅读整篇论文。因此，摘要既要具有高度的信息浓缩性，又要具有可读性，还要结构完整、篇幅简短以及独立成篇。
二、一篇好的摘要应具备以下特点
1.准确性：
摘要应能准确反映论文的目的和内容，不应包含论文中没有出现的内容。如果该研究主要是在以前的某个研究的基础上进行的，是对以前研究的扩展，那么，就应该在摘要中注明以前研究的作者姓名和年份。将摘要与论文的层次标题进行对比是核实摘要精确性的有效方法。
2.独立性:
摘要应自成一体，独立成篇，所以要对特殊的术语、所有的缩写、省略语做出说明，拼写出实验和药品的名称(药品采用通用名称)。新术语或尚无合适中文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。在引用其他出版物时要包括作者的姓名和出版日期。
3.简练而具体:
摘要中的每一个句子都要能最大限度地提供信息，且尽可能地简练。摘要的长度一般不超过300字。摘要的开头要提出最重要的信息。它可以是目的或论题，也可以是结果或结论。摘要里最多只需包括4个或5个最重要的观点、结果或含意。简洁、具体的摘要要反映论文的实质性内容，展示论文内容足够的信息，体现论文的创新性，展现论文的重要梗概，一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。
三、中文摘要的写作要求：
1.摘要以主题概念不遗漏为原则，中文摘要字数为200-300字，英文摘要为100-150字。
2.用重要的事实开头，突出论文新的信息，即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等。
3.叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼要，逻辑性要强，结构完整，删去背景与过去的研究信息，不应包含作者将来的计划，杜绝文学性修饰与无用的叙述。
4.摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的，尽量列出他们的名字。
5.不以数字开头，中英文必须对应。
四、节省摘要篇幅的方法：
1.不要把本学科领域中的常识性内容写入摘要，但也不要过于深奥，令一般读者难以明白;切忌把应在前言中出现的内容写入摘要。
2.一般也不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《婴儿问题解决行为的特点与发展》，摘要的'开头就不要再写“对婴儿问题解决行为的特点与发展进行了研究。”
3.除实在无法变通外，一般不用数学公式，不出现插图、表格。
4.不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
五、摘要的特点
摘要,有时也笼统地称为文摘是“以提供文摘内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文”。它是一篇学术论文或科学实验报告的提要或概括。
摘要是一篇完整论文的一部分,而且也是最重要的部分。它高度概括论文内容,突出论文的重点。同时,它自身在意义上是完整的,即使脱离正文也不应影响读者对它的理解。读者通过阅读摘要,应该能够在尽可能短的时间内了解文章的研究内容,确定文章对读者的重要性及价值,由此来决定是否有必要作进一步的全文阅读。
六、英文摘要的写作
英语文章的特点是开门见山,不拖泥带水,摘要更是如此。因此,英文摘要在语言上应该简明易懂，直截了当;表达要客观准确,重点突出,层次分明;文体要朴实自然;长度要适宜。
摘要的结构， 一般分为三部分:
1、研究(背景和)目的;这部分内容常常不在摘要里出现,而是被放在正文的引言中,这样可以使摘要更加简练,突出文章的核心内容。
2、研究的内容和方法;
3、研究的结果和结论
七、英文摘要的翻译
英文摘要原则上要求由原论文的作者提供,但许多作者尤其是人文社科类的科研人员尚难以使用英文表达自己的思想,实际上都是委托他人将自己的中文摘要翻译成英文。
译者要特别注意专有名词的翻译, 如外国人名或已被公认的中国人名的拼写, 外国地名的拼写, 文章或书籍名称的翻译,专业术语的翻译等等。千万不要想当然地去翻译, 而应该通过咨询专业人士或查找资料找到这些词语正确的英文表述。英文摘要常常使用被动语态, 这样可以避免主观色彩太浓, 给人以强加的印象; 但是有时为了突出所表达的内容, 主动语态可以更加直接有力;时态通常使用一般现在时和一般过去时, 主语使用单数第三人称。
八、信息性摘要
信息性摘要多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章, 综述论文的主要内容, 目的, 方法及主要结果与结论, 内容详尽, 文字简洁精确, 在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的信息。信息性摘要的构成国际检索系统《EI》要求信息性摘要简洁明确。
九、摘要的写作注意事项
1 摘要中只谈新信息
摘要中切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要, 也不可加进作者的主观见解、解释、评论。如论文摘要中有如下字句:“有关方面的研究有待于进一步展开”或“本文深入探讨了网络系统的情况, 对电网安全具有参考价值。”此类句子过于笼统, 加进了作者的主观见解。不符合摘要规定，避免摘要的首句简单的重复论文标题或将论文中的小标题加以罗列来代替摘要。
2 摘要语言力求简洁精确
摘要字数有限, 又要求完整性。因此, 文字一定要精练, 简明概括, 客观准确的反映论文信息, 无空泛、笼统、含混之词, 不追求华丽辞藻。 摘要不分段, 独立成文。摘要应用纯文叙述, 避免使用正文中的缩写句子, 图、表、化学结构式、表格或参考文献等。缩略语、略称、代号, 除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外, 在首次出现时必须加以说明。
楼主，直接让人翻译费时费力啊，这样不会有人帮你。你应该先用在线翻译翻译出个大概，然后求大家修改。个人建议。以下是用福昕翻译译出的结果：Abstract: With the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of material conditions, children's body size is quite different from before. On the other hand, China's vast territory, affected by climatic conditions, economic development and other factors, children of different regions are not the same size. Children's body shape changes have a great impact on children's wear enterprises. At present, China's current children's wear type implementation standards can not meet the current children's wear market, bringing great difficulties to the production and sales of children's wear enterprises and consumer choice. The contact anthropometric method was used to measure 18 parts of a total of 101 children aged 3 to 6 years old in a randomly selected kindergarten in Zhengzhou. The mathematical analysis software spss was used to descriptively analyze the measured human data. Analysis, factor analysis and other methods of analysis, summed up the body shape characteristics of children of this age. On this basis, according to the thoracolumbar difference, the children's body types are divided into three types: A, B, and C. The clothing type series suitable for the body type of this age group in Zhengzhou area, the series values of each series, and each series are developed. Control position value. I hope that I can provide a certain degree of reference for children's wear manufacturers in Zhengzhou and consumers who buy children's wear in : 3-6 years old children; anthropometrics; body type classification; number series
导语：这里要讨论的主要是中文科技论文所附的英文摘要，其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
英文题名
1) 题名的结构
英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。
2) 题名的字数
题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志J NatCancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。
3) 中英文题名的一致性
同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算，The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。
4) 题名中的冠词
在早年，科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多，近些年有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality.其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。
5) 题名中的大小写
题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。
全部字母大写。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE
每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects
题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities.
目前b.格式用得最多，而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。
6) 题名中的`缩略词语
已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。
作者与作者单位的英译
1) 作者
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写;其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。
2) 单位
单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写，外人不知所云，结果造成混乱。FAO,WHO,MIT尽人皆知，而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈内”人知。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法)，切不可另起炉灶。
英文摘要
1) 英文摘要的时态
英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
一般现在时
用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下：This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。
一般过去时
用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
现在完成时和过去完成时
完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?
2) 英文摘要的语态
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。
主动语态
现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时，The author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以Introduces开头。
被动语态
以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.?3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。
4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误
冠词
主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author designed a new machine is operated with solar energy.?由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray.
数词
避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected…中的 Three hundred?不要写成300.?
单复数
一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。
尽量使用短句
因为，长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。如果有机会，要多与英语国家同行接触，多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论文，积累经验，摸索规律。如果缺少这样的机会，多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于"四部分"的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。
比如"目的"，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如"方法"，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行"，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题；二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。
英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。 选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。
通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1、时态：大体可概括为以下几点。
1）叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。 2）在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。
3）说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。 4）摘要开头表示本文所"报告"或"描述"的内容，以及摘要结尾表示作者所"认为"的观点和"建议"的做法时，可采用一般现在时。
2、语态：在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。
掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。 1、用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。
但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do,run,get,take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如perform,achieve等，以便于读者理解。
2、造句 1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为 （1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （2）表示研究的对象与方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/an….] was [observed/detected/studied…] （3）表示研究的结果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that…… （4）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that… 2）尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的"时间差"，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定）。
采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 以上所述只是撰写英文摘要时应注意的问题中的一小部分，尚有许多问题，需要进一步探讨。
总之，英文摘要作为医学论文的重要组成部分，其修改和完善是永无止境的。英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于"四部分"的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。
比如"目的"，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如"方法"，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行"，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，。
1.摘要的作用 摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分.论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方.它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息.作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来.好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息.因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用.2.书写摘要的基本规范和原则 （1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要.摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致.毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅.（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平.（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论.（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理.（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释.采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰.摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证.3.摘要的四要素 目的、方法、结果和结论称为摘要的四要素.（1）目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复.（2）方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等.（3）结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分.（4）结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值.4.撰写步骤 摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同.摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后，但也可以采用提早写的方式，然后再边写论文边修改摘要.首先，从摘要的四要素出发，通读论文全文，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息.然后，看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，并要求语句精炼.若不足以回答这些问题，则重新阅读论文，摘录相应的内容进行补充.最后，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求.5.关于英文摘要 （1）英文摘要的写作方法要依据公认的写作规范.（2）尽量使用简单句，避免句型单调，表达要求准确完整.（3）正确使用冠词.（4）使用标准英语书写，避免使用口语，应使用易于理解的常用词，不用生僻词汇.（5）作者所做工作用过去时，结论用现在时.（6）多使用主动语态.6.关键词 关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容信息目的单词术语.每篇报告、论文选取3~8个词作为关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在摘要的左方.如有可能，尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词.为了国际交流，应标注与中文对应的英文关键词.关键词是主题词中的一类.主题词是一种新型检索词汇，多用于计算机网络检索.关键词分为中文关键词和与之对应的英文关键词，分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下.为便于他人的检索，不能使用过于宽泛的词语.选择关键词既可以从论文的各级标题入手，也可以从论文本身的内容选取，将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出.。
1. 打好扎实的英语语言基础要写好英语作文，首先必须掌握一定数量的英语单词.英语文章就象是一幢建筑物，单词则象是建筑用砖.此外，还得掌握好一定的英语语法知识，否则在英语便会频频出错.
2. 广泛进行英语阅读：进行英语阅读，既可以开阔视野，扩在词汇，又可以学习地道的英语表达方式，从而运用到自己的英语写作实践当中.
3. 掌握一定的英语写作技巧： 英语写作有许多技巧，如怎样选词，造句，怎样展开段落，各种体裁的英语作文怎样布局等，只有对这些基本的写作技巧加以掌握，在英语作文时才可得心应手.
4. 多观察思考，在日常生活中，有许多人和事可引起我们的注意，我们对他们应多进行观察，进行分析，凡事问个"为什么"，并用英语来进行思考，那么在英文写作时，便不至于找不到话写.
5. 多练习，常言道：Practice makes perfect.大凡知名作家并不是一开始就写出了惊人之作，他们的在艰苦的写作实践中得到提高的，我们在学习英语作文时也应多练，可采取英文日记，周记，课文摘要等形式来加以训练，亦可找个writing partner（写作伙伴）相互督促，相互学习，相互提高.
.书 写：在用英语写作时，书写应工整，规范，力求认人容易认读.注意大写字母比小写字母应写得大些高些，注意"a-o" "n-u'书写的差异，I 和 j要记得上面加"."，字母t中间的横线亦不要忘记.单词与单词间不要靠得紧，标条符号之后应留一定空间.
原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… ， The result shows (reveals) that… ， It is found that… ， The conclusions are… ， The author suggests that… ．涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）。例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如： Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称。 4）遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等，以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如： The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an ，如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如： Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。总之，多看英文文献，积累经验，摸索规律，提高英文写作水平，才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词，而且从标题或摘要中选取，每篇文章可选 3 ～ 8 个关键词，文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”，英文关键词前冠以“ Key words ：”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语，毋用单一词汇，而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展，如：营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
英文摘要格式如下：
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容：
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。
（4）结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要
英文摘要格式
①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。
②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四，倍行距，两端对齐)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
中文摘要：
①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。
②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
把握好内容的一致性
关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性，两"规范"都明确规定：英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应，中、英文关键词应一一对应。
可见，中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容，不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息，不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。
但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译，一个词也不改动，这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象，而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。
英文论文摘要模板
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ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network