1、论文题目
2、摘要与关键词
3、目录
4、翻译任务描述:主要写有关报告的背景,翻译任务的内容,目的、意义及报告整体结构。
5、翻译过程描述:包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等,译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等,译后——译后的校对、修改等。
6、文献综述:对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。
7、案例分析:如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中,应从不同维度、不同侧面,如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位,突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用,但也不能生搬硬套,要做到理论指导实践。
8、结论:主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。
9、参考文献:应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出(如APA或MLA)。
10、致谢。
翻译报告注意事项:
1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论
研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量!一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题,并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。
如果实在迷茫,不知道选取哪个理论,就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来,列一个清单,选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料,积极查阅知网等文献检索工具,多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告,学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。
2、制定翻译计划
在阅读材料之前,应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案,确定翻译进程,确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中,可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句,优先进行翻译。
3、撰写结论
撰写结论的内容,包括以下三个方面:
1)翻译过程的总结。
2)翻译报告的局限性。
3)对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。
当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
翻译是高校作为培养大学生英语综合能力的一个重要组成部分。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译方向论文,供大家参考。
英语翻译方向论文 范文 一:高职 商务英语 翻译课程改革分析
[摘要]本文结合我院的实际情况,以就业为导向,从课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面着手,探索高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向,以期优化该课程教学设计,有效提高教学质量,为学生的就业岗位需求服务。
[关键词]高职;商务英语翻译;课程改革
1引言
根据《高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)》,《商务英语翻译》课程是“高等职业学校商务英语专业学生的职业技能课”,在整个专业课程设置框架及人才培养体系中的地位不可忽视。然而,目前该课程普遍存在“课程设置和教学内容本科化、缺乏职业针对性、师资学科型”的问题。(江晗,2010)针对这些问题,本文结合东莞职业技术学院(下称“我院”)的实际情况,就课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面进行初步探讨,提出高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向。
2课程定位
高职英语专业翻译课容易走入定位不清的误区。有的学者提出“现有高职、高专已经成立的翻译系或翻译方向最好主要以证书培训为主要目标”(穆雷,2008);有的院校干脆将课程目标单纯定位为通过全国商务英语翻译考试、获取证书。但是,通过走访我院用人企业得知,外语等级证书和翻译证书都不是企业所看重的指标或用人条件,真正的实践应用能力和职业素养才为用人单位所器重。因此,不适合将考取翻译证书作为该课程的定位和目标,但可作为辅助手段,提高学生的学习兴趣和动力。笔者认为,高职《商务英语翻译》课程的定位,取决于学生自身的能力水平及 毕业 后的就业岗位所需。一方面,高职学生的外语水平基础较差,特别是双语转换能力较弱,即使经过一学期或一学年的翻译课程学习,也难以胜任高端的会议交替传译,更不用说同声传译,只适合进行初级的口、笔译工作;另一方面,就我院以往毕业生的就业情况来看,没有专门从事翻译行业的专职译员,所以不能照搬培养专职译员的外语专业本科或研究生人才培养模式来对高职学生进行教学,而应该按实际情况来做出切实的课程定位,以指导该课程的开展,培养毕业生工作所需的相应翻译能力。通过对我院应用外语系2015届毕业生就业统计及个别访谈得知,我系毕业生就业单位主要是小微涉外跨境企业,而这些企业基本上没有设置专职翻译岗位。毕业生从事的岗位群主要集中在外贸业务员、外贸跟单员、跨境电商岗位操作员、跨境电商岗位推广及运营专员,从事销售、采购、跟单、商务策划、接待、客服等工作,他们在工作中的翻译活动主要包括涉外商务谈判、商务营销、接待应酬、国际会展、公司及产品介绍、日常文书和邮件处理等。这些工作任务的性质,突出了高职翻译的交际功能,决定了高职学生需要的翻译是一种初级实用型商务翻译;毕业生身兼数职,既要做好本职工作又要在涉外场合兼顾翻译的角色,也决定了高职商务英语专业所培养的学生是“复合型译员”。(姚嘉五,2012)根据这两点,我院高职商务英语专业的翻译课程应定位为中英双向初级商务文本笔译和一般商务情景的涉外陪同口译,课程培养目标是能胜任小微涉外企业与翻译有关工作的复合型人才。
3教材改革
高校的传统翻译教材编排,一般沿用两条主线,一为“专题型”,关注的重点是不同专题的内容及表达;二为“技能型”,关注的重点是技巧训练。“专题型”教材包含的某些专题,如政治外交演讲、政府会议、时事、科技、体育方面的材料,或难度偏高或与高职毕业生的实际就业岗位关联较小,不适合用于高职的翻译教学;“技能型”教材对学生的技能训练要求过高,往往超出他们的能力范围,容易让学生产生挫败感和畏难情绪。以上两种教材,都不太符合高职 教育 “实用为主,够用为度”的原则。回顾笔者所使用过的翻译教材,存在纰漏、拼写或语法错误等,部分内容要么过于陈旧,要么缺乏与区域经济相符合的素材,而且缺少音频或视频,也没有配套的教师用书,口译对话练习并不是英汉穿插而是全英或全中文,并不适合用来做翻译练习。基于以上现状,教材改革势在必行。首先,在难度上,要贴近高职学生的能力水平,“重信息传递、淡化翻译技巧”(曾昭涛,2009)。传统的翻译教材对翻译史、翻译理论和技巧有较为详尽的阐述,但这往往对注重实用和实践操作的高职生缺乏吸引力,因此应该淡化,转而关注高职翻译的核心交际功能,即“信息传递”,不苛求翻译技巧的处理。其次,在内容上,应该对接 职场 ,摒弃政府 报告 、外交辞令、大型会议翻译的题材,选取与学生就业岗位需要相吻合的口、笔译素材,体现当地区域经济特点,融入当地特色行业元素。以东莞为例,作为广东三大展览基地之一,该城市每年举办各种展会30多个,因此将会展口译纳入高职翻译教材很有必要。东莞还有明显的特色经济,已形成电子信息、电气机械、纺织服装、家具、玩具、造纸及纸制品、食品饮料、化工等八大支柱产业,所以翻译内容也要考虑选取与这些行业相关的文本,以体现翻译教材的行业性。再次,在章节编排上,不宜把主题安排得过于广泛,应遵循典型翻译工作任务流程,把翻译课程项目化、模块化,这样既符合高职“工学结合”的教育内涵,又体现高职教材的特色。教材改革的重担落在高职院校一线任课教师身上,教师可以在原教材的基础上,有所取舍,再扩展补充与区域经济、特色行业相关的内容,也可重新编写出符合学生学情又满足就业需求的教材。教材的改革需要教师积极到企业单位进行调研和实践,了解实际翻译情境需要,收集具体岗位工作可能接触到的语言素材,编写真正实用的课本,更好地服务于教学。
4教学模式改革
由于高职翻译课的老师多为科班出身,上课容易落入本科翻译教学的俗套,即采取老师讲授、学生练习、老师点评的方式,课程模式比较僵化,学生没有真正参与到知识构建中来,同时脱离了真实的商务翻译情景,学生学习兴趣低,容易产生倦怠情绪,自然难以取得理想的教学效果。根据高职学生的学情和人才培养目标,商务翻译课程应以典型翻译工作流程来设计教学环节,真正将职业能力的培养和岗位需求结合起来。例如,以会展陪同翻译这一模块为例,可安排以下仿真商务活动流程:国际名家具(东莞)展览会与外宾初次接触——参观家具厂、了解产品——商务合作洽谈——合同签订——庆功宴会——机场送行。实践教学中可穿插项目化教学法、模拟情景教学、角色扮演和合作学习法等,各种 方法 各有侧重、相互渗透、灵活多变,从“以教师为中心”转为“以学生为中心”,从注重“理论教学”转为“实践教学”,从“被动学习”转为“主动学习”,真正凸显高职教育特色。此外,还应加强语音室和口译实训室的建设,设立校企合作实训基地,做到教学、实践、服务一体化,为学生提供真实的职业氛围,让翻译教学更贴近实际、贴近市场、贴近岗位。
5结语
社会和市场对翻译人才的需要是多层次、多元化的,既需要能担当国际会议的同声传译,更需要能胜任企业基层工作、懂商务又懂英语翻译的人才。高职英语专业的商务翻译课应该走出自己的特点,积极探索具有高职特色的翻译教学改革,采用切实的定位、合适的教材和有效的 教学方法 ,才能优化翻译教学,培养出优秀的高职高专实用性、复合型翻译人才,服务于社会各行各业。
参考文献
[1]江晗.高职翻译课程设置与教学内容改革研究[J].顺德职业技术学院学报,2010(4):53.
[2]教育部职业教育与成人教育司.高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)[M].北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2012:123.
[3]穆雷.建设完整的翻译教学体系[J].中国翻译,2008(1):43.
[4]姚嘉五.工具-公文-公式:高职应用翻译专业的定位[J].中国科技翻译,2012(3):55.
[5]曾昭涛.论高职应用翻译理论[J].上海翻译,2009(1):50.
英语翻译方向论文范文二:高校英语翻译中西方 文化 论文
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以__为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译方向论文相关 文章 :
1. 外语翻译论文
2. 毕业论文用英语怎么说
3. 关于学术论文中文摘要英语翻译的思考论文
4. 英语论文
5. 文化对影片翻译的影响--外语翻译论文
6. 科技英语的语言特点及文体翻译
建议使用纽马克翻译理论。纽马克在《论翻译》(About Translation)一书,提出全新概念“翻译关联法”。还要读读《翻译短评》(Paragraphs on Translation)和《翻译短评(第二集)》(More paragraphs on Translation)。
问题一:英语基本翻译理论有哪些?急~~~~高分 美国奈大的功能对等理论。Nida's funtional equivalence. Newmark纽马克 semantic transaltion and municative tranlation.第一种侧重于文字意思的翻译。第二种则侧重交际意图的传达。the first focus on literal second focus on delivering the municative intention to target audience 标准古有‘信达雅’faithfulness,expressiveness, elegance. 忠实、通顺 faithfulness and *** oothfulness 方法归化domestication异化foreinization 加译addition,减译delection,直译literal translation,意译free translation 问题二:翻译有哪些理论 翻译理论,即在翻译过程中所涉及的理论,其中有的理论是可以直接描述并且可以通过训练习得,而有的理论只能停留在理论层面。 著名的翻译理论有: 严复的“信 达 雅” 克里斯蒂娜・诺德的“功能翻译理论(functionali *** )” 尤金・奈达的“功能对等理论(functional equivalence)” 克特福德“语言学观” 巴斯奈特“文化转向说” 傅雷的“传神”――针对文学翻译 现代常见的“忠实、通顺”等著名的翻译理论。 口译最有影响的三大理论是: 1.释意理论。就是提出三角形翻译过程的假设,认为翻译对象应该是源语信息的意义而不是语言外壳。 2.认知负荷模型理论。这个有很强操作性。 3.思维适应控制模式理论。任何熟练行为都要求将陈述性知识(declarative knowledge)转化为程序性知识(procedural knowledge) 问题三:纽马克的翻译理论主要是什么 彼得?纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。纽马克在分析和总结各家各派的翻译思想的基础上,将文体论、话语分析、符号学、格语法的理论、功能语法和跨文化交际理论应用于翻译理论和研究,对于翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译语言学以及翻译技巧都进行了精辟的论述。纽马克翻译理论的核心是语义翻译和交际翻译,这也是其翻译理论中最主要、最有特色的组成部分。他的代表作包括《翻译问题探索》(Approaches to Translation, 1981) 、《翻译教程》(A Textbook of Translation, 1988)、《翻译论》(About Translation, 1991)和《翻译短评》(Paragraphs on Translation, 1993)。在《翻译问题探索》一书中,纽马克提出,针对不同的文本类型应当采用不同的翻译方法――语义翻译(semantic translation) 或交际翻译(municative translation)。根据不同的内容和文体,他将文本分为抒发功能(expressive function)、信息功能(informative function)、呼唤功能(vocative function)、审美功能(aesthetic function)、应酬功能(phatic function)和元语言功能(metalingual function)。20世纪90年代他又提出“关联翻译法”,这标志着他的翻译理论渐趋系统。下面本文将就纽马克的主要译论观点进行初步解读,以求对纽马克的翻译理论做更深层次的理解,并将相关翻译标准应用到英汉、汉英翻译中去。 一.语言功能与文本类型 纽马克认为,翻译活动即是对文本的翻译,研究翻译不能离开文本。在修正布勒(Buhler)、雅各布森(Jakobson)功能模式的语言理论基础上,根据不同的内容和文体,纽马克提出了一套自己的文本功能及其分类。他将文本分为以下六种: (一)表达功能(expressive function) 表达功能的核心是讲话人、作者。语言表达功能的核心在于讲话人或作者运用这些话语表情达意,不去考虑读者的反应。纽马克认为,从翻译的目的看,典型的表达型文本有:1、严肃的文学作品,包括抒情诗、短篇小说、长篇小说、戏剧等;2、权威性言论,主要有政治人物的政治演说及文件等,法律法规文献,公认的权威人物撰写的科学、哲学和学术著作。这些文本的权威性来自其作者的地位或可靠性以及他们的语言能力。虽然这样的文本大多不具有言外之意,但往往带有其作者个人特征的印记;3、自传、散文及个人信函。当这些文本是作者个人情感的一种宣泄,当读者背景模糊时,便属于表达型文本。 在翻译表达型文本时,要遵循作者第一的原则。以原作者为核心,既要忠实原作者表达的思想内容,又要忠实原作者的语言风格。在这类文本的翻译中,译者不仅不容许对原文进行修饰和修正,而且必须尽可能以词、短语和分句作为基本翻译单位。 (二)信息功能(informative function) 语言信息功能的核心是外在的语境、话题的事实或语言之外的因素等。典型的信息型文本涉及百科知识,其形式往往非常标准化,如教材、技术报告、报纸或杂志文章、学术论文、备忘录或会议记录等。信息型文本由于强调真实性,通常用不带个人特色的现代语言写成。因此,在翻译信息型文本时,应遵循真实性第一的原则。译者在语言应用上,可以不以原作为标准,而以读者的语言层次为标准......>> 问题四:翻译理论有哪些 bury; to spend, perhaps, her last months 问题五:翻译理论都有哪些? 翻译理论的方法论 我们用修辞功能等值的原则来看待翻译和翻译研究,自然有正确理解原文、翻译表达的一整套与此相应的方法论。这是功能翻译理论最突出的地方。由於功能翻译公司已经有了比较完整的体系,因此本文只能概括一些基本的、主要的方法加以研究。 1、概念段的主题认知法 首先,把原文文本划分成概念段,研究概念段的主题思想,找出连接标志,抓住概念段的因果链(《科技英语修辞》),把握语言的功能取向和对概念段整体内容的正确理解。 2、功能分类法 根据功能分类语言学(Functional Typological Linguistics)把英语分五大类修辞功能:描述功能、陈述功能、定义功能、分类功能和指令功能,每大类功能又划分出若干小功能,然后与汉语进行分类功能对比研究,探索译的规律。例如,英语陈述功能(陈述部分)总是放在句首,而汉语则置於句末。 3、图式研究法 根据图式理论,研究和比较原语和目标语的各种结构的认知图式(cognitive schema),例如,英语的SVO句、SvoO句、SVOC句和被动句等各种句子的结构图式。与目标语的结构图式比较,研究发现它们的翻译规律和方法。 这两句的结构完全是一样,只有动词的语义不同,而第一句是符合逻辑的,是正确的,第二句不符合逻辑,因而不正确。从这种SVOC结构的认知图式看,主语总是表示原因的,OC表示结果,V主要起连接作用,使之构成符合语法的句子。Force是“逼迫”之义;既然policeman已经成“Mary to die”的原因,何需再加“逼迫”。根据认知图式理论,必须对结构的主语、谓语、宾语和补语等的内部结构和语义,加以具体分析,才能正确把握句子的功能。 4、积木切分法 形象地说,语言是由积木块和子句构成(张梅岗,1994;William Croft,1998),运用语言就是摆弄“积木”,因子句一般而言离不开积木。积木包括名词、合成名词、名词性词组、名词化结构等。除了专有名词和具体名词,积木一般都有内部结构,而且,它们的内部结构都是句子。一个句子成分的表层,表示一个句子意义的深层内容,这对翻译来说是有重要意义的,因翻译的基本任务就是译出事物内在要素的总和,即内在意义。 5、事件切分法 语言是由事件构成的因果网络,根据翻译的基本规律和语义原则,必须把事件从因果网络中切分出来,使之概念化。切分的基本方法是研究事件的内部结构,即时间结构和因果结构。必须分析事件的参与者以及参与者之间相互的因果作用。 翻译理论的基础认知 近年来,翻译公司对功能翻译理论的基础理论进行了研究,认:功能翻译理论建立在现代语言学(认知语言学、功能分类语言学、比较语言学)和逻辑思维学的基础上。理论,是指系统化了的理性认识,某个知识领域Y的概念、原理和方法成体系。它是在实践的反复过程中形成,随实践而发展。功能翻译理论是以修辞功能等值基础的方法论体系,在翻译实践上有较强的实用性和可操作性。 功能翻译理论的认知什是功能?“功能就是意义”)。意义是什呢?根据系统语义学观点和概念语义学,意义就是命题的内容。词表达最基础的概念,词构成子句,子句表示命题。命题的 *** ,构成了话语,成因果链。由此可见,功能就是命题的内容,就是意义,就是修辞生的目的;命题是形式,是手段。换句话说,功能是命题手段所生的结果或达到的目的。功能是由形式来体现的,“形式指事物内在要素的结构和组织”。 “内容指事物内在要素的总和”,“是事物内在要素的全部意义”论述了翻译等值的概念,认理想的译文应该完整地表达原文的交际值翻译,做到这七个方面的等值,就是理想的译文。意义上等值的翻译......>> 问题六:翻译理论 有哪些 翻译理论的方法论 我们用修辞功能等值的原则来看待翻译和翻译研究,自然有正确理解原文、翻译表达的一整套与此相应的方法论。这是功能翻译理论最突出的地方。由於功能翻译公司已经有了比较完整的体系,因此本文只能概括一些基本的、主要的方法加以研究。 1、概念段的主题认知法 首先,把原文文本划分成概念段,研究概念段的主题思想,找出连接标志,抓住概念段的因果链(《科技英语修辞》),把握语言的功能取向和对概念段整体内容的正确理解。 2、功能分类法 根据功能分类语言学(Functional Typological Linguistics)把英语分五大类修辞功能:描述功能、陈述功能、定义功能、分类功能和指令功能,每大类功能又划分出若干小功能,然后与汉语进行分类功能对比研究,探索译的规律。例如,英语陈述功能(陈述部分)总是放在句首,而汉语则置於句末。 3、图式研究法 根据图式理论,研究和比较原语和目标语的各种结构的认知图式(cognitive schema),例如,英语的SVO句、SvoO句、SVOC句和被动句等各种句子的结构图式。与目标语的结构图式比较,研究发现它们的翻译规律和方法。 这两句的结构完全是一样,只有动词的语义不同,而第一句是符合逻辑的,是正确的,第二句不符合逻辑,因而不正确。从这种SVOC结构的认知图式看,主语总是表示原因的,OC表示结果,V主要起连接作用,使之构成符合语法的句子。Force是“逼迫”之义;既然policeman已经成“Mary to die”的原因,何需再加“逼迫”。根据认知图式理论,必须对结构的主语、谓语、宾语和补语等的内部结构和语义,加以具体分析,才能正确把握句子的功能。 4、积木切分法 形象地说,语言是由积木块和子句构成(张梅岗,1994;William Croft,1998),运用语言就是摆弄“积木”,因子句一般而言离不开积木。积木包括名词、合成名词、名词性词组、名词化结构等。除了专有名词和具体名词,积木一般都有内部结构,而且,它们的内部结构都是句子。一个句子成分的表层,表示一个句子意义的深层内容,这对翻译来说是有重要意义的,因翻译的基本任务就是译出事物内在要素的总和,即内在意义。 5、事件切分法 语言是由事件构成的因果网络,根据翻译的基本规律和语义原则,必须把事件从因果网络中切分出来,使之概念化。切分的基本方法是研究事件的内部结构,即时间结构和因果结构。必须分析事件的参与者以及参与者之间相互的因果作用。 翻译理论的基础认知 近年来,翻译公司对功能翻译理论的基础理论进行了研究,认:功能翻译理论建立在现代语言学(认知语言学、功能分类语言学、比较语言学)和逻辑思维学的基础上。理论,是指系统化了的理性认识,某个知识领域Y的概念、原理和方法成体系。它是在实践的反复过程中形成,随实践而发展。功能翻译理论是以修辞功能等值基础的方法论体系,在翻译实践上有较强的实用性和可操作性。 功能翻译理论的认知什是功能?“功能就是意义”)。意义是什呢?根据系统语义学观点和概念语义学,意义就是命题的内容。词表达最基础的概念,词构成子句,子句表示命题。命题的 *** ,构成了话语,成因果链。由此可见,功能就是命题的内容,就是意义,就是修辞生的目的;命题是形式,是手段。换句话说,功能是命题手段所生的结果或达到的目的。功能是由形式来体现的,“形式指事物内在要素的结构和组织”。 “内容指事物内在要素的总和”,“是事物内在要素的全部意义”论述了翻译等值的概念,认理想的译文应该完整地表达原文的交际值翻译,做到这七个方面的等值,就是理想的译文。意义上等值的翻译......>> 问题七:英语翻译中翻译理论有哪些以及它的概念 第一语言与第二语言的用法习惯问题以及两者所代表的相关地区的文化因素。心理因素,翻译对象因素等等。 问题八:解构主义翻译理论是什么? 解构主义翻译理论是在解构主义思潮的影响下产生的一种特殊的翻译理论。 解构学派翻译理论在译论研究中占有独特的地位。它强调消解传统的翻译忠实观,突出译者的中心地位,这些都给当代翻译研究开拓了新视野。一方面,以德里达为代表的解构主义学者在哲学层面对翻译问题的探讨研究,他们大多从语言的角度出发来研究哲学,把翻译视为研究和实践差异的场所,从而打破了结构主义模式译学的封闭性;另一方面,一批翻译理论家在解构主义思想影响下发展了新的翻译思想和观点,以解构主义的方法从政治、权力等角度探究翻译的问题和策略,反抗社会中存在的各种霸权,其中比较著名的学者有韦努蒂、罗宾逊、斯皮瓦克、尼南贾纳、西蒙等人。
功能翻译理论 功能翻译理论强调,翻译是一种特殊的交际形式,涉及三种文本:原语文本、译者的图式文本和译语文本。对于原语文本,最重要的是抓住作者的修辞功能正确理解原语的修辞功能,是产生理想的图式文本的关键。而正确把握原文的认知图式又是正确理解原文修辞功能的基础。理想的图式文本来自原文的认知图式,来自对原文作者的修辞意图的准确把握。在这个图式文本的基础上,产生怎样的译语文本,除了修辞功能等值之外,还应该考虑翻译的目的和读者对象。 解构主义解构主义及解构主义者就是打破现有的单元化的秩序。当然这秩序并不仅仅指社会秩序,除了包括既有的社会道德秩序、婚姻秩序、伦理道德规范之外,而且还包括个人意识上的秩序,比如创作习惯、接受习惯、思维习惯和人的内心较抽象的文化底蕴积淀形成的无意识的民族性格。反正是打破秩序然后再创造更为合理的秩序。傅雷也有自己的一些翻译理论1.选材的标准。傅雷在选择原文时,首先考虑的是选择具有时代精神,符合社会发展 趋势及读者需要的作品。2.理解、表达与读者。傅雷认为,要忠实读者必须忠实于原著。如何做到忠实原作主要应做到两点:第一,理解要“化为我有”。傅雷认为,首先要“事先熟读原著,不厌其烦,尤为要著。任何作品,不精读四、五遍决不动笔,是为译事基本法门。第一要求将原作(连同思想、感情、气氛、情调等等)化为我有,方能谈到译”。第二,表达要“传神达意”。傅雷曾说过:“领悟为一事,用中文表达为又一事。”如何做到“传神达意”应该做到以下三点:(1)进行中文写作。傅雷曾说过: “理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作。那么原文的意义与精神,译文的流畅与完整, 都可以兼筹并顾,不至于再有以辞害意,或以意害辞的弊病了。”。(2)务必反复修改。傅雷以“文章千古事,得失 寸心知”为座右铭,以极其严肃的态度从事文学翻译。他认为,“翻译工作 要做得好,必须一改再改三改四改”“文字工作总难一劳永逸,完美无疵 ”。(3)重视译文其它附件部分,诸如索引、后记、注解和译文序等对于“传神达意”不可忽视的辅助作用,以便读者更好地理解原文的内容和形式。4.美学观——“神”与“形”的和谐(1)“重神似不重形似”。“翻译应像临画一样,所求的不在形似,而在神似。”采用移花接木的方式,将中国古典美学运用于翻译理论,借助绘画和诗文领域里的“形神论”来探讨文学翻译的艺术问题。傅雷说过:“要求传神达意,铢两悉称,自非死抓住字典,按照原文句法拼凑堆砌所 能济事。”“意在强调神似,不是说可以置形式不顾, 更不是主张不要形式。”,“神 ”依附于“形”,而“形”是“神”的外壳,“形”与“神”是一个和谐的整体,“形 ”与“神”的轻与重,是无法用二五分或三七开来衡量的。(2) “神”与“形”的和谐源于译者的再创造。傅雷曾指出:“译书的标准应该是这样,假设原作者是精通中国语文的, 译本就是他使用中文完成的创作。”傅雷还提倡,再创造的“译文必须为纯粹之中文,无生硬拗口之病”“纯粹之中文”就是中国规范语文。但当时新文化所推崇的白话文仍处于有待完善的阶段, 跟“外国语文,在丰富、变化上面差得太远”,“只能达意,不能传情” 不足以表达原文的内容和形式。为了再现原作生动的内容、时空的差异和语境的不同, 傅雷认为,“非杂糅各地方言不可”,不妨使用“旧小说套语”和“文言”,关键在于 “如何调和,使风格不致破碎”。傅雷创造性地采取了在白话文中加入方言 、行话、文言和“旧小说套语”等办法来转达原文的风格和“神韵”,使之“水乳 交融,语言流畅”。(3)“神似”与“形似”和谐体现中西美学之精髓。:“ 任何艺术品都有一部分含蓄的东西,在文学上叫做言有尽而意无穷,西方人所谓的between lines(弦外之音)。作者不可能把心中的感受写尽,他给人的启示往往有些还出乎 他自己的意料之外。””。“神似”与“形似 ”的和谐的实质在于,既表达出语言的“确定点”——“显形”,又表达出语言的“未定点”——“隐形”,使之既传神又达意。
翻译理论基于文章出发。
翻译
付出与收获 Hard Work and Income
I always hear about my friends’ complaining, they say their income is such low that they can’t not make ends meet. At first, I would pity for them, but in the long run, I find their work is so easy, they just sit in the office from 9 am to 5 pm, they even don’t need to go out for business. While I see another friend, he works so hard, his working hour is very unstable, sometimes he even works until 9 pm. The fact is that he earns the most between my friends. It is true that no pain, no gain, if people want more, they need to pay out more. Comparing to be envy about other people’s great income, we’d better to work hard to realize what we want. There is not short-cut for people to get successful, working hard is the only way.
我总是听到朋友们的抱怨,他们说收入太少了,以至于无法收支平衡。刚开始,我会为他们感到遗憾,但是长期下来,我发现他们的工作很轻松,他们在办公室里朝九晚五地坐着,甚至不需要外出跑业务。然而我看到了另外一个朋友,他很努力工作,工作时间不稳定,有时候甚至于工作到晚上九点。事实上,他是我朋友之中赚得最多的。没有付出,就没有收获, 确实如此,如果人们想要更多,需要付出更多。与其羡慕别人的高收入,不如努力工作来实现我们想要的。成功没有捷径,努力工作是唯一的方法。
审美标准 The Standard of Beauty
It has been admitted that beautiful outlook can bring people a lot of attention, the beautiful person always win the chances to be successful. But what is the standard of a beauty, different times have different standard. In our parents’ generation, it was believed that a girl should be a little fatter, because it meant that she lived the better life, while the thin girl would be thought to be lacking of happiness. In today, the standard of beauty has changed, the most important standard of a beauty is to be thin, the thinner, the better. When we look at the commercial ads, all of the models are skinny, with the beautiful dress, they look so gorgeous. When I see my friends work so hard to lose weight, I feel worried about them. They don’t have to do it, the beauty’s standard will change any time. We should stay the way we are.
人们承认美丽的外表能给人们带来很多的吸引力,长得好看的人总是能赢得成功的机会。但是美丽的标准是什么呢,不同的时间有不同的标准。在我们父母那一代,人们认为女孩子应该胖点,因为那意味着她过得好,然而瘦的.女孩就会被认为缺少幸福。在今天,美丽的标准已经改变了,美丽的最重要标准就是瘦,越瘦越好。当我们看商业广告的时候,所有的模特都是很瘦的,加上华丽的服饰,他们看起来真美。看到我的朋友们那么努力的去减肥,我为他们担忧。他们可以不用减,美丽的标准会随时变。我们应该做自己。
国外学生不努力学习?Foreign Students Study Not Hard?
When people talk about the foreign education, they will be envious, because they think foreign students study in a very easy way, they don’t care much about study, they care about playing. When we take a look at our students, they need to put their minds on studying, they study so hard. The obvious difference makes people criticize our education. But the truth is that foreign students also need to study hard, when they go to college, they realize the pressure and start to focus their minds on study, for the purpose of making living. Foreign students play hard before they go to college. We only look at the foreign students before their campus life, so foreign students don’t play all the time.
当人们谈论国外的教育时,他们会很羡慕,因为他们认为国外的学生学习很轻松,无需放太多心思在学习上,国外学生只关心玩。当看看我们的学生时,他们需要全身心投入学习,很刻苦。明显的不同让人们批判我们的教育。但是事实上,国外的学生也需要努力学习,在他们上大学以后,意识到压力,开始投入学习,为了生存。国外学生在上大学前都爱玩。我们看外国学生只看他们大学前的生活,因此,外国学生并不总是在玩。
追求稳定还是创业 To Pursue Stability or Do Pioneering Work
When college students graduate, most of them will choose to join the civil servants exam or further study, these two choices become more and more popular, they have the common side, that is stability. The young people pay special attention to stability when they find a job, because in today’s society, the pressure is so heavy, they fear to lose job, working for the government is the best choice for them, they don’t have to worry about losing jobs. While they are so young, they should be energetic, they should do the pioneering work, they have nothing to lose, because they have nothing at the beginning. If the young people don’t dare to fight, they waste their youth, all their lives are insipid, when they are old, they look back on their youth, just nothing leaves. If the young people want to do pioneering work, just do it, take no hesitation.
当大学生毕业,很多人会选择参加公务员考试或者深造,这两个选择有一个共同点,那就是稳定。年轻人在找工作的时候很注重稳定,因为在今天的社会,压力是很大的,他们害怕失去工作,为政府工作对于他们来说是最好的选择,不用担心丢掉工作。然而他们是那么的年轻,应该充满活力,应该去创业,他们没有什么输不起,因为他们刚开始本来就一无所有。如果年轻人都害怕奋斗,浪费了青春,他们的一生都平淡无奇,当他们老了,回望青春,发现什么也没留下。如果年轻人想要创业,那就去吧,不要犹豫。
第一次上讲台 The First to Stand In Front of the Platform
I still remember the first time to stand in front of the platform, it was two years ago, I was arranged by my headmaster to get my internship, I would go to the countryside to be a teacher. When I arrived at the school, at first, I did not get used to the environment, but after a week, I got used to it. I was asked to teach the students English, I felt so never that night, I worried the students wouldn’t listen to me. In the morning, I had to start my class, my feet seemed to hard to move on. When I went to the platform, all the students looked at me, I was so nervous, then I introduced myself, as I went further in the class, I found myself felt much more ease, the students cooperate with me, I felt more and more confident. I learned so much from my first time to stand in front of the platform.
我仍然记得我第一次站在讲台上的情形,那是两年前,我被班主任安排实习,我要去乡村当教师。当我到达学校的时候,刚开始,我不适应那里的环境,但是一周后,我适应了。我要教学生英语,那晚,我感到很紧张,我害怕学生不听我的话。早上,我不得不开始我的课,我的脚似乎很难移动。当我走到讲台上,所有的学生都看着我,我觉得很紧张,然后我开始介绍自己,随着在课堂上展开课,我发现我不那么紧张了,学生也配合我,我感到越来越自信。我在第一次上讲台上学到了很多。
让梦想成真Make It Be
Don’t allow your troubles to get the best of you. Instead, allow those troubles to make the best of you.
不要被烦恼击败,相反,要让这些烦恼磨练出更优秀的你
Don’t tire yourself out fighting against the challenges. Instead, find new energy by embracing1 those challenges and working through them to create real value.
不要因与挑战作斗争而身心疲惫,相反,要在接受挑战、战胜挑战的过程中找到活力去创造真正的价值。
Always remind yourself that discour-agement is nothing more than a response you’ve chosen. When you find that you’ve chosen to let it be, you can just as surely choose to let it go.
时常提醒自己,气馁只不过是你自己的选择。当你发现是你选择了气馁,你当然也可以选择不这样。
Replace discouragement with determin-ation. It is your life’s energy, and you can point it in whatever direction you choose. Your most powerful response is not based only on what has already happened. Your most powerful response also takes into account what you wish to make happen next.
用决心消除气馁,这就是你生命的活力,是放之四海而皆准的。你最有力的反应不仅仅受所发生的事情的影响,而且与你期待发生的事情有一定关联。
Look forward, and envision in great detail the future you desire. Then gather all your energy, and step forward to make it be.
向前看,详尽地展望你所期盼的未来。然后集中你所有的精力,努力前进,让梦想成真
梦想,你心中永远的激情Dream,A Pas
英语励志短文带翻译:It’s December, so most of the year is now behind us. But there’s a new year coming up, which will give us time to live, to love, to give, and to make our dreams come true.
已经是十二月了,一年就快过完了。但新的一年即将到来,我们将会有更多的时间去生活,去爱,去付出,去实现我们的梦想。
Everyone in this world has a dream: a passion, a vision in their life that pulls them and urges them to move forward in life. You, my friend have this vision with-in you. It "whispers" to you sometimes, but in some cases, it cries out. It cries out to be listened to and acted upon because this vision comes from your soul.
在这世界上,每个人都怀有自己的梦想:对生活的激情和梦想促使人们不断前进。朋友,你内心也怀有这样一种梦想,它有时会对你低语,但有时候,它也会大叫出来,这样你就会听见,并将其付诸于实践,因为这梦想来自你的灵魂深处。
Within this "Inner Vision" there lies the magic of living your life with passion, fulfillment and purpose. This means being true to who you really are —and living your life on purpose with all the passion and energy you are capable of living.
在这心灵深处的梦想中隐藏着一种魔力,它会促使你满怀激情地去生活,去实现自我,去追求生活的目标。这意味着你将会实现真正的自我——充满激情与活力地去过一种你能拥有的、有目标的生活。
When you live from your inner passions, you’ll never have to seek agreement from others —you’ll be the master of your own destiny. More importantly, you’ll feel whole, connected and inspired.
当你怀着满腔激情去生活时,你永远不必寻求他人的认同,你将成为自己命运的主宰。更为重要的是,你会感觉到一个完整、不孤独、有激情的自我。
Find your inner fire, your sense of purpose; this fire will help you harness strengths you’re not even aware you have. Be connected with your inner passion and live that passion daily.
寻找你内心深处的火花——生活的目标;这火花会让你拥有你自己从未意识到的强大力量。拥抱你内心深处的激情,满怀激情地去迎接每天的生活吧!
多看一些励志的文章可以激发我们的正能量,下面是我整理的英语励志性文章(带翻译),希望对你有帮助。
Enjoy that uniquenesss1. You do not have to pretend in order to seem more like someone else. You do not have to lie to hide the parts of you that are not like what you see in anyone else.
You were meant to be different. Nowhere, in all of history, will the same things be going on in anyone’s mind, soul and spirit as are going on in yours right now.
If you did not exist, there would be a hole in creation, a gap2 in history, and something missing from the plan for humankind. Treasure your uniqueness. It is a gift given only to you. Enjoy it and share it!
No one can reach out to others in the same way that you can. No one can speak your words. No one can convey your meanings. No one can comfort others with your kind of comfort. No one can bring your kind of understanding to another person. No one can be cheerful and light-hearted3 and joyous4 in your way. No one can smile your smile. No one else can bring the whole unique impact of you to another human being.
Share your uniqueness. Let it flow out freely among your family and friends, and the people you meet in the rush and clutter of living, wherever you are. That gift of yourself was given to you to enjoy and share. Give yourself away!
See it! Receive it!
Let it inform you, move you and inspire you!
You are unique!
翻译:你是独一无二的
请欣赏你自己的独特吧!你不用伪装自己以使你看起来和别人一样,也无需掩藏你在别人看来所具有的独特性。
你生来与众不同。现在你所拥有的思想,灵魂,精神是任何时刻、任何地点的其他人都不曾拥有的。
如果你不存在了,那么上帝的作品中就有了一个缺憾,历史也不再完整,人类发展也有了缺失。
珍惜你所拥有的独特性。这是上天给你的礼物,请欣赏并学会分享它。
没有人能像你一样乐于帮助别人。没有人能像你一样表达自己。也没人能够表达你想传达的意思。没有人能用你所特有的方式来安慰别人。也没有人能够像你一样善解人意。没有人能像你一样感受快乐、无忧无虑,也没有人能像你一样微笑。总而言之,没有人能够把你的特性展示给其他人。
分享你的独特性吧!尽情地将你的独一无二展示给其他人,英语短文不管是你的亲人和朋友还是你在纷繁复杂的生活中所遇到的路人。请欣赏并分享上帝给你的这份独特的礼物吧。释放你自己!
感知它并且接受它!
听从你的`独特性,让它影响你、感动你并且激励你前进!
你是独一无二的!
When someone looks into your eyes they should see something alive within you. Having a dream is like owning a lighthouse1 which directs you on your journey.
At every turn we come across its mystery. At each new level we become more of the person we were meant to become. In lonely times, when we pass through a storm of disappointment, we find our faith is unshaken, our strength still strong.
Believe in your faith. Set the vision before your eyes. Write down your most sincere dreams and when the opportunity comes, step into your dream. It may take one season or more, but the result is the same. Make big dreams and then go out and make them realities. The highest hopes of the dreamer are revealed with every step taken in their journey to the impossible. For a season we must protect the dream so that it can grow quietly on the inside. But if we tenderly care for our deepest expectations, slowly but surely the dream will become new life.
Dreaming is an act of faith. The light of your expectations will cast off the shadows of a disbelieving world. God has given us the dreamer as a gift to light an unbelieving world.
Find your treasure within and cherish2 it. Tomorrow is waiting for you to take the first step.
翻译:梦想的力量
别人看你的眼睛时,他应当体会到你内心的活力。怀揣梦想就像是拥有一座引领你前行的灯塔。
每个转折关头,它给我们带来奇迹。每个新的起点,我们脱胎换骨,焕然一新。孤独中我们挺过失望的阴霾,发现我们的信念不曾动摇,我们的力量依然强大。
秉持信念,期盼未来。许下你最真诚的梦想,一旦机会来临,就为之拼搏。也许要花一季甚或更多的时间,但结局不会改变。立大志,倾全力,成现实。前途未卜,唯有一步一个脚印,梦想者的至高希冀才会实现。我们必须珍存梦想,给它一季的保护,让它在内心悄然生发。然而我们还得温柔呵护我们内心至深的期许,慢慢地梦想必将成就新的生命。
梦想是实现信仰的第一步。你的期待熠熠光辉,它会驱逐不信的阴影。上帝赋予我们梦想的天资,去点亮不曾确信的世界。让梦想的财富寄于心中,珍爱它,明天正等着你跨出第一步。
People often wonder why historians go to so much trouble to preserve millions of books, documents and records.
Why do we have libraries? What good are these documents and history books? Why do we record and save the actions of men, the negotiations1 of government officials and the events during wars?
We do it because, sometimes, the voice of experience can cause us to stop, look and listen. Sometimes, past records, when understood in the right way, can help us decide what to do and what not to do. If we are ever to create lasting peace, we must seek its origins in human experience and in the records of human history.
From the stories of courage and devotion of men and women, we create the inspirations of youth. History records the suffering, the self-denial2, the devotion, and the heroic deeds of people in the past. These records can help us when we are confused and when we really need peace.
The main purpose of history is to create a better world. History gives a warning to those who promote war, and inspiration to those who seek peace.
In short, history helps us learn. Yesterday’s records can keep us from repeating yesterday’s mistakes. And from the pieces of mosaic4 assembled5 by historians come the great murals6 which represent the progress of mankind.
翻译:一个更好的明天
人们常常心存疑虑,为什么历史学家要费尽周折地保存数以万计的书籍、文献和记录。
我们为什么要有图书馆呢?这些文献和史书有何用处呢? 我们为什么要记载并保存人类的行为、政府官员的谈判和战争中的事件呢?
我们这么做的原因在于有时候经验之音能促使我们停步、观察和倾听。也因为有时候过去的记载经过正确地诠释,能帮助我们决定何事可为、何事不可为。如果我们想要创造永久的和平,我们就必须从人类的经验以及人类历史的记载中去探索其渊源。
从体现男性和女性勇敢和奉献精神的故事之中,我们获得了青春的启示。英语短文历史记载着人类的一切苦难、克己、忠诚和英勇的事迹。这些记载在我们困惑和渴望和平时能对我们有所帮助。
历史的主要目的是创造一个更加美好的世界。历史对那些力主战争的人给以警告,给予那些寻求和平的人以启示。
简而言之,历史帮助我们学习。昨日的记载可以使我们避免重蹈覆辙。这些历史学家们创作的像马赛克一样色彩缤纷的历史片断汇聚成了代表人类进步的伟大壁画。
Keeping a Dream is an attitude toward life. With dreams, we can overcome different kinds of difficulties in life.
I usually get discouraged easily when I fail in an exam. My head teacher told me "nothing is difficult if you don't lose heart.". I followed his advice and began to work harder. It was his encouragement that pulled me through. As long as I keep trying, obstacles can become bridges to success.
Besides, it's important for us to protect our dream. Dreams always lead to happiness, and success. Only when we are in pursuit of a dream can we live in a constructive way, can we satisfy our parents and shoulder the future responsibility.
保持梦想是对生活的一种态度。有了梦想,我们才能克服生活中的各种困难。
当我考试不及格的时候,我通常很容易泄气。我的班主任告诉我:“如果你不灰心,没有什么是困难的。”我听从了他的建议,开始更加努力地工作。是他的鼓励使我渡过了难关。只要我不断努力,障碍就会变成通向成功的桥梁。
此外,保护我们的梦想对我们来说很重要。梦想总能带来幸福和成功。只有当我们在追求梦想的时候,我们才能以一种建设性的方式生活,我们才能满足我们的父母,承担未来的责任。
The ellipsis left by god, let life pursue the miracle of the next moment without hesitation. God makes a joke, and we all think of it as divine will, we forget ourselves, and faith is still there.
What victory can be compared with this victory? Which one of the wars in bonaparna, when the sunshine of the day of Austin, was the glory of this superhuman effort? The triumph that this heart has never gained? An unhappy man, poor, disabled, lonely, a man of pain, the world does not give him joy, but he creates joy for the world! He cast his misery into joy -- the joy of all the proverbs of the soul.
The pursuit of life is for better survival, the end of survival is for no regrets.
There is a moment when life is closed, so long as we still love life before we stop breathing, we still yearn for the future, we still look forward to it, and the peak of life is no longer distant.
The pursuit of true meaning is not what is held in the hand, but whether the heart is sunk by faith.
上帝留下的省略号,让生命义无反顾地追逐下一刻的奇迹。上帝开的一个玩笑,而我们都把它当成神圣的旨意,我们忘却了自己,而信仰仍在。
什么胜利可和这场胜利相比?波那帕脱的哪一场战争,奥斯丹列兹哪一天的阳光,曾经达到这种超人的努力的光荣?曾经获得这种心灵从未获得的凯旋?一个不幸的人,贫穷、残疾、孤独、由痛苦构造的人,世界不给他欢乐,他却创造了欢乐给予世界!他用他的苦难铸成欢乐——成为一切心灵箴言用痛苦换来的欢乐。
生命的追求是为了更好的生存,生存的终结是为了无悔。
生命终有阖上眼睛的一刻,只要在呼吸停止之前依旧热爱生命,依旧向往未来,依旧心怀期待,生命追求的巅峰便不再遥远。
真正意义上的追求并不是手中握住了什么,而在于心是否因信仰而变得沉甸。
英语作为世界上使用最广泛的语言之一,在交流和获得各种信息方面起着举足轻重的作用。下面是我带来的高中英语 文章 带翻译,欢迎阅读!
高中英语文章带翻译1
Helping the Remote Village 援助山村
A year ago, the famous astronaut received an invitation by airmail from a remote village. Intending to sniff some fresh air, he and his interpreter paid a fortnight visit there. It was a privilege for them to be there, but they were shocked by what they saw. The tracks were muddy. The river was drying up. Most villagers only possessed onebroom, a few tins and several jars and their rectangular grass huts with round angles were surrounded by weeds. Besides, their school had no roof and platform, and the students had no concept of clicking a computer at all. They were badly in need.
Soon, the astronaut made a generous voluntary donation to the village. There were textbooks for students, sewing machines for tailors and tractors for farmers. His distribution catalogue also included operating a clinic and a trunklibrary, as well as giving weekly lessons to teach relevant farming knowledge like how to dry out seeds or raise oxen. He himself not only helped do some paperwork but also purchased grills for boys to toast potatoes and combs for girls who were dying to get one. The other day, he heard from the villagers again inviting him to participate in the donationanniversary. For political and security reasons, he couldn’t adjust his outgoing arrangement-otherwise he would go. But his deeds were remembered forever.
一年前,那位著名的宇航员收到一份由一个偏远村庄通过航空邮件寄来的邀请。因为想要呼吸一下新鲜空气,他和翻译到那儿做了一次两周的访问。当地之行使他们倍感荣幸,但却震惊于所见所闻。泥泞的道路、河流干枯,大部分的村民拥有的财产只不过是一只扫帚、几个瓶瓶罐罐而已,圆角的矩形草屋四周长满了杂草,学校也没有屋顶和讲台,学生们更对点击操作电脑毫无概念。他们生活确实相当困难。
很快,宇航员就向村庄做了慷慨的自愿捐赠。捐赠品中有给学生的课本,给裁缝的缝纫机,还有给农民的 拖拉机 。捐赠金的分配目录中还包括一间诊所和一间书箱图书馆的运作,并有传授像怎么使种子干透,或者怎么养牛这种相关农业知识的每周课程。他自己不仅亲自帮助做一些文书工作,还给男孩子们购买了烤马铃薯的烤架、给渴望得到梳子的女孩子们买了梳子。前几天,他又收到了村民们邀请他参加捐赠周年会的来信。出于政治和安全原因,他无法调整外出时间安排,否则他就会去了。不过他所做的一切村民们都永远记得。
高中英语文章带翻译2
Immigrate to America 移民美国
Attracted by the boom in America, my nephew teamed up with a Korean to illegally cross the Bearing Strait in theArctic to America. To avoid the Customs’ punishment, they hid in a small ferry called the North Pole Seagull, sitting back to back without sleeping, showering and shaving for 3 days, and had no chance to mourn their lost luggage when landing. The hardship of this crossingwas apparent.
At first, he made a living by means of raising cattle and then was hired in aircraft industries. He lived in a Catholic district. Taking ina small percentage of Pakistani immigrants, the majority of the residents were from Italy and Denmark, who all kept up their customs and cultures. Different blocks here were distinctly marked out and indicated from the racial angle. It was unfair and needed reforming. But with nowhere else to go, my nephew lived on and managed to make a life for himself.
My nephew’s fortune came when he bravely helped a conductor brake a ream to stop it from slipping out of the rails. The man waselected vice chairman of the Socialist Party later. It occurred to my nephew that he could grasp this opportunity to ask for his help. The man who was thankful helped him apply to the civil authority for the right to live in America by inserting his brave deed into his documents. Unlike a great many other applicants, his application was approved by the Federal Justice Ministry. Before long, he started his own bakery and lived a better life.
因为受到美国繁荣的吸引,我的侄子与一名韩国人合作,从北极的白令海峡偷渡到美国。为了避开海关的惩处,他们躲在一艘叫“北极海鸥”的渡轮里,背靠背坐着,整整3天没有睡觉、洗澡和刮胡子,上岸的时候也没有机会心痛他们丢失的行李,这次横渡的艰辛是显而易见的。
起初,他借助 饲养 牲畜谋生,后来受雇于飞机制造工业。他住的地方是一个天主教区,除了包括一小部分(百分比)的巴基斯坦移民,大部分的居民都来自于意大利和丹麦,他们都保持着自己的风俗和 文化 ,使这里的街区都从种族的角度清楚地划出界线,明确标示。这很不公平,极需改革,但我的侄子没别的地方可去,只好继续居住下去,想法设法开始新的生活。
我侄子的好运在他勇敢地帮助一名列车员刹停一列电车以防止其滑出轨道时到来了。那个人后来被选为社会党的副主席,我侄子就想到应该抓住机会请求他的帮助。这个人充满感激,立即把我侄子的勇敢 事迹 插入到申请文件中,帮助我侄子向美国国内政权当局申请美国居住权。不像别的许多申请人,我侄子的申请很快被联邦司法部批准了。不久,他就开了自己的面包店,过上了稍好一点的生活。
高中英语文章带翻译3
Strange Patent Applications 奇怪的专利申请
I set about working in the current Patent Office after resigning from the court personnel. Competent and dynamic, I never feel passive while diving into the identifications of whether applications are valid and practical according to the new version of thecriteria.
从法院人事部辞职后,我开始在现在的专利局工作。我工作起来既称职又有活力,在投身于根据新版的申请标准鉴定专利申请,以防他们无效或不实用时,我从未感觉到消极没劲。
With the expectation of distinguishing their own importance, some people leave the beaten track and file strange products with usnow and then, for example, lantern that can be attached on your forehead, cubic walnuts, refrigerator made of straw and glue, perfumethat nobody can bear to smell, and so on.
为了显示与众不同,时不时就有人违反常规,向我们提交一些奇怪的产品申请,例如固定在前额的信号灯、立方体的胡桃、用稻草和胶水制作的冰箱、没人能受得了的香水等
Once, a man made a triangle helicopter out of stainless wires and string. He called us up and merrily claimed it was stable andconvenient to use, and never out of order. I asked him to hang on, but this innocent man just rang off and set out to fly from his courtyard. I dialed his number in the directory trying to ring him back, but never got through.
有一次,有个人用不锈钢丝和绳子制作了一架三角形的直升飞机。他致电给我们,高兴地声称其确实牢固,而且方便使用,从不发生故障。我请他稍等,但这个天真的人挂了电话就开始从院子里起飞。我拨打他在电话簿上的号码试图回电给他,却无法接通。
Merciful God blessing, an abrupt freezing rainfall made his powder wet. Luckily, the trouble was without any extension except that he crashed into a greengrocer’s making all the ripe fruits become messy jam. When people seized this crazy man with caution and sobered him by tapping his face, he complained about the bad weather instead of associating his failure with his unscientific design.
仁慈的上帝保佑,一场突然降临的冻雨打湿了他的火药,使他造成的麻烦没有扩大,只是撞入一间水果店,把所有成熟的水果都压成一塌糊涂的果酱。当人们小心地抓住这个失去理智的人,轻轻拍打他的脸使他清醒过来时,他还在抱怨糟糕的坏天气,却没有将他的失败与他不科学的设计联系起来。
高中英语文章带翻译4
A Sly Murder 一宗狡猾的谋杀案
When giving a lecture about the significance of punctuation, the academic professor was interrupted andarrested by the police for murdering his wife, a receptionist of a kindergarten. The police found some photos he deleted from their e-album showing that they used to have a gay life. But, fed up with her wrinkled face, he murdered her instead of divorcing her to avoid fortune division. He cut up a kind of seashell with a sharpened knife, and hammered it into powder on a skateboard, and made at most one gram, which was enough to accelerate one’s pulse until he or she dies. This kind of poison can date back to 10,000 BC when people rubbed it on spears to kill beasts. The professor mixed the poison with onion, watermelon and yogurt for his wife. Howling and scratching her chest, she felt dizzy and died soon.
那位学院的教授在发表关于标点符号重要意义的演讲时被警察打断了,他因谋杀自己的妻子——一位幼儿园的接待员——而被逮捕。警察找到了一些被他从电子相册里删除的照片,照片表明,他们曾经有过快乐的生活,但是,因为厌烦了妻子起皱的脸,他杀死她而不是和她离婚以避免离婚时的财产分割。他用一把磨利的小刀切碎一种贝壳,然后在滑板上锤打成粉末,最多1克就足以加速人的脉搏直到其死亡。这种毒药可以追溯到公元前10,000年,当时它就被涂抹在长予上杀死野兽。教授把这种毒药混合在洋葱、西瓜和酸奶里给他的妻子,后者叫喊、抓挠胸口、头晕目眩,很快就死了。
After tentative examination, the police assumed she died of heart disease. But systematic botanical analyses showed that the watermelon spit on the messy mat and the quilt was poisonous. Regardless of exhaustion and starvation, the acute and skilful policemen used radioactive equipment to make sure the category of the poison. Primitive and not ample as their alternative equipment was, they got perfect accuracy somehow.
在初步检查之后,警察设想她是死于心脏病。但是系统的植物学分析却表明,吐在凌乱的席子和被子上的西瓜有毒。敏锐而又技术娴熟的警察不顾疲劳和饥饿,用放射性的设备确定了毒素的种类。尽管可供选择的设备原始,且数量不足,他们还是设法取得了完美的准确度。
People applauded the police and the woman’s family can look ahead with relief now.
人们都为警察欢呼鼓掌,而那位女人的家人现在也可以带着欣慰为将来打算了。
欣赏优美的英语文章,提高阅读水平,增加单词词汇量。下面是我带来的带翻译的英语文章,欢迎阅读!
带翻译的英语文章一
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy –ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what- at last- I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flu. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
三种 *** -----罗素
三种 *** 虽然简单,却异常强烈,它们统治着我的生命,那便是:对爱的渴望,对知识的追求,以及对人类苦难的难以承受的同情。这三种 *** 像变化莫测的狂风任意地把我刮来刮去,把我刮入痛苦的深海,到了绝望的边缘。
我曾经寻找爱,首先是因为它能使我欣喜若狂——这种喜悦之情如此强烈,使我常常宁愿为这几个小时的愉悦而牺牲生命中的其他一切。我寻求爱,其次是因为爱能解除孤独——在这种可怕的孤独中,一颗颤抖的良心在世界的边缘,注视著下面冰凉、毫无生气、望不见底的深渊。我寻求爱还因为在爱的融合中,我能以某种神秘的影象看到曾被圣人和诗人想象过的天堂里未来的景象。这就是我所追求的东西,虽然这似乎对于人类的生命来说过于完美,但这确实是我最终发现的东西。 我怀着同样的 *** 去寻找知识,我曾渴望着理解人心,我曾渴望知道为何星星会闪烁,我还企图弄懂毕达哥拉斯所谓的用数字控制变化的力量,但在这方面,我只知道一点点。
爱的力量和知识的力量引我接近天堂,但同情之心往往又把我拉回大地。痛苦的哭泣回响、震荡在我的心中。饥饿的儿童,被压迫、受折磨的人们,成为儿孙们讨厌的包袱的、无助的老人们,充斥着整个世界的孤独的气氛,贫穷和苦难,所有这一切都是对人类生活原本该具有的样子所作的讽刺。我渴望消除一切邪恶,但我办不到,因为我自己也处于苦难之中。 这就是我的生活,我认为值得一过。而且,如果有第二次机会,我将乐意地再过一次。
带翻译的英语文章二
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.
无论是60岁还是16岁,你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底,有一座无线电台,它能在多长时间里接收到人间万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的资讯,你就会年轻多长时间。
An individual human existence should be like a river— *** all at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they bee merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
人的生命应当像河流,开始是涓涓细流,受两岸的限制而十分狭窄,尔后奔腾咆哮,翻过危巖,飞越瀑布,河面渐渐开阔,河岸也随之向两边隐去,最后水流平缓,森森无际,汇入大海之中,个人就这样毫无痛苦地消失了。
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of grows old merely by a number of grow old by deserting our ideals.
青春意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致,更主要的是不思进取的结果。
Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusia *** wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
光阴可以在颜面上留下印记,而热情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、缺乏自信会扭曲人的灵魂,并将青春化为灰烬。
付出与收获 Hard Work and Income
I always hear about my friends’ complaining, they say their income is such low that they can’t not make ends meet. At first, I would pity for them, but in the long run, I find their work is so easy, they just sit in the office from 9 am to 5 pm, they even don’t need to go out for business. While I see another friend, he works so hard, his working hour is very unstable, sometimes he even works until 9 pm. The fact is that he earns the most between my friends. It is true that no pain, no gain, if people want more, they need to pay out more. Comparing to be envy about other people’s great income, we’d better to work hard to realize what we want. There is not short-cut for people to get successful, working hard is the only way.
我总是听到朋友们的抱怨,他们说收入太少了,以至于无法收支平衡。刚开始,我会为他们感到遗憾,但是长期下来,我发现他们的工作很轻松,他们在办公室里朝九晚五地坐着,甚至不需要外出跑业务。然而我看到了另外一个朋友,他很努力工作,工作时间不稳定,有时候甚至于工作到晚上九点。事实上,他是我朋友之中赚得最多的。没有付出,就没有收获, 确实如此,如果人们想要更多,需要付出更多。与其羡慕别人的高收入,不如努力工作来实现我们想要的。成功没有捷径,努力工作是唯一的方法。
审美标准 The Standard of Beauty
It has been admitted that beautiful outlook can bring people a lot of attention, the beautiful person always win the chances to be successful. But what is the standard of a beauty, different times have different standard. In our parents’ generation, it was believed that a girl should be a little fatter, because it meant that she lived the better life, while the thin girl would be thought to be lacking of happiness. In today, the standard of beauty has changed, the most important standard of a beauty is to be thin, the thinner, the better. When we look at the commercial ads, all of the models are skinny, with the beautiful dress, they look so gorgeous. When I see my friends work so hard to lose weight, I feel worried about them. They don’t have to do it, the beauty’s standard will change any time. We should stay the way we are.
人们承认美丽的外表能给人们带来很多的吸引力,长得好看的人总是能赢得成功的机会。但是美丽的标准是什么呢,不同的时间有不同的标准。在我们父母那一代,人们认为女孩子应该胖点,因为那意味着她过得好,然而瘦的.女孩就会被认为缺少幸福。在今天,美丽的标准已经改变了,美丽的最重要标准就是瘦,越瘦越好。当我们看商业广告的时候,所有的模特都是很瘦的,加上华丽的服饰,他们看起来真美。看到我的朋友们那么努力的去减肥,我为他们担忧。他们可以不用减,美丽的标准会随时变。我们应该做自己。
国外学生不努力学习?Foreign Students Study Not Hard?
When people talk about the foreign education, they will be envious, because they think foreign students study in a very easy way, they don’t care much about study, they care about playing. When we take a look at our students, they need to put their minds on studying, they study so hard. The obvious difference makes people criticize our education. But the truth is that foreign students also need to study hard, when they go to college, they realize the pressure and start to focus their minds on study, for the purpose of making living. Foreign students play hard before they go to college. We only look at the foreign students before their campus life, so foreign students don’t play all the time.
当人们谈论国外的教育时,他们会很羡慕,因为他们认为国外的学生学习很轻松,无需放太多心思在学习上,国外学生只关心玩。当看看我们的学生时,他们需要全身心投入学习,很刻苦。明显的不同让人们批判我们的教育。但是事实上,国外的学生也需要努力学习,在他们上大学以后,意识到压力,开始投入学习,为了生存。国外学生在上大学前都爱玩。我们看外国学生只看他们大学前的生活,因此,外国学生并不总是在玩。
追求稳定还是创业 To Pursue Stability or Do Pioneering Work
When college students graduate, most of them will choose to join the civil servants exam or further study, these two choices become more and more popular, they have the common side, that is stability. The young people pay special attention to stability when they find a job, because in today’s society, the pressure is so heavy, they fear to lose job, working for the government is the best choice for them, they don’t have to worry about losing jobs. While they are so young, they should be energetic, they should do the pioneering work, they have nothing to lose, because they have nothing at the beginning. If the young people don’t dare to fight, they waste their youth, all their lives are insipid, when they are old, they look back on their youth, just nothing leaves. If the young people want to do pioneering work, just do it, take no hesitation.
当大学生毕业,很多人会选择参加公务员考试或者深造,这两个选择有一个共同点,那就是稳定。年轻人在找工作的时候很注重稳定,因为在今天的社会,压力是很大的,他们害怕失去工作,为政府工作对于他们来说是最好的选择,不用担心丢掉工作。然而他们是那么的年轻,应该充满活力,应该去创业,他们没有什么输不起,因为他们刚开始本来就一无所有。如果年轻人都害怕奋斗,浪费了青春,他们的一生都平淡无奇,当他们老了,回望青春,发现什么也没留下。如果年轻人想要创业,那就去吧,不要犹豫。
第一次上讲台 The First to Stand In Front of the Platform
I still remember the first time to stand in front of the platform, it was two years ago, I was arranged by my headmaster to get my internship, I would go to the countryside to be a teacher. When I arrived at the school, at first, I did not get used to the environment, but after a week, I got used to it. I was asked to teach the students English, I felt so never that night, I worried the students wouldn’t listen to me. In the morning, I had to start my class, my feet seemed to hard to move on. When I went to the platform, all the students looked at me, I was so nervous, then I introduced myself, as I went further in the class, I found myself felt much more ease, the students cooperate with me, I felt more and more confident. I learned so much from my first time to stand in front of the platform.
我仍然记得我第一次站在讲台上的情形,那是两年前,我被班主任安排实习,我要去乡村当教师。当我到达学校的时候,刚开始,我不适应那里的环境,但是一周后,我适应了。我要教学生英语,那晚,我感到很紧张,我害怕学生不听我的话。早上,我不得不开始我的课,我的脚似乎很难移动。当我走到讲台上,所有的学生都看着我,我觉得很紧张,然后我开始介绍自己,随着在课堂上展开课,我发现我不那么紧张了,学生也配合我,我感到越来越自信。我在第一次上讲台上学到了很多。
让梦想成真Make It Be
Don’t allow your troubles to get the best of you. Instead, allow those troubles to make the best of you.
不要被烦恼击败,相反,要让这些烦恼磨练出更优秀的你
Don’t tire yourself out fighting against the challenges. Instead, find new energy by embracing1 those challenges and working through them to create real value.
不要因与挑战作斗争而身心疲惫,相反,要在接受挑战、战胜挑战的过程中找到活力去创造真正的价值。
Always remind yourself that discour-agement is nothing more than a response you’ve chosen. When you find that you’ve chosen to let it be, you can just as surely choose to let it go.
时常提醒自己,气馁只不过是你自己的选择。当你发现是你选择了气馁,你当然也可以选择不这样。
Replace discouragement with determin-ation. It is your life’s energy, and you can point it in whatever direction you choose. Your most powerful response is not based only on what has already happened. Your most powerful response also takes into account what you wish to make happen next.
用决心消除气馁,这就是你生命的活力,是放之四海而皆准的。你最有力的反应不仅仅受所发生的事情的影响,而且与你期待发生的事情有一定关联。
Look forward, and envision in great detail the future you desire. Then gather all your energy, and step forward to make it be.
向前看,详尽地展望你所期盼的未来。然后集中你所有的精力,努力前进,让梦想成真
梦想,你心中永远的激情Dream,A Pas
英语励志短文带翻译:It’s December, so most of the year is now behind us. But there’s a new year coming up, which will give us time to live, to love, to give, and to make our dreams come true.
已经是十二月了,一年就快过完了。但新的一年即将到来,我们将会有更多的时间去生活,去爱,去付出,去实现我们的梦想。
Everyone in this world has a dream: a passion, a vision in their life that pulls them and urges them to move forward in life. You, my friend have this vision with-in you. It "whispers" to you sometimes, but in some cases, it cries out. It cries out to be listened to and acted upon because this vision comes from your soul.
在这世界上,每个人都怀有自己的梦想:对生活的激情和梦想促使人们不断前进。朋友,你内心也怀有这样一种梦想,它有时会对你低语,但有时候,它也会大叫出来,这样你就会听见,并将其付诸于实践,因为这梦想来自你的灵魂深处。
Within this "Inner Vision" there lies the magic of living your life with passion, fulfillment and purpose. This means being true to who you really are —and living your life on purpose with all the passion and energy you are capable of living.
在这心灵深处的梦想中隐藏着一种魔力,它会促使你满怀激情地去生活,去实现自我,去追求生活的目标。这意味着你将会实现真正的自我——充满激情与活力地去过一种你能拥有的、有目标的生活。
When you live from your inner passions, you’ll never have to seek agreement from others —you’ll be the master of your own destiny. More importantly, you’ll feel whole, connected and inspired.
当你怀着满腔激情去生活时,你永远不必寻求他人的认同,你将成为自己命运的主宰。更为重要的是,你会感觉到一个完整、不孤独、有激情的自我。
Find your inner fire, your sense of purpose; this fire will help you harness strengths you’re not even aware you have. Be connected with your inner passion and live that passion daily.
寻找你内心深处的火花——生活的目标;这火花会让你拥有你自己从未意识到的强大力量。拥抱你内心深处的激情,满怀激情地去迎接每天的生活吧!
在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译,欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the '.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策,受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典,已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效,已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年,瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会,由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”,但瑞典人一般管他叫“.”,即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见,并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出,司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作,每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言,他的信件是公开的,供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确,司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员,也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员,抱怨说他受到警察的虐待,原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长,请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实,警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是,当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时,他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载,司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责,并被告知,如果再有人投诉他,他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动,迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件,不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争,因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物,传播疾病,吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上,它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里,或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中,不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫,而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解,却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里,当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时,我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜,或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书,我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的,但去无法消除。同时,不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书,尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时,就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事,它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时,一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时,谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天,我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪,不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来,而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天,我发现树叶开始枯萎,结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击,蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验,这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁,却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上,不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘,蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里,我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠,不知所措。半夜,我还拿着电筒来到花园里,满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上,我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试,结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬,然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策,来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就,因为相对来说,行星很小,而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难,但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说,在我们的太阳系里,对于生命来说,金星的温度太高,而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件,而即使在这里,植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下,一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大,还要亮,还要热20倍,那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之,如果恒星很小,维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行,而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展,但是,我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在,没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘,尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星,我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗,这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星,并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物,而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中,细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民,我们总存有这样的希望:小绿人来 拜访 我们,而我们可以和他们交流。但是,这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命,那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”
google在线翻译 在百度中找即可
(爱词霸英语)这个翻译网站挺好。
不是论文翻译网站有哪些的话这个多的很啊比如说那个百度翻译它的里面的内容就非常舒服九零
谷歌翻译最好的没有之一。要不然就得人工翻译。
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