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暖通空调就很好了
《暖通空调》是本杂志，本专业的核心期刊，自己去随便下载几篇都是暖通行业相关的。 翻译借助百度翻译和自己那点水平，这小事儿还用求助..要原创的我可以提供
英文参考文献格式举例
参考文献是毕业论文的重要组成部分，对其进行统计分析，不仅有利于本科生的.教育和管理，而且能为图书馆文献保障和读者服务等工作提供一定的参考依据。下面是我整理的英文参考文献格式举例，希望大家重视。
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley，.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris，F.&.;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.【举例】
[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004，21(1)：56-58.[2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3]Heider，[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch，1999，(3):62–67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5]Gill，[M].London:Macmillan，1985:42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).【举例】
[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7]French，[N].AtlanticWeekly，198715(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】
[8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9]Spivak，G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress，1988，.
暖通空调杂志就可以的
建筑空调制冷系统施工中的管理摘要：如何就对随着科技的进步和人民生活水平的提高，人们对生活和生产环境的不断提高的同时，提高制冷系统的性能稳定，笔者就此提出了在施工阶段应注意的一些事项。关键词：空调制冷系统，施工，注意事项，管理要点制冷工程的施工质量好坏对制冷系统调试的成功与否关系极大。施工时支立管，干管甩口不准，支架托架失效，形成倒坡，导致窝风，影响水流循环，从而使水系统内部某些位置水温升高，甚至死水不畅，有时还产生水击声响，造成这些人为的施工缺陷后，调试时费时费力，甚至无法弥补，而改造不仅更麻烦，还会造成新的浪费。其次，在南方热带地区，空调系统的保温工艺问题是许多单位常年来十分头痛的问题，也是影响业主形象的大事。随着科技的进步和人民生活水平的提高，人们对生活和生产环境的要求也不断提高。空调系统作为智能建筑的重要组成部分，是楼宇自动化系统的主要监控对象，也是建筑智能化系统主要的管理内容之一。一、系统设计及其对调试效果的影响制冷工程的设计质量和施工质量对制冷效果影响极大，设计考虑不周，系统型式选择不当，设备部件本身的缺陷以及施工工序和施工质量的差异，施工材质和施工队伍的把关等都会给制冷系统初调和运行管理带来麻烦。制冷系统目前基本上都采用机械循环系统。这种系统的环路，支立管形成闭合的冷水循环管网。设计者应充分认识这一水力系统的特点，进行精心设计，应正确选择管网型式和系统划分，同时还必须把冷水流量按计算负载分到各用户，或各末端设备中去，这一点最为重要。设计时处理得好，系统运行时就容易调试；处理得不好，将成为系统水力平衡的先天性缺陷。与此同时，设计中还必须采取有效措施排除系统内的空气，否则也会造成冷热不均的现象。二、空调制冷系统在结构施工过程中应注意哪些空调专业负责现场施工的技术人员；要同空调专业设计，结构专业设计一起，根据设备生产厂家提供的技术资料，确定各种设备如制冷机组、各种水泵、冷却塔、膨胀水箱以及其他设备的基础处理方案，向工地的土建专业提供设备基础图，冷却塔要提供预埋件布置图，争取设备基础处理和土建结构同步施工。因制冷机组属大型设备，所以要根据土建专业的建筑和结构图纸，结合结构预留的设备吊装孔洞的位置，确定合理的大型没备运输通道的走向。以书面文字形式通知土建专业，在运输通道所经过路段的隔墙暂时不要砌筑。在垂直吊装子L洞上方的结构梁内。预留一个或几个能满足垂直运输大型设备的吊钩(要画图，并提出具体要求)。根据设备生产厂家和专业设计人员提供的资料，计算出大型设备在运输时，包括设备本身及垫木、滚杆需要占用的空间高度、宽度和长度。然后通知工地总包，由总包出面组织各安装专业的协调会。在运输通道内，凡是设备运输时所占用空间高度范围内的所有管道，包括给排水干管、电气专业的电缆桥架，采暖系统的干管，通风专业的各种风管、空调专业的干管以及其他专业的管道，都要做梯形翻弯处理，无压力的排水管道，要适当调整走向。躲开设备运输所占用的高度，所有管路的调整由土建总包确定方案，经过建设单位、工程监理和设计人员认可以后。各专业在管道安装时必须严格执行。需要说明的是管路的翻弯调整必须在施工前期处理好。如果要等到工程后朗，各专业管道通水或穿完电线以后再改动，困难很大。如果前朗不安装。等设备运输完成以后，再安装管道，就等于封堵了运输通道，这一方案也不可取，要考虑到日后设备的更换，设备通道的重复利用。结构施工期间，空调专业施工人员要按照专业施工图纸预留空调管道的楼板洞和过墙洞，一次结构施工完成以后，空调专业开始安装主立管和水平干管；如果条件具备，可分层分段分系统进行打压试水和保温，在立管井和吊顶内安装手动或电控阀门时，要考虑阀门的位置，手动开启的方向。要有一定的安装操作空间，要方便口后的维修和操作。三、项目经理如何重点把握管理工作要点了解设计意图、设计内容、建筑构造特点、设备技术性能、工艺流程及建设方的要求等。首先粗审图纸，搞清分部分项工程的数量和大致内容，诸如：风系统、水系统的工艺布局，建筑工程的形式、层数、楼梯和电梯的位置、数量、平面布局状况以及各层的层高，装修工程中墙、顶、地、门窗、击水排水的基本要求，防水工程情况等。细审图纸，掌握设计要求的尺寸。诸如风管各部断面尺寸及长度，水管管径及长度，制冷主机及制冷机房其他设备的相关尺寸；空调末端设备的规格、数量、安装部位及空调机房、新风机房的平面尺寸与高度等；还应了解各方面的技术要求、消防与电的具体布置及与土建工程的关系等；同时核对各专业图纸中所述相同部位、相同内容的统一性，掌握其是否存在矛盾和误差。结合设计情况、学习相应的标准图集、施工验收规范、质量验评标准和有关技术规定，在此基础上，形成项目经理自己对工程施工的总体印象和施工组织设想。这部分工作是创造性的，其中心是要考虑设计和规范要求是否可以得到施工方面的满足；自有的施工力量、施工队伍和技术、装备水平，是否及如何达到要求；设计要求与施工现实差距较大或施工操作困难的，在满足设计意图和质量要求的前提下，可否做出一向有利于施工组织、加快进度的变更；根据上述各项，施：正中应考虑采取哪些主要的技术、组织、供应、质量和安全措施。综合以上工作，对审查出的问题、不明的疑问及施工的合理化建议做出归纳总结，提交技术部门向业主和设计人员反映，尽量把问题解决在开工之前，为工程的施工组织提供尽可能准确、完整的依据。四、多于施工班组及相关人员交底及管理原则项目经理向施工班组及相关人员进行施工组织设计、计划和技术交底，目的是把拟建工程的设计内容、施工计划、进度、技术与质量标准、安全和消防要求等事项详尽地向施工人员说明，以保证严格地按照设计图纸、施工组织设计、安全操作规程和施工验收规范顺利进行施工。交底的主要内容有：计划交底，技术质量交底，定额交底，安全生产交底和各项管理制度交底。技术交底是指工程开工前，由各级技术负责人将有关工程施工的各项技术要求逐级向下贯彻，直到基层。其目的是使参与施工任务的技术人员和工人明确所担负工程任务的特点、技术要求、施工工艺等，做到心中有数，保证施工顺利进行。因此，技术交底是施工技术准备的必要环节。技术交底的注意事项：技术交底必须在该交底对应项目施工前进行，并应为施工留出足够的准备时间。技术交底不得后补；技术交底应以书面形式进行，并辅以口头讲解。交底人和被交底人应履行交接签字手续。技术交底及时归档；技术交底应根据施工过程的变化，及时补充新内容。施工方案、方法改变时也要及时进行重新交底；分包单位应负责其分包范围内技术交底资料的收集整理，并应在规定时间内向总包单位移交。总包单位负责对各分包单位技术交底工作进行监督检查。总结：在施工管理中要加强对施工单位的严格科学监理，认真控制每一工序，努力减少或消除施工缺陷。参考文献：[1]陈天豪.探讨空调制冷系统安装施工技术[J].城市建设与商业网站,2009,(27)[2]邵宗义.空调系统设计与施工解析[J].中国建设信息供热制冷，2008（04）[3]陈金鹏.空调制冷系统的施工及注意事项[J].制冷空调与电力机械，2009（03）[4]王淑敏.空调制冷系统设计与施工[J].暖通空调，2006（05）[5]周成愚.空调系统设计和施工中的几个问题[J].空调制冷系统设计与施工，2003（05）
[1]ASHRAEhandbook1991:Heating,ventilating,andair-conditioningapplications，AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirConditioningEngineers,c1991。[2]中国统计年鉴(1998)，中国统计出版社。[3]何雪冰，刘宪英，中央空调节能有关问题的研讨，99西南地区暖通制冷学术年会论文集。[4]彦启森主编，空气调节用制冷技术，中国建筑工业出版社，1981年7月第一版。[5]钱以明，高层建筑空调与节能，同济大学出版社，1990年2月第一版。[6]周谟仁主编，流体力学泵与风机，中国建筑工业出版社，1985年12月第二版。[7]陆耀庆主编，实用供热空调设计手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1993年6月第一版
《暖通空调》是本杂志，本专业的核心期刊，自己去随便下载几篇都是暖通行业相关的。 翻译借助百度翻译和自己那点水平，这小事儿还用求助..要原创的我可以提供
看大学教材吧 《建筑环境与设备工程专业英语》
在网上找本暖通英汉词典就行了吧
20分帮你手动翻译那么多东西。。。。。。这个是不可能的，没事做也不要这样自寻烦恼啊
testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transportAbstractThe environmental attractions of air-cycle refrigeration are considerable. Following a thermodynamic design analysis, an air-cycle demonstrator plant was constructed within the restricted physical envelope of an existing Thermo King SL200 trailer refrigeration unit. This unique plant operated satisfactorily, delivering sustainable cooling for refrigerated trailers using a completely natural and safe working fluid. The full load capacity of the air-cycle unit at −20 °C was 7,8 kW, 8% greater than the equivalent vapour-cycle unit, but the fuel consumption of the air-cycle plant was excessively high. However, at part load operation the disparity in fuel consumption dropped from approximately 200% to around 80%. The components used in the air-cycle demonstrator were not optimised and considerable potential exists for efficiency improvements, possibly to the point where the air-cycle system could rival the efficiency of the standard vapour-cycle system at part-load operation, which represents the biggest proportion of operating time for most : Air conditioner; Refrigerated transport; Thermodynamic cycle; Air; Centrifuge compressor; Turbine expander COP, NomenclaturePRCompressor or turbine pressure ratioTAHeat exchanger side A temperature (K)TBHeat exchanger side B temperature (K)TinletInlet temperature (K)ToutletOutlet temperature (K)ηcompCompressor isentropic efficiencyηturbTurbine isentropic efficiencyηheat exchangerHeat exchanger effectiveness1. IntroductionThe current legislative pressure on conventional refrigerants is well known. The reason why vapour-cycle refrigeration is preferred over air-cycle refrigeration is simply that in the great majority of cases vapour-cycle is the most energy efficient option. Consequently, as soon as alternative systems, such as non-HFC refrigerants or air-cycle systems are considered, the issue of increased energy consumption arises over legislation affecting HFC refrigerants and the desire to improve long-term system reliability led to the examination of the feasibility of an air-cycle system for refrigerated transport. With the support of Enterprise Ireland and Thermo King (Ireland), the authors undertook the design and construction of an air-cycle refrigeration demonstrator plant at LYIT and QUB. This was not the first time in recent years that air-cycle systems had been employed in transport. NormalAir Garrett developed and commercialised an air-cycle air conditioning pack that was fitted to high speed trains in Germany in the 90s. As part of an European funded programme, a range of applications for air-cycle refrigeration were investigated and several demonstrator plants were constructed. However, the authors are unaware of any other case where a self-contained air-cycle unit has been developed for the challenging application of trailer King decided that the demonstrator should be a trailer refrigeration unit, since those were the units with the largest refrigeration capacity but presented the greatest challenges with regard to physical packaging. Consequently, the main objective was to demonstrate that an air-cycle system could fit within the existing physical envelop and develop an equivalent level of cooling power to the existing vapour-cycle unit, but using only air as the working fluid. The salient performance specifications for the existing Thermo King SL200 vapour-cycle trailer refrigeration unit are listed .It was not the objective of the exercise to complete the design and development of a new refrigeration product that would be ready for manufacture. To limit the level of resources necessary, existing hardware was to be used where possible with the recognition that the efficiencies achieved would not be optimal. In practical terms, this meant using the chassis and panels for an existing SL200 unit along with the standard diesel engine and circulation fans. The turbomachinery used for compression and expansion was adapted from commercial . Thermodynamic modelling and design of the demonstrator plantThe thermodynamics of the air-cycle (or the reverse ‘Joule cycle’) are adequately presented in most thermodynamic textbooks and will not be repeated here. For anything other than the smallest flow rates, the most efficient machines available for the necessary compression and expansion processes are turbomachines. Considerations for the selection of turbomachinery for air-cycle refrigeration systems have been presented and discussed by Spence et al. [3]. a typical configuration of an air-cycle system, which is sometimes called the ‘boot-strap’ configuration. For mechanical convenience the compression process is divided into two stages, meaning that the turbine is not constrained to operate at the same speed as the primary compressor. Instead, the work recovered by the turbine during expansion is utilised in the secondary compressor. The two-stage compression also permits intercooling, which enhances the overall efficiency of the compression process. An ‘open system’ where the cold air is ejected directly into the cold space, removing the need for a heat exchanger in the cold space. In the interests of efficiency, the return air from the cold space is used to pre-cool the compressed air entering the turbine by means of a heat exchanger known as the ‘regenerator’ or the ‘recuperato ’. To support the design of the air-cycle demonstrator plant, and the selection of suitable components, a simple thermodynamic model of the air-cycle configuration shown in was developed. The compression and expansion processes were modelled using appropriate values of isentropic efficiency, as defined in heat exchange processes were modelled using values of heat exchanger effectiveness as defined in The model also made allowance for heat exchanger pressure drop. The system COP was determined from the ratio of the cooling power delivered to the power input to the primary compressor, as defined in illustrate air-cycle performance characteristics as determined from the thermodynamic model:illustrates the variation in air-cycle COP and expander outlet temperature over a range of cycle pressure ratios for a plant operating between −20 °C and +30 °C. The cycle pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum cycle pressure at secondary compressor outlet to the pressure at turbine outlet. For the ideal air-cycle, with no losses, the cycle COP increases with decreasing cycle pressure ratio and tends to infinity as the pressure ratio approaches unity. However, the introduction of real component efficiencies means that there is a definite peak value of COP that occurs at a certain pressure ratio for a particular cycle. However,illustrates, there is a broad range of pressure ratio and duty over which the system can be operated with only moderate variation of class of turbomachinery suitable for the demonstrator plant required speeds of around 50 000 rev/min. To simplify the mechanical arrangement and avoid the need for a high-speed electric motor, the two-stage compression system shown was adopted. The existing Thermo King SL200 chassis incorporated a substantial system of belts and pulleys to power circulation fans, which severely restricted the useful space available for mounting heat exchangers. A simple thermodynamic model was used to assess the influence of heat exchanger performance on the efficiency of the plant so that the best compromise could be developed show the impact of intercooler and aftercooler effectiveness and pressure loss on the COP of the proposed two-stage system in incorporated an intercooler between the two compression stages. By dispensing with the intercooler and its associated duct work a larger aftercooler could be accommodated with improved effectiveness and reduced pressure loss. Analysis suggested that the improved performance from a larger aftercooler could compensate for the loss of the the impact of the recuperator effectiveness on the COP of the plant, which is clearly more significant than that of the other heat exchangers. As well as boosting cycle efficiency, increased recuperator effectiveness also moves the peak COP to a lower overall system pressure ratio. The impact of pressure loss in the recuperator is the same as for the intercooler and aftercooler shown in. The model did not distinguish between pressure losses in different locations; it was only the sum of the pressure losses that was significant. Any pressure loss in connecting duct work and headers was also lumped together with the heat exchanger pressure loss and analysed as a block pressure specific cooling capacity of the air-cycle increases with system pressure ratio. Consequently, if a higher system pressure ratio was used the required cooling duty could be achieved with a smaller flow rate of air. shows the mass flow rate of air required to deliver 7,5 kW of cooling power for varying system pressure the demonstrator system was to be based on commercially available turbomachinery, it became important to choose a pressure ratio and flow rate that could be accommodated efficiently by some existing compressor and turbine rotors. and were based on efficiencies of 81 and 85% for compression and expansion, respectively. While such efficiencies are attainable with optimised designs, they would not be realised using compromised turbocharger components. For the design of the demonstrator plant efficiencies of 78 and 80% were assumed to be realistically attainable for compression and turbomachinery efficiencies corresponded to higher cycle pressure ratios and flow rates in order to achieve the target cooling duty. The cycle design point was also compromised to help heat exchanger performance. The pressure losses in duct work and heat exchangers increased in proportion with the square of flow velocity. Selecting a higher cycle pressure ratio corresponded to a lower mass flow rate and also increased density at inlet to the aftercooler heat exchanger. The combined effect was a decrease in the mean velocity in the heat exchanger, a decrease in the expected pressure losses in the heat exchanger and duct work, and an increase in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Consequently, a system pressure ratio higher than the value corresponding to peak COP was chosen in order to achieve acceptable heat exchanger performance within the available physical space. The below optimum performance of turbomachinery and heat exchanger components, coupled with excessive bearing losses, meant that the predicted COP of the overall system dropped to around 0,41. The system pressure ratio at the design point was 2,14 and the corresponding mass flow rate of air was 0,278 kg/ moving the design point beyond the pressure ratio for peak COP, it was anticipated that the demonstrator plant would yield good part-load performance since the COP would not fall as the pressure ratio was reduced. Also, operating at part-load corresponded to lower flow velocities and anticipated improvements in heat exchanger performance. Part-load operation was achieved by reducing the speed of the primary compressor, resulting in a decrease in both pressure and mass flow rate throughout the . Prime mover and primary compressorThe existing diesel engine was judged adequate to power the demonstrator plant. The standard engine was a four cylinder, water cooled diesel engine fitted with a centrifugal clutch and all necessary ancillaries and was controlled by a microprocessor the thermodynamic model, the pressure ratio for the primary compressor was 1,70. The centrifugal compressor required a shaft speed of around 55 000 rev/min. Other alternatives were evaluated for primary compression with the aim of obtaining a suitable device that operated at a lower speed. Other commercially available devices such as Roots blowers and rotary piston blowers were all excluded on the basis of poor one-off gearbox was designed and manufactured as part of the project to step-up the engine shaft speed to around 55 000 rev/min. The gearbox was a two stage, three shaft unit which mounted directly on the end of the diesel engine and was driven through the existing centrifugal . Cold air unitThe secondary compressor and the expansion turbine were mounted on the same shaft in a free rotating unit. The combination of the secondary compressor and the turbine was designated as the ‘Cold Air Unit’ (CAU). While the CAU was mechanically equivalent to a turbocharger, a standard turbocharger would not satisfy the aerodynamic requirements efficiently since the pressure ratios and inlet densities for both the compressor and the turbine were significantly different from any turbocharger installation. Consequently, both the secondary compressor and the turbine stage were specially chosen and developed to deliver suitable turbochargers use plain oil fed journal bearings, which are low-cost, reliable and provide effective damping of shaft vibrations. However, plain bearings dissipate a substantial amount of shaft power through viscous losses in the oil films. A plain bearing arrangement for the CAU was expected to absorb 2–3 kW of mechanical power, which represented around 25% of the anticipated turbine power. Also, the clearances in plain bearings require larger blade tip clearances for both the compressor and the turbine with a consequential efficiency penalty. Given the pressurised inlet to the secondary compressor, the limited thrust capacity of the plain bearing arrangement was also a concern. A CAU utilising high-speed ball bearings, or air bearings, was identified as a preferable arrangement to plain bearings. Benefits would include greatly reduced bearing power losses, reduced turbomachinery tip clearance losses and increased thrust load capacity. However, adequate resources were not available to design a special one-off high speed ball bearing system. Consequently, a standard turbocharger plain bearing system was secondary compressor stage was a standard turbocharger compressor selected for a pressure ratio of 1,264. Secondary compressor and turbine selection were linked because of the requirement to balance power and match the speed. Since most commercial turbines are sized for high temperature (and consequently low density) air at inlet, a special turbine stage was developed for the application. Cost considerations precluded the manufacture of a custom turbine rotor, so a commercially available rotor was used. The standard turbine rotor blade profile was substantially modified and vaned nozzles for turbine inlet were designed to match the modified rotor, in line with previous turbine investigations at QUB (Spence and Artt,). An exhaust diffuser was also incorporated into the turbine stage in order to improve turbine efficiency and to moderate the exhaust noise levels through reduced air velocity. The exhaust diffuser exited into a specially designed exhaust performance of the turbine stage was measured before the unit was incorporated into the complete demonstrator plant. The peak efficiency of the turbine was established at 81%.5. Heat exchangersDue to packaging constraints, the heat exchangers had to be specially designed with careful consideration being given to heat exchanger position and header geometry in an attempt to achieve the best performance from the heat exchangers. Tube and fin aluminium heat exchangers, similar to those used in automotive intercooler applications, were chosen primarily because they could be produced on a ‘one-off’ basis at a reasonable cost. There were other heat exchanger technologies available that would have yielded better performance from the available volume, but high one-off production costs precluded their use in the demonstrator different tube and fin heat exchangers were tested and used to validate a computational model. Once validated, the model was used to assess a wide range of possible heat exchanger configurations that could fit within the Thermo King SL200 chassis. Fitting the proposed heat exchangers within the existing chassis and around the mechanical drive system for the circulation fans, but while still achieving the necessary heat exchanger performance was very challenging. It was clear that potential heat exchanger performance was being sacrificed through the choice of tube and fin construction and by the constraints of the layout of the existing SL200 chassis. The final selection comprised two separate aftercooler units, while the single recuperator was a large, triple pass unit. Based on laboratory tests and the heat exchanger model, the anticipated effectiveness of both the recuperator and aftercooler units was 80%.6. InstrumentationA range of conventional pressure and temperature instrumentation was installed on the air-cycle demonstrator plant. Air temperature and pressure was logged at inlet and outlet from each heat exchanger, compressor and the turbine. The speed of the primary compressor was determined from the speed measurement on the diesel engine control unit, while the cold air unit was equipped with a magnetic speed counter. No air flow measurement was included on the demonstrator plant. Instead, the air flow rate was deduced from the previously obtained turbine performance map using the measurements of turbine pressure ratio and rotational . System testingDuring some preliminary tests a heat load was applied and the functionality of the demonstrator plant was established. Having assessed that it was capable of delivering approximately the required performance, the plant was transported to a Thermo King calorimeter test facility specifically for measuring the performance of transport refrigeration units. The calorimeter was ideally suited for accurately measuring the refrigeration capacity of the air-cycle demonstrator plant. The calorimeter was operated according to standard ARI 1100-2001; the absolute accuracy was better than 200W and all auxiliary instrumentation was calibrated against appropriate performance capacity of transport refrigeration units is generally rated at two operating conditions; 0 and −20 °C, and both at an ambient temperature of +30 °C. Along with the specified operating conditions of 0 and −20 °C, a further part-load condition at −20 °C was assessed. Considering that the air-cycle plant was only intended to demonstrate a concept and that there were concerns about the reliability of the gearbox and the cold air unit thrust bearing, it was decided to operate the plant only as long as was necessary to obtain stabilised measurements at each operating point. The demonstrator plant operated satisfactorily, allowing sufficient measurements to be obtained at each of the three operating conditions. The recorded performance is summarised .In total, the unit operated for approximately 3 h during the course of the various tests. While the demonstrator plant operated adequately to allow measurements, some smoke from the oil system breather suggested that the thrust bearing of the CAU was heavily overloaded and would fail, as had been anticipated at the design stage. Testing was concluded in case the bearing failed completely causing the destruction of the entire CAU. There was no evidence of any gearbox deterioration during . Discussion of measured performanceFrom the calorimeter performance measurements, the primary objective of the project had been achieved. A unique air-cycle refrigeration system had been developed within the same physical envelope as the existing Thermo King SL200 refrigeration unit, w
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《暖通空调》创刊于 1971 年，是中国建筑科学类核心期刊， 国家期刊奖最高奖项获奖期刊， 中国暖通空调行业惟一的中央级科技期刊，由建设部主管， 亚太建设科技信息研究院、 中国建筑设计研究院、 中国建筑学会（暖通空调专业委员会）联合主办。 本刊以实用技术为主，兼具学术性和信息性，在行业中最具影响力，被誉为权威刊物，深受广大读者喜爱，发行量在国内同行业刊物中遥遥领先。 《暖通空调》始终以 “ 新颖、实用、准确、精练 ” 为办刊方针，以提高全行业素质、推动全行业技术交流与发展为宗旨，及时报道国家有关建筑节能和环境保护的重大技术政策，建筑环境与设备工程中供暖、通风、空调、制冷及洁净技术方面的研究成果、学术论文、先进技术、工程总结、设计经验、设备开发与运行管理以及行业学术活动与设备市场信息。 《暖通空调》是世界最著名的建筑专业数据库 —— 国际建筑文献数据库 ICONDA 收录期刊，中国科技论文与引文数据库统计分析数据源刊，中国科学引文数据库来源期刊，中国学术期刊综合评价数据库统计源期刊，中国核心期刊（遴选）数据库收录期刊，中国期刊全文数据库收录期刊。 《暖通空调》栏目设置：专题研讨、科技综述、标准规范、专业论坛、专题讲座、设备开发、设计参考、工程实例、技术交流、运行管理。 《暖通空调》发行对象：从事建筑环境与设备工程中供暖、通风、空调、制冷、洁净等相关领域的工程设计、科研教学、施工安装、设备制造、运行管理的专业技术人员、管理人员、院校师生、房地产开发商和业主，以及对暖通空调制冷技术感兴趣的各界朋友。 编辑单位：《暖通空调资讯》编辑部总编：王曙明执行总编：潘晓福执行主编：刘昊编辑部地址：常州市新北区黄山路99-5号4楼
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《暖通空调》创刊于 1971 年，是中国建筑科学类核心期刊， 国家期刊奖最高奖项获奖期刊， 中国暖通空调行业惟一的中央级科技期刊，由建设部主管， 亚太建设科技信息研究院、 中国建筑设计研究院、 中国建筑学会（暖通空调专业委员会）联合主办。 本刊以实用技术为主，兼具学术性和信息性，在行业中最具影响力，被誉为权威刊物，深受广大读者喜爱，发行量在国内同行业刊物中遥遥领先。 《暖通空调》始终以 “ 新颖、实用、准确、精练 ” 为办刊方针，以提高全行业素质、推动全行业技术交流与发展为宗旨，及时报道国家有关建筑节能和环境保护的重大技术政策，建筑环境与设备工程中供暖、通风、空调、制冷及洁净技术方面的研究成果、学术论文、先进技术、工程总结、设计经验、设备开发与运行管理以及行业学术活动与设备市场信息。 《暖通空调》是世界最著名的建筑专业数据库 —— 国际建筑文献数据库 ICONDA 收录期刊，中国科技论文与引文数据库统计分析数据源刊，中国科学引文数据库来源期刊，中国学术期刊综合评价数据库统计源期刊，中国核心期刊（遴选）数据库收录期刊，中国期刊全文数据库收录期刊。 《暖通空调》栏目设置：专题研讨、科技综述、标准规范、专业论坛、专题讲座、设备开发、设计参考、工程实例、技术交流、运行管理。 《暖通空调》发行对象：从事建筑环境与设备工程中供暖、通风、空调、制冷、洁净等相关领域的工程设计、科研教学、施工安装、设备制造、运行管理的专业技术人员、管理人员、院校师生、房地产开发商和业主，以及对暖通空调制冷技术感兴趣的各界朋友。 编辑单位：《暖通空调资讯》编辑部总编：王曙明执行总编：潘晓福执行主编：刘昊编辑部地址：常州市新北区黄山路99-5号4楼