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浅谈初中英语教学的素质教育内容提要：中小学教育是提高民族素质、推动社会全面发展进步的奠基工程，当前中小学教育的核心和关键是实施素质教育。素质教育的提出随时代发展应运而生，体现着鲜明的人文理念，内含着极其丰富的社会、经济、文化发展对教育所提出的普遍性要求。21世纪的社会、经济和文化发展对教育的要求和挑战,则是提出并实施素质教育的更为深刻、更为重要的背景和原因。英语教育是基础教育的一项重要内容,因此,也肩负着实施素质教育的责任。英语教学中实现向素质教育的转变是摆在我们许多英语教师面前的一项重大任务。而如何实现英语教学的向素质教育的转变是这项重大任务的关键环节，本文主要在新课程改革的背景下就如何体现、渗透素质教育提出了相应要求，并就教师本身应具备的素质谈了自己的想法Synopsis : The education of middle and primary schools is the project of laying a foundation that improves nation's quality , promotes the society to progress in an all-round way, implement quality-oriented education in core and key of the education of middle and primary schools at present. The proposition of quality-oriented education arises at the historic moment with era development, reflect distinct person's unity and coherence in writing are read, include extremely abundant society , economy , culture and develop the demand of universality put forward toward education inside. The society , economy and culture in the 21st century develop the requisition for education and challenge, it is deeper , even more important background and reason of putting forward and implementing quality-oriented education . English education is an important content of the basic education, so, shoulder the responsibility for really constructing quality-oriented education. English teaching it realizes to be in front of a lot of English teachers of us one great task to transition of quality-oriented education. And how realize English teaching it transforms into quality-oriented education to be the great key link of task, this text puts forward the corresponding demand as to how to reflect , permeate quality-oriented education under the background of the new course reform mainly, and has discussed one's own idea on the teacher's quality that should possess关键字：英语教学 素质教育 教师 转变 观念 要求Key word: English teaching Quality-oriented education Teacher Transition Idea Require正文当今世界，以信息技术为主要标志的科学技术迅猛发展，知识经济全球化正在日益改变着人类的生产和生活方式；以创新知识为基础的知识经济标志着未来世界的一个重要发展方向，这使得知识和人才、民族素质和创新能力越来越成为衡量综合国力的重要标志。社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使英语的重要性也日益突出。英语作为最重要的信息载体之一，已成为人类生活各个领域中使用最广泛的语言。我国自从改革开放以来，英语教育规模在不断扩大；然而，英语教育的现状还不能适应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展要求尚存有差距，英语教学的实际状况与社会对英语人才的需求有很大的差距。为此，国家教委颁布了《国家英语课程标准》，全面实施课程改革，以此来促进和推动英语教学从应试教育向素质教育的转变。如何在新课程改革下，使英语教学体现、渗透素质教育，笔者结合实际教学经验认为，首先必须做到以下几点：1、转变教育观念，面向全体学生，实现从应试教育向素质教育的转轨李岚清副总理指出：“实施素质教育要从转变观念抓起，首先是领导的认识，同时还要社会形成共识。”要实现由片面追求升学率向素质教育的转变，其根本在于彻底转变观念。只有政府领导、教育工作者、家长乃至全社会树立起正确的教育观念，实施素质教育才有良好的环境，才可能实现真正的国民教育。没有教育观念和教学思想的更新，再现代化的教育设施，再高学历教师队伍，都不可能创造出面向来1世纪的素质教育。那么，作为英语教师的我们又该更新哪些教育教学观念和思想呢？“素质教育”是针对“应试教育”的弊端提出来的。素质教育是以提高人的素质为目的的教育，它与“应试教育”的主要不同在于教育观、质量观、学生观、教学观的不同， 因此，我们要坚决反对应试教育，毫不犹豫地变应试教育为素质教育，这是深化教育改革的关键。在英语教学中，尤其要改进教学方法，并加强对学生在学法方面的指导，使学生掌握语言学习规律，形成有效的学习策略，养成良好的学习习惯，尽可能创设一个适宜于英语情景交际的语言环境，使学生综合运用语言的能力得到提高，使素质教育落实到日常教学之中。为此，我们首先应转变教育观念：（1）．树立正确的教育观、人才观和质量观当前社会片面追求升学率，人们把考试升学几乎变成了衡量、评价教育的唯一手段，因此变片面追求升学率为素质教育已成为当前教育教学改革的核心问题，英语教育教学也不例外。英语教师应明白基础教育以全体国民素质为目标，以面向全体学生、淡化选拔意识、促进学生全面发展为宗旨，以育人为根本，为学生学会做人、学会求知、学会生活、学会健体打下坚实的基础，使学生德智体美劳诸方面得到全面、和谐、统一的发展。（2）.采用以学生为主体教学模式斯宾塞曾说过：“在教育中应该尽量鼓励个人发展的过程。应该引导学生自己进行探讨，自己去推论。给他们讲的应该尽量少些，而引导他们去发现的尽量多些。”要把教学过程从“教师一人言”变为“众人言”。只有让学生主动、积极地参与到整个教学过程中，才能充分调动他们的学习积极性，才能提高他们的学习兴趣。同时通过学生的参与，教师可及时掌握学生的实情，从而进行有针对性的教学，更好地做因材施教。
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。
初中英语教学毕业论文可以写教学法的应用，我写的游戏教学法。开始也不会，还是上届师姐给的莫文网，很快就帮忙搞定了初中英语教学问题及应对策略河南省农村初中英语教学现状四川农村初中英语教学现状调查利用有效教学,让初中英语教学更精彩农村初中英语课堂教学现状调查与思考浅谈新课改下初中英语教学的问题与对策基于分层教学法的初中英语教学探索试析多媒体技术在初中英语教学中的应用农村英语教学何去何从──对农村初中英语教学现状的调查和思考小学与初中英语教学的衔接问题及对策改善农村初中英语教育现状的思考试析新课改下如何提高初中英语课堂教学的有效性在初中英语教学中运用多媒体技术的探讨对合作学习在初中英语教学中有效应用的思考激发学习兴趣 提高初中英语教学效率情感教学模式下的初中英语教学特点研究分析合作学习在初中英语教学中的应用探究小学与初中英语教学衔接的问题与对策对加强农村初中英语教学中德育渗透的探微愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的应用新课程改革背景下初中英语教学问题及对策研究初中英语教学方法新探 优先出版高初中英语教学衔接刍议基于开放性思维的初中英语教学改革模式探讨浅谈情感教育在初中英语教学中的运用农村初中英语教学及优化路径分析情景教学法在初中英语教学中的应用从初中英语教学现状看师专英语教改走向对农村初中英语教师继续教育问题的再思考谈初中英语教学的三个阶段试论初中英语教学方式的改革
陈、 浅" 及共选率偏高的问题.论文写作教材中常用的narrow down只能解决题目太大的问题.要有效解决 "泛、陈、 浅" 及共选率偏高的问题, 必须结合 "论文写作" 课提前选题、 增加选题途径、 旧题新作和扩大选论文类别:英语教育毕业 人气:205 论文属性:职称论文摘要:英语专业本科毕业论文存在一些问题,主要体现在选题、表达规范、写作态度等方面.为了帮助学生提高英语写作水平,必须加强选题方面的指导,强调学术规范,并不断完善教学管理模式. 本科毕业论文质量是衡量高校本论文由英语专业毕业论文的写作现状,归纳出其中存在的问题,在分析其成因的基础上提出应对策略,以期提高毕业生的论文写作水平.提出了自己的看法和建议. 根据 《高等院校英语专业英语教学大纲》 (2000)制定论文类别:英语教育毕业 人气:42 论文属性:职称论文摘要:文化在英语教学中的地位越来越不可忽视,自然,英语专业毕业论文在该方面的选题也不占少数.然而,语言与文化的研究范围是十分广泛的,因此,选好切入点有利于对此进行深入的探索和研究.本文介绍了在选题上几种主要的研究视角以及撰写以文化为专题的论文的注意事项,指出论文选题应结合实际,题目要大小适宜,难易适中,并兼论文类别:英语教育毕业 人气:60 论文属性:职称论文
近二十年来，以振动为主要原因造成的恶性事故相继发生，给国家造成了巨大经济损失。而且，振动问题目前仍是新投运大机组不能按期并网、正常投运的主要原因，在机组正常运行期间，振动问题连续不断，影响到正常生产，经常出现机组减负荷和带病运行的情况，甚至使机组被迫停机处理，这些事故屡见不鲜。本系统基于LabVIEW虚拟仪器软件平台，对汽轮机振动信号进行读取加窗，并进行谱分析及自相关分析。LabVIEW虚拟仪器就是在以通用计算机为核心的硬件平台上，由用户设计定义、具有虚拟前面板、测试功能由测试软件实现的一种计算机仪器系统。本系统主要完成了对汽轮机振动信号进行读取，对信号进行矩形窗、汉宁窗、海明窗的加窗选择，然后分别进行信号的幅值谱、功率谱、相位谱分析及自相关分析，并且具有图形操作及显示界面。系统运行结果证明，本系统能够完成对信号的读取，并进行三种窗函数及各种分析的动态选择，并用图形显示结果。Over the last 20 years, mainly due to the vibration caused by the fatal accidents occurred one after another, inflicting huge economic losses. Furthermore, the vibration is still new to large units shipped impossible grid, the normal operation for the main the crew during normal operations, continuous vibration problems affecting the normal production, Units often reduced load and operation of the sick, and even the unit was forced to stand, these incidents not uncommon. The system based on LabVIEW virtual instrument software platform for turbine vibration signal window read, and spectral analysis and correlation analysis. LabVIEW virtual instrument is a common core of computer hardware platform, defined by the user, with virtual front panel, the test function test software from a computer equipment system. The system completed the turbine vibration signal read, the signal rectangular window Hanning, Hamming window window choice, and then the signal amplitude spectrum, power spectrum and phase spectrum analysis and correlation analysis, and operating with graphics and display interface. The result of running the system proved that the system can accomplish the signal read, and three window function and the dynamic analysis of the various options and graphical display with the results.专业前景 本专业以工程热物理学科为主要理论基础，以内燃机和正在发展中的其它新型动力机械及系统为研究对象，运用工程力学、机械工程学、自动控制、计算机、环境科学、微电子技术等学科的知识和内容，研究如何把燃料的化学能和液体的动能安全、高效、低（或无）污染地转换成动力的基本规律和过程，研究转换过程中的系统和设备的自动控制技术。随着常规能源的日渐短缺，人类环境保护意识的不断增强，节能、高效、降低或消除污染排放物、发展新能源及其它可再生能源成为本学科的重要任务，在能源、交通运输、汽车、船舶、电力、航空宇航工程、农业工程和环境科学等诸多领域获得越来越广泛的应用，在国民经济各部门发挥着越来越重要的作用。 培养目标 本专业方向培养具备热能与动力工程专业方面的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，能在国民经济各部门从事热力发动机和其它新型动力机械及设备的设计、制造、管理、教学和科研等方面的高级工程技术人才。 培养特色 本专业在加强学生基础理论和综合素质教育的同时，加强计算机及自动控制技术的应用，强化专业实践教学，注重全能训练，全面提高学生的实践动手能力和科学研究潜力，使毕业生具有较强的择业竞争能力和较宽的就业适应能力。 主干课程 机械制图、机械原理、机械设计、理论力学、材料力学、工程材料、电工技术、电子技术、计算机软件基础、液压技术、液力传动、内燃机构造、内燃机原理、内燃机设计、内燃机试验、发动机电子技术、工程热力学、流体力学、传热学、自动控制理论、现代测试技术等。 就业方向 毕业后可从事能源与动力设备的行政管理、内燃机及新型动力设备的开发研制、内燃机排放控制、新能源利用、汽车工业、兵器工业、环保工业、交通运输业、船舶、电力、航空宇航工业等方面的工作。The prospect of major works of the major hot in physics as the main theoretical basis to the internal combustion engine and the other is the development of new machinery and power systems for the study, the use of engineering mechanics, mechanical engineering, automation, computers, environmental science, microelectronics technology disciplines, such as content knowledge and to study how the chemical energy of fuel and liquid kinetic energy security, high-performance, low (or none) of pollution to the power into the basic law and the process of research in the conversion process of the automatic control systems and equipment technology . With the growing shortage of conventional energy, human the growing awareness of environmental protection, energy saving, high efficiency, reduce or eliminate polluting emissions, the development of new energy and other renewable sources of energy has become an important task for the subjects in the energy, transportation, automotive, ships, electricity, aviation aerospace engineering, agricultural engineering and environmental science in many fields such as access to more and more widely used, the department in the national economy is playing an increasingly important role. Cultivate cultivate goal with the direction of the major thermal power projects with the major aspects of the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills, to engage in various departments in the national economy and other heat engines power the new machinery and equipment design, manufacture, management, teaching and scientific research aspects of advanced engineering and technical personnel. Cultivate major characteristics of the students in strengthening the basic theory and the overall quality of education, to strengthen the computer and automatic control technology, and strengthen the teaching of professional practice, pay attention to all the training, students enhance the practice of comprehensive practical ability and scientific research potential, so that graduates have strong competitiveness and a wide choice of employment adaptability. Mechanical Drawing trunk curriculum, mechanical principles, mechanical design, theoretical mechanics, mechanics of materials, engineering materials, electrical technology, electronics technology, computer software foundation, hydraulic technology, hydraulic transmission, the internal combustion engine structure, the principle of internal combustion engines, internal combustion engine design, the internal combustion engine testing, engine electronic technology, engineering thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, automatic control theory, modern test technology. Employment after graduation can be engaged in the direction of energy and power equipment, administration, internal combustion engines and new development of power equipment, internal combustion engine emission control, new energy use, the auto industry, the weapons industry, industrial environmental protection, transport, shipping, electricity, air space industrial vehicles are not the only air polluters. Coal and oil, used to heat homes and factories and to generate electricity, contain small amounts of sulfur. When the fuels are burned, sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas, is produced. It is irritating to the lungs. Some cities have passed laws that allow coal and oil to be burned only if their sulfur content is low.汽车不是唯一的空气污染。煤炭和石油，用于家庭取暖和工厂，并产生电力，含有少量的硫。当燃料燃烧，二氧化硫，一种有毒气体，就产生了。它是刺激到肺部。一些城市已通过法律，允许煤炭和石油只有在其被烧毁硫含量低。Most electricity is generated by steam turbines. About half of the sulfur dioxide in the air comes from burning fuel to make steam. Nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, so there is no air pollution of the ordinary kind. But the radioactive materials in these plants could present a danger in an accident. Also, there is a problem in disposing of the radioactive wastes in a way that will not endanger the environment.大部分电力是由蒸汽涡轮机。关于空气中的二氧化硫，使蒸汽一半来自燃料燃烧。核电厂不烧燃料，所以不存在的那种普通的空气污染。但是，在这些植物的放射性物质可能会提出一个意外的危险。此外，还有一个在放射性废物处置的方式，不会危害环境的问题。Another type of pollution, called thermal (heat) pollution, is caused by both the fuel-burning and nuclear plants. Both need huge amounts of cold water, which is warmed as it cools the steam. When it is returned to the river, the warm water may stimulate the growth of weeds. It may also kill fish and their eggs, or interfere with their growth.另一种污染类型，称为热（热）污染，是造成双方的燃料燃烧和核电厂。双方都需要的冷水，这是温暖，因为它大量的蒸汽冷却。当返回到河边，温暖的水会刺激杂草生长。它也可以杀死鱼，它们的卵，或干扰他们的成长。Physicists are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluting material. Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.物理学家们正在研究发电对环境损害较小的新方法。与此同时，许多发电厂也在实现现代化以减少污染物质。此外，工程师们尝试设计并找到对环境的损害最小的新的发电厂。Thermal energy and power engineeringThis program is to cultivate both master thermal energy and power engineering professional basic theoretical knowledge, computing skills, but also the ability in various forms of generating power plant, refrigeration and air conditioning, new energy related fields in need of economic management knowledge and ability, can be engaged in the electric power industry related to areas of science and technology application, research, development and management of a senior talents. According to the national construction and talents needs, set up the professional direction includes: thermal power engineering, power plant set control operation, refrigeration and air conditioning engineering, gas power engineering, advanced energy engineering courses: theoretical mechanics, mechanics of materials, engineering thermodynamics, engineering fluid mechanics, heat transfer, turbine principle, boiler principle, thermal power plants, the pump and fan, automatic control theory, motor learning, circuit theory, the control system, unit unit operation principle, thermal process detection technology, engineering graphics, mechanical design basis, electrician technical basis, electronic technology base, refrigeration and cryogenic principle, refrigeration compressor, refrigeration automation and testing technology, gas turbine principle, gas gas-steam combined cycle power plant, gas turbine combined-cyde operation and maintenance, nuclear reactor theoretical basis, nuclear system and the maintenance, the PWR nuclear power plant system and equipment, wind power generation principle, professional place to go: large-scale modernized electric power enterprise, power equipment manufacturing enterprises and energy class enterprise engaged in production, operation and management work, Government departments at all levels and institution engaged in energy, power, energy saving, environmental planning, design, construction, operation, consultation and supervision work; etc. Research institutes, universities in energy and power related research and development, teaching, management, etc.
正在做这个项目，不过没有英文。
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
很高兴你向我求助提问这个题，我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献，我发给你，十来篇吧，也不是很多，主要关键词为mobile engine，不过没有英语翻译，一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的，因为毕业论文，自己翻译下也好，这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱，注意查收下。如果觉得好，不要忘记了采纳哦。
对于中考生来说，英语作文想要得高分，就要在平时多积累一些素材。下面整理了英语议论文作文模板，供大家参考。
Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)
However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)
Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。
Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是……
Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...
is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）
the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）
lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）
the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）
may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）
英语是世界上普遍使用的语言，英语教学得到了极大的重视，尤其是初中英语教学也日益受到人们的关注。下面是我为大家整理的初中英语教学论文，供大家参考。初中英语教学论文篇一：《初中英语教学中多媒体技术运用》 摘要：对多媒体技术在初中英语教学中的应用进行 反思 ，分析其正面作用与存在的问题。 关键词：多媒体技术;初中英语;学习资料 1前言 英语作为一门语言课，随着社会的进步而不断发展。当今社会充满信息化，故而英语这门语言课中所蕴含的信息量越来越大。多媒体技术是学生在课堂上接触信息化社会的重要媒介，随着科学技术的不断发展，多媒体技术的安装成本逐渐降低，越来越多的学校实现了多媒体教学，多媒体教学实现广泛应用，多媒体技术在初中英语教学中的作用日益明显，成为初中英语教学效率提高的重要因素。 2多媒体技术应用于初中英语课堂的正面效应 巧用多媒体提高学生 学习英语 的兴趣多媒体技术应用于初中英语的一个首要作用就是提高了学生学习英语的兴趣。对于初中阶段的学生来说，他们虽然在小学阶段接触过英语，但是 英语学习 更多是集中在口语练习和兴趣培养方面，到了初中阶段英语学习发生很大变化，学生除了要记忆单词、 句子 之外，还要学习系统的语法知识。随着英语难度的增加，学生逐渐对英语学习失去兴趣。而多媒体技术运用于初中英语课堂，可以将抽象的语言知识以文字、动画等形象展现出来，将枯燥的英语学习变得生动有趣，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。在小学阶段学习英语时，由于教课内容较为简单，教师多采取直观的教学方式，如模型、实物、挂图等，采用这种方式可以让学生听觉、视觉受到直观的冲击，激发学生学习英语的兴趣。 但是这种教学随着初中学生学习内容的增加，实物教学的效果受到限制。采用多媒体技术进行教学，则可以极大避免这种情况出现，多媒体技术具有实物模拟功能，为学生提供声情并茂、形象生动的学习资料。巧用多媒体创造真实的学生练习口语的情境在日常教学中经常会听到一些学生抱怨： 英语口语 学习怎么那么难;很难遇到外国人，见了也不敢说话……英语学习是语言的学习，学习语言就需要口语训练环境。学生耳濡目染的都是汉语的各种说法，英语练习缺乏真实的能够说英语的环境。尽管学生在英语课堂上学到很多的英语知识，但是受到母语的限制，在课下很少有练习的机会，仅靠课堂上的学习很难掌握。再加上初中英语知识要比小学阶段复杂难懂得多，教师在课堂上的教学多是讲解性质的，不可能向小学教师那样玩耍着教学，同时也很少关注学生的语言练习，故而也就成为初中学生学习英语的一大困难。采用多媒体工具进行初中英语教学，将文字、图片、动画等元素进行有机融合，为学生创设跟本课内容相关的英语学习真实环境，使学生更好地进行学习口语练习，并学以致用。 对于英语学习来说，除了记忆一些词汇、词组之外，还需要了解英语国家的风土人情、语言习惯等，这些单靠教师的讲解并不能在学生心中留下深刻的印象，但是通过多媒体技术的图片、视频等展示，则可以加深学生的印象，提高学习兴趣。巧用多媒体活跃英语课堂学习氛围巧用多媒体技术可以激发学生的学习兴趣，活跃初中英语课的学习氛围。运用多媒体教学可以活跃学生的思维，让学生在一个相对轻松的氛围下学习英语。对于初中阶段的学生来说，他们仍然保留有孩提时代活泼好动的秉性，通过多媒体技术学习初中英语，将抽象的知识转化为以图片、动画展现的具象知识，可以激发学生的学习兴趣，让兴趣转化成为最强大的学习动力，挖掘出学生的潜力。兴趣是学生学习的最大动力，如果学生对英语学习可以保留有浓厚的兴趣，那么这股兴趣将成为学生英语成绩提高的最强大的力量来源。对于教师来说，运用多媒体教学，教师就节省了书写大量板书的时间，教师可以在上课之前将需要讲解的知识全部打在课件上，这样便有了更多的时间跟学生进行交流，有利于师生关系的融洽，同时促进课堂氛围的活跃。 3多媒体技术应用于初中英语课堂的负面效应 随着多媒体技术的广泛使用，滥用或错用的现象在各个课堂都可以见到。多媒体技术运用于初中英语课堂的初衷是要提升教学效率，但是随着滥用多媒体的现象出现，教师在使用多媒体技术时便产生一系列的问题。下面谈一谈多媒体技术在初中英语课堂应用中出现的负面效应。 现象之一：教师应付备课随着多媒体技术在教学中应用的逐渐普及，一些负面的影响也随之产生，阻碍了英语课堂的高效。如教师在备课中有种应付的心态，在原来的英语教学模式下，教师要想上好课离不开对教材、教学参考的认真研读，这样才能提高课堂的教学效率。但是随着多媒体技术在英语课堂的使用，教师可以借助多媒体课件开展英语教学。网络是一个包罗万象的资源库，教师可以从网络上很方便地寻找、下载自己所需要的课件和资源，这样就造成教师在备课时不认真对待，应付心态严重，最终阻碍了教师自我素质的提升，同时也造成课堂教学的低效，不利于学生英语成绩的提高。 现象之二：板书的重要性被忽视板书是课堂的灵魂，是学生在课堂上掌握教师讲课脉络的重要凭借。在传统的教学模式下，教师主要凭借板书传递给学生英语知识，加深学生对教师所讲解知识的理解。随着多媒体技术在初中英语课堂的使用，教师适应了点击鼠标展现知识的方式，将书写板书这一重要的步骤基本省略。虽然上文提到多媒体技术在初中英语课堂的使用节省了教师书写板书的时间，但是这并不意味着在教学中完全抛弃书写板书的环节。对于学生来说，虽然他们可以从课件上学到一些知识，但是学生无法区分知识的重要与否，这样不利于学生对英语知识的系统掌握。书写板书可以给学生进行知识的强调，帮助他们区分知识的重要性，有利于学生的长远发展。 现象之三：课件制作不合理在多媒体技术和初中英语课堂整合过程中，有些英语教师对多媒体课件的新奇性过分推崇和追求，认为只要英语课的课件制作得精美新奇就可以吸引学生学习英语的兴趣，让学生臣服于课件，提高其英语成绩。在这一目的的驱使之下，教师将一些动态的图案、漫画穿插进英语课件之中，如旋转的小球、奔跑的小狗、跳动的小闹钟、一闪一闪的小灯等，通过这些动态图案的应用把学生的注意力全部抓住，使之造成学生无法集中注意力在教师的知识讲解上，最终影响了学生的听课效果。 参考文献 [1]俞毅成.浅谈多媒体教学及其在英语教学活动中的应用[J].青海师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2004(6). [2]王军.多媒体在英语教学中的应用[J].辽宁高职学报,2004(2). [3]赵雪芹.多媒体在英语教学中的应用[J]. 教育 实践与研究,2001(6). [4]曾小艳.多媒体辅助教学在初中英语课堂中的应用[J].教育教学论坛,2011(25). [5]张冬梅.多媒体与英语教学[J].资治文摘:管理版,2010(4). [6]陈艳.多媒体技术在英语课堂教学中的优势、误区及其对策[J].安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报,2009(2). 初中英语教学论文篇二：《初中英语课堂教学效率提升 措施 》 摘要：课堂教学是英语教学的主要形式，提高英语课堂教学效率，是提高学生英语听、说、读、写能力的主要途径，是提高教学质量的关键。因此，英语教师要认真备课，精心设计课堂教学，改进 教学 方法 和手段，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高学生的自学能力以及综合运用语言的能力，提高课堂教学效率。 关键词：初中英语;课堂教学;效率兴趣;自学能力 提高初中英语课堂教学效率，就要在一定的时间内更好地完成教学任务，使学生获得更多的知识和技能，而且学生学习的过程是愉快的。为此，教师要采用多种教学方法和手段，培养学生的学习兴趣，充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，多鼓励学生，引导学生，使学生掌握学习策略，增强学生学习英语的自信心，使学生积极参与课堂教学活动。只有这样，才能充分体现以教师为主导、以学生为主体的教学理念，使学生能够更好更快地掌握英语知识，并能够灵活运用这些语言知识，达到提高学生语言能力，培养学生创新精神和实践能力的目的。下面笔者就如何提高初中英语课堂教学效率谈几点粗浅的认识。 一、培养学生学习英语的兴趣 长期以来，有些初中生对英语缺乏兴趣，甚至存在一定的畏惧心理，成为提高教学效率的障碍。因此，如何激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣是当前我们需要认真思考的问题。笔者认为，激发学生的英语学习兴趣，可从以下几方面入手。首先，建立和谐的师生关系，营造良好的教学氛围。和谐的师生关系是提高教学效率的前提。在英语教学中，教师不仅要传授知识，还要有爱心，有责任心，热爱学生、尊重学生，加强师生间的沟通交流互动，使学生“亲其师，信其道”，产生浓厚的学习兴趣。另外，良好的教学氛围也是激发学生学习兴趣和提高教学效率的重要条件。教师在英语教学中应尊重学生的个性和人格，为学生营造民主、和谐、愉悦的教学环境，给学生提供均等的展示自己的机会，在课堂上要多使用表扬用语，鼓励学生，使学生感到自信、轻松、愉快，激发他们学习英语的兴趣，从而使他们全身心地投入到英语学习中去，积极主动地获取知识和技能。其次，通过趣味导课，激发学生学习兴趣。教师要在上课伊始就调动起学生的学习积极性，可通过风趣幽默的开场白、生动有趣的小 故事 ，用多媒体播放视听材料、歌曲、电影片段等，吸引学生的注意力，激发学生的学习兴趣。再次，运用游戏激发学生的学习兴趣。教师可在英语教学中适当开展游戏活动，将教学内容融入游戏中，使学生在游戏过程中学习和巩固知识，比如教学词汇时可用猜词游戏，讲授课文时，可组织小组竞争游戏。最后，开辟第二课堂，拓宽学生视野，激发学习兴趣。教师要注意课内外相结合，课下可让学生在教室办英语角、英语专栏，收集一些英语小故事、 成语 、笑话等，组织学生开展故事会、游戏、对话比赛等活动。这样，学生会兴趣盎然，积极准备，踊跃参加，能够拓宽他们的视野，使他们学到更多的知识，并学以致用。这些活动的开展，有效地激发了学生的学习兴趣，学生在活动过程中会感受到学习英语的乐趣，能学到更多的英语知识和技能，且印象深刻，经久不忘。 二、提高学生自学英语的能力 “授之以鱼，不如授之以渔。”在英语教学中，教师要教给学生学习的方法，加强听、说、读、写的训练，提高学生综合运用语言的能力和自学能力。只有学生具备一定的实际运用语言的能力和自学能力，才能更好地进一步学习和运用英语，才能在学习过程中不断克服困难、解决问题。从这个角度看来，培养学生的英语自学能力比直接传授给学生英语知识更能有效提高教学效率，更具现实和长远的意义。因此，教师要注意启发学生，让学生多读多练，激发学生的阅读兴趣，提高学生的 英语阅读 能力，从而全面提高学生的听、说、读、写能力。阅读重在理解，学生要注意从整体上把握 文章 内容，还要从细节上理解，注意关键词句。教师要让学生多进行听说读写的练习，通过不断的练习，提高学生自学英语的能力，使学生学会自主提出问题并解决问题。教师还要注意指导学生掌握学习英语的方法，比如，记忆单词的方法、各种阅读方法、写作的方法技巧等，使学生能够举一反三。此外，教师也要引导学生多做 总结 ，使学生将前后学习的知识联系起来，使所学的知识系统化、整体化。通过这些环节，全面提高学生自学英语的能力。 三、巧设活动，注重实效 课堂活动是激发学生学习兴趣、使学生掌握英语知识和技能的重要途径。那么，在初中英语教学中，教师怎样设计课堂活动才能达到最佳的教学效果呢?我认为，要想使活动更具实效性，我们要遵循以下几方面的原则：教学活动目标要明确，情境创设要合理，要让全体学生都积极参与活动，要注意合理利用教学资源，要注意有效的评价和反馈。具体而言，首先，活动要围绕内容展开。每节课都有一定的教学内容和教学目标，教师在课前一定要理清思路，安排好教学内容和教学环节，根据每一个环节要达到的目标设置相关的教学活动，循序渐进，并突出教学重难点。其次，活动要难易适当。学生是课堂教学的主体，教师要保证学生能够积极参与，在有限的时间内完成教学任务，就要把握好课堂活动的难易程度，分层设计课堂活动，在学生的最近发展区内使各个层次的学生都能有所进步，在较有难度的地方给学生一些支持是非常必要的。这样，英语基础好的学生可以尽情表现，基础差的学生也能积极参与、有所收获。 四、科学地运用评价手段 教学评价是教学过程中的重要组成部分。教师通过评价，能够使学生认识到自己的优点和进步、缺点和不足，从而达到鼓励学生，增强学生自信心，纠正学生错误，使学生有效弥补不足的目的。如果学生在学习中得到了正面评价，那么他们就得到了教师和同学的肯定，就会产生成就感，增强自信心，就会产生学习英语的兴趣和学习进步的需要。相反，如果学生得到的负面评价过多，就会产生消极情绪，有些学生，特别是成绩较差的学生，学习英语的信心会下降。因此，教师应多鼓励学生，尊重学生的个体差异，对不同的学生提出不同的要求，只要他们有进步，就要鼓励他们，使各个层次的学生都能增强自信心，在英语学习上都能进步。教师还要注意在表扬的同时也要指出学生的不足，使学生查漏补缺，积极进步。总之，在教学过程中，教师要科学合理地评价学生，要善于捕捉学生的闪光点，多表扬、少批评，使学生信心十足、积极主动地学好英语。 参考文献： [1]徐永芳.初中英语教学问题及应对策略[J].科教文汇：中旬刊，2011(12). [2]陈露露.基于分层教学法的初中英语教学探索[J].科教文汇：中旬刊，2010(9). 初中英语教学论文篇三：《初中英语口语教学》 近年来，随着教学改革的不断深入，初中英语口语教学取得了一定的进展，但是由于受到应试的影响，以及教学方法、教学观念的落后，初中英语口语教学仍然存在着很多问题。而新课程标准的要求，21世纪的英语教学的主要目的在于引导和培养学生掌握语言行为交际，这就突出强调了英语口语教学的重要性。难么我们应从哪些方面做起来提高英语口语教学呢? 一、口语教学存在的不利因素 初中英语口语教学方案中容易出现的误区，主要表现在教学方式、教学内容两个方面。 1.从教学方式来看 虽然我国初中教育已经实现了九年义务教育，但是，应试教育体制的本质还并没有发生变化，在传统的教学理念影响之下，初中英语教师在口语教学方案中就容易延续以往的应试教学作风，采用照本宣科和理念式教学，也就是将口语的基本理论进行重点强调，而忽视口语练习的教学，在这样的教学中，教师更注重通过阅读课文或者背诵课本的方式，企图让学生通过更多的自我阅读，来提升其口语水平，而忽视了对学生口语中的偏差指正和标准化教导;另一方面，在初中的口语教学中，教师的教学方式更多的是让学生独自学习，并没有采用现代化的信息教学方式，或者合作教学方式，这就会让初中的英语口语教学失去了趣味性，而无法带动学生的积极性和主动性，影响英语口语教学的质量。 2.从教学内容上来看 初中英语口语教学是以课本内容为主，也就是模范课本的对话和句子内容，来让学生进行口语方面的联系，从本质上上来说，初中英语口语教学的内容是专注于英语本身，而没有加注对英语的各类相关性的延生，那么，像 英语 文化 、影视等内容并没有引用到初中英语的口语教学中，而英语教学发展到现阶段，口语教学已经脱离了传统的机械式的教学，开始走向丰富性和多样化的教学，像影视和文化等内容早就已经进入了口语教学，成为了英语口语教学的有效手段，初中英语口语教学的教师却因为教学课程的难度系数低，而存在一定的疏忽，这就让初中英语口语教学的教学内容显得单一，再加上教学方式上的疏忽，则会导致整个英语口语教学课堂的枯燥和乏味。 3.教师的综合素质低 无论是从数量上，还是从质量上来看，中学英语教师都非常的紧缺。这方面在农村体现得更为严重，甚至在大量的农村学校中因为没有英语教师而放弃了英语这一学科，也有许多其他的学校没有足够的资金聘请合格的英语教师，只能聘请读过高中的短期的代课教师，这些教师严重缺少规范而系统的训练，只是随自己的习惯心性来给学生授课，结果将使学生缺乏正确的训练方法，进而接受了错误的发音，学习了地道的方言英语，最终错失了学习标准英语的机会。 二、口语教学的具体对策 1.口语教学生活化 一节成功的外语课，应该设有丰富的情境，学生在这种情境中不断增强对已学知识的驾驭能力。英语口语教学应为学生创设情境，引导学生身临其境。可与生活实际密切联系，创设生活情景，这样更利于口语教学生活化。设置情境可以将学生带入一个特定的空间之中，让他们用情感去体验，在较短时间内能激发他们的情感。在设置情境时如果能结合教材内容及学生的年龄特点，将大大提高课堂效率。 学好外语，学生只有更多接触外语和使用外语。学习口语要有讲究，让学生学习不常用的口语是没有任何意义的。因此，教师在设置情景时一定要贴近生活，是学生喜闻乐见，感兴趣的生活趣事。由学生已知的信息，导入目 标语 言结构，学生学起来就会轻松很多。甚至遇到一些生词时，单凭理解就可以知道它的意思与用法。 2.注重学生英语基本功 语言基本功直接影响学生的英语水平，是影响学生口语水平的重要因素。大多数学生语言基本功不扎实，如语音不标准、语调不规范、句型运用不熟练、语法不过关等都是学生口语水平偏低的原因。 针对这一具体情况，教师应从基本的语音语流讲解开始，夯实学生英语基本功。语音语流学习中有很多学生较难掌握的重要内容，如连读、爆破、弱读等。教师可先向学生讲解相关的基本知识，再慢慢过渡到句型训练，并以教材内容为依托。引导学生进行大量巩固练习，力争在短时间内提升学生的语音面貌。 语法也是制约学生英语口语水平的原因之一.所以语法讲解是西部不发达地区初中英语教学中的重要内容。教师应以教材为基础进行语法讲解。并引导学生大量背诵教材中的 经典句子 ，让学生在掌握语法基础的同时提升英语语感。 3.鼓励学生大胆说 在初中英语口语教学中，为了鼓励学生大胆说讲英语，从而增强学生的口语交际能力，教师应该在教学中坚持尽量用英语跟学生进行口语交流。比如，学习了简单的交际用语后，教师早上上课前要求学生用英语问好：“Good morning，Teacher!”迟到时先问：“May I come in?”打扰别人要说：“Excuse me.”得到别人帮助以及受到别人赞美应回答：“Thank you!”等等。让学生先由简单的对话开始，慢慢习惯用英语交流，从而提高自身英语口语能力。而在学生运用英语的过程中，即使有时发音不准或者表达不够流畅时，教师应委婉地帮助其纠正，并给予积极鼓励。这样，才能有效增强学生的自信心，从而让他们大胆说英语，最终提高口语交际能力。 4.适时纠正错误 犯错误是语言学习过程中的必然现象。在口语教学中，教师最主要的任务是帮助、鼓励学生开展各项交际活动.以期达到学生口语练习的最大实践量。口语能力的提高一定是在实际运用中来实现的。教师切忌盲目地责怪学生.而要耐心地对学生加以引导.让学生发现自己的错误，从而提高他们说英语的自信心和兴趣.促使他们能够在课堂外自觉不自觉地运用英语交流.只有这样，我们学生的口语能力才能不断得到提高。 5.提高自身素质 初中英语口语的培养对于同学们日后的发展都是十分重要的，所以英语教师一定要更加重视口语的训练，提升自身素质，在日后的教学中改进课堂教育方式，让口语课堂内容丰富多彩，更加具有意义，同学们能够在课堂中得到更多的锻炼英语口语的机会。 三、结语 随着我国改革开放进一步深化扩大以及国际交往日益频繁， 学习英语并运用英语进行口头交际已成为社会的需要。因此，加强英语口语的教学已被大家所注重，这不但是当前素质教育的一项要求，也反映了外语教学改革的趋势。教师要用英语组织课堂教学，用英语处理教材内容，并且要求学生用英语参加课堂实践活动，用英语提问及回答问题，通过说的实际培养听说能力。师生在课堂上都说英语，这已是英语课堂教学的显著特征和优秀课堂教学的重要标志之一，也是提高我国英语教学的方向。 猜你喜欢： 1. 初中英语教学论文 2. 初中英语优秀论文 3. 初中英语教学论文发表 4. 英语文学类论文范文 5. 初中英语教学计划范文
在初中时，你们英语课上有接触过议论文吗?下面是我给大家整理的初中英语议论文写作，供大家参阅!
Television has come into our life for many years.
We can’t live happily without television. Jt can give us the latest information and news. It can open up our eyes and enlarge our knowledge. We can get happiness from the plays on television. We’ll be boring all day if there is no television. Television programs are attractive. After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of tea. How wonderful it is!
Television is also bad for people’s health. It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your eyes.
It is true that watching TV can influence our behavior. However, it depends on what we do.
We are middle school students and we are busy with our lessons. So some people think we should concentrate more on our studies. If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of time. But I think volunteering is great. I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to do. And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in class. So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for them. I’d also like to help sick kids in hospital. I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in hospital. In a word, I’d like to help people who need help. If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more colorful.
Internet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don’t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.
There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.
8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?
Hello, we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at some teachers and the students hold a different believe that would cause some students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day every one of us,need time and places for do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,
That's all,thank you.
As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a sun.(生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳).But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad as to pleased their so called "friend".This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control ability.
I like staying with friends. Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in course, I will treasure(珍惜) my friendship no matter what.
10In modern society, people tend to be self-centered. Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be encouraged.
First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping him.
Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient civilization. After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any more. Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining importance.
Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the most.
编写教案要依据教学大纲和教科书。从学生实际情况出发，精心设计。下面是我给大家整理的初中英语教学案例范文，供大家参阅!
Language focus:
expressions
on Bondi Beach; great fun; fail; need practice; leave for; by the way; on business; so far; travel to. . .Time flies
2. Present Perfect Tense
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures.
Teaching Procedures:
Ⅰ. Showing aims
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. Master some useful expressions
2. Practise the Present perfect Tense
3. Practise speaking English
Ⅱ. Revision
1. Check the homework.
2. Revise the passage "surfing". Ask one or two students to retell the story in front of the class.
3. Revise the Present Perfect Tense. Get the students to make dialogues in pairs, then have some of them act out their dialogues to share with the class. Pay attention to the use of the Present Perfect Tense.
III. Presentation
Speech Cassette. Play the tape for the students to listen and repeat. Then in groups, have the students read and act out the dialogue, ask several pairs to perform the dialogue for the class.
Note: such great fun; Time flies; on business. They may be explained in Chinese.
Explain the difference between "such" and "so" (such + nouns, so + adjectives)
IV. Practice
Part 2. Go through the dialogue with the students. Then get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Remind the difference between "have / has gone to" and "have / has been to"
V. Practice
Each student interviews a student or a teacher by asking the following questions:
What places have you been to in China?
Have you ever been to…?
How many times have you been there?
When did you go there?
How did you go there?
What interesting things did you do there?
Do you want to go there again?
Then ask the students to write a short passage about the interview, get one or two students to read for the class.
VI. Practice
Have the students give their own answers to the questions in the book.
Ask the students to ask and answer in pairs.
VII. Workbook
Do Exercise I with the class. First have the students do it individually, then check with the whole class.
The answers are: have got; Have been; went; gave; Have taken; took; be; has gone
Do Exercise 3 with the whole class. And get the students to learn the sentences.
VIII. Summary
Exercises for class
Translate the following sciences into Chinese.
1. 他在哪儿?他已经去了北京。
2. 他去过北京几次?
3. 不管他说什么，我都不会相信。
4. 你刚才做家庭作业了吗?还没有。
5. 他已经到美国去旅游了。
6. 不管你走到哪儿，我都会记得你。
IX. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Language Focus:
Useful expressions:
a 12 - year - old schoolboy; try to; cross; channel; fail; set off; slow down; go on swimming, a big crowd of; wait for; be proud of; speak highly to.
Properties:
Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures
Teaching procedures:
I. showing aims
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. To master some useful expressions.
2. To revise all the contents of Unit 2.
3. To go through Checkpoint 2.
4. To train their listening ability.
5. To train their writing ability.
II. Revision
1. Revise "have / has been to" and "have / has gone to". Ask: Where is he? Get some of the students' answers with: He has gone to. . .
S1: He has gone to the office.
S2: He has gone to the hospital. .
S3: He has gone to Beijing.
Then ask: How many times have you been to Beijing?
S1: I've never been there.
S2: I've been there twice.
S3: I've been there three times.
Make sure the students can ask and answer correctly.
2. Revise the sports words. Divide the class into four groups and have a competition, say out the words as quickly as possible. See which group can say the most quickly and say the most words.
III. Listen
Listening Casette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and do Exercise I in the workbook. Then play the tape again, and check the answers with the class.
IV. Word Puzzle
Ask the students to find the words in groups of the four. Get one student to share his or her answer with the whole class and check with them. The answers are: skiing; swimming; skating; boat-racing; diving.
V. Presentation
Part 3. Speech Cassette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and repeat. Then ask the students to read the passage by themselves. Try to find the answers to the following questions:
1. Who was the youngest swimmer to cross channel?
2. Which channel did he cross first?
3. When did he first cross the channel?
4. Where was the channel?
5. Why did he slow down?
6. How many hours did it take him to cross the channel?
7. Did he cross the channel alone?
8. How did his parents feel when he arrived the beach?
Note some useful expressions on the blackboard: a-12-year-old schoolboy; cross the Qiongzhou Channel; fail; his dream came true; step into; slow down; go on swimming; another; a big crowd of people; be proud of; not only … but also … ; Have the students retell the story.
VI .Writing
Get one student to act as Li Lida and the other students act as journalists. Make an interview, then write down a passage about the interview. The journalists can ask questions like:
1. Do you like swimming?
2. When did you swim?
3. Do you often swim?
4. Were you afraid while you were crossing the channel?
5. Do your parents like you to swim?
6. How do you like when your dream comes true?
VII. A poem
Speech Cassette. Get the students to read the poem after the tape and help the students understand the poem. Ask them to learn the poem by heart.
VIII. Checkpoint 2
Go through Checkpoint 2 in the usual way. Explain any problems that the students may have. Get the students to go over the grammar notes.
IX. Workbook
Do Exercise 3 in class, and check the answers in pairs. The answers are: E; A; D; C; B
Do Exercise 4 individually and practise the dialogue in pairs.
Work on Exercise 5 as homework.
X. Summary
Exercise in class
Fill in the blanks with "so" and "such"
1. He was ________ tired that he can't climb the hill.
2. She is __________ a kind girl that everyone likes her.
3. The classroom is ___________ beautiful.
4. There is ___________ a clever monkey in the tree.
5. My mother is - busy, she can't go with you.
6. There are __________ many books here, I like them very much.
have ___________ an honest daughter. I like her very much.
8. The flowers are __________ beautiful, don't pick them.
Answers: 1. so 2. such 3. so 4. such 5. so 6. so 7. such 8. so
XI. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
教学目标
教学目标与要点
1.能够运用过去时态来谈论过去的经历和运用现在完成时来谈论由过去开始，与现在相联系或有影响的经历。
2.学习和归纳有关环境和污染方面词汇，且能够正确运用它们来描述所见所闻。
3.进一步学习现在完成时态，特别是它的时间状语的表达法：for…或since…
4.归纳总结哪些动词是延续性动词，哪些是非延续性动词，以及它们之间的转换。特别是与一段时间连用时只能使用延续性动词。
5.培养自己的环境意识，养成良好的行为举止，能运用所学知识来报道周边的环境问题。
素质教育目标
1. 完成本单元语法现在完成时的学习，注意for与since的用法。
2. 熟练掌握本单元相关词组和短语的用法。
3. 引导学生了解优美的环境对人类健康的重要性，以养成宣传及保护我们生活、工作、学习环境的良好习惯。
4. 通过学习本单元，能使学生理解过去时与完成时，并能灵活运用相关知识。
5. 通过各种教学手段，如声音、图片、动画、电视、网络等，让学生在了解环境保护知识的基础上，提高表述、思考、总结相关此类知识的能力。
6. 引导学生尝试运用不同的学习工具、学习方法、媒体素材等进行学习和提高。
Language Focus:
1. some useful expressions:
waste water; Greener China; Good idea; be afraid; a member of; a book on the environment
2. some useful sentences:
How long have you been a member of Greener China?
I've been with Greener China for a year.
How many English words have you learned since you came here?
About one thousand.
Properties: Pictures：TV; Overhead Projector; Recorder
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing amis
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. To master some useful expressions.
2. To learn the grammar: the Present Perfect Tense.
3. To make the similar dialogues freely.
4. To know that they should protect the environment and make our world more beautiful.
II . Revision
Revise the grammar; the Present Perfect Tense. Ask: Have you ever been to the Great Wall? How many times have you been there? Get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Then ask several pairs to act out their dialogues.
III. Presentation
Present this dialogue:
A: Where have you been?
B: I've been to a paper factory.
A: What did you do there?
B: I saw the worker making paper there.
Present this dialogue with one student as an example, then ask the students to practise this dialogue in pairs, and get some of them to act out the dialogue.
IV. Practice
Put up a picture of a paper factory on the blackboard, get the students to talk about the factory, for example; " This is a paper factory, it makes paper, but it also makes smoke and waste water. I found the smoke was put into the air and the waste water was put into the river near it. The river has become very dirty. Lots of fish have died." Have the students talk in groups of four and then ask some of them to read out their report to share with the whole class.
V. Read and say
Part 1. Speech Cassette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and repeat. Ask the students to read the dialogue in groups of three. Then read for the class. Get the students to read the dialogue individually again and find the answer to the following questions:
1. Where has Hu Lan just been to?
2. Why has the river near the factory become dirty?
3. What has happened to the fish in the river?
4. What does Greener China want to do?
5. Why are they going to write to the TV station and the newspaper?
6. Do you take care of the environment? Why or why not?
7. What can you do to improve the environment?
VI. Ask and answer
Read through the dialogues with the students. Ask and answer in pairs. Then make similar dialogues in pairs using the phrases in the box of the book.
VII. Write
Get the students to act as journalists, make an interview. Interview one of their friends. Ask him or her some questions about him or her and his or her family members.
For example: How long have you been in this school?
What subject have you studied?
How many friends have you made?
What's your fathers job?
How long has he been a … ?
What has he done since … ?
Then get the students write a report, have some students read their reports to share with the whole class.
VIII. Workbook
Do Exercise 3 orally with the class. Have the students ask and answer in pairs. Write Exercise 2 in the exercise books.
IX. Summary
Exercises for class
Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Tense:
Model: He went to Nanjing two days ago.
He has been in Nanjing for two days.
1. They began to study English in 2000.
2. He became a teacher ten years ago.
3. Jim came to China one year ago.
4. He joined Greener China one year ago.
5. My sister bought this book last week.
X. Homework
Talk something about the environment.
在初中阶段进行英语阅读教学很重要,教师不仅要让学生学会语言知识,获取文章提供的资讯,领悟文章内涵,更要采取适当的阅读教学策略,使学生掌握阅读方法和技能,逐步培养其阅读能力。本文是关于初中英语美文，希望对大家有帮助! 关于初中英语美文篇一 A lifetime friendship Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps inparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but over and above them, there were shared purpose, a mon end and an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months before he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished family, Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison's reply remind us that friends are friends until death. They also remind us that sometimes a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the friendship itself, for has there ever been a friendship of greater public consequence than this one? "The friendship which has subsisted between us now half a century, the harmony of our po1itical principles and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through that long period. It's also been a great solace to me to believe that you're engaged in vindicating to posterity the course that we've pursued for preserving to them, in all their purity, their blessings of self-government, which we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a system of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general interest and happiness of those mitted to it, one which, protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our lives have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of support throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I should leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied- "You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren’t they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with Which we discharge the trust mitted to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here. " 关于初中英语美文篇二 Bee a Better Listener I strongly believe that it is rather important to be a good listener. And although I have bee a better listener than I was ten years ago, I have to admit I'm still only an adequate listener. Effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting others while they are speaking or finishing their sentences. It's being content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond. In some ways, the way we fail to listen is symbolic of the way we live. We often treat munication as if it were a race. It's almost like our goal is to have no time gaps between the conclusion of the sentence of the person we are speaking with and the beginning of our own. My wife and I were recently at a cafe having lunch, eavesdropping on the conversations around us. It seemed that no one was really listening to one another, instead they were taking turns not listening to one asked my wife if I still did the same thing. With a *** ile on her face she said, "Only sometimes." Slowing down your responses and being a better listener aids you in being a more peaceful person. It takes pressure from you. If you think about it, you'll notice that it takes an enormous amount of energy and is very stressful to be sitting at the edge of your seat trying to guess what the person in front of you or on the telephone is going to say so that you can fire back your response. But as you wait for the person you are municating with to finish, as you simply listen more intently to what is being said, you'll notice that the pressure you feel is off. You'll immediately feel more relaxed, and so will the people you are talking to. They will feel safe in slowing down their own responses because they won't feel in petition with you for "air time"! Not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person, it will also enhance the quality of your relationships. Everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying. 关于初中英语美文篇三 Teachers are People Today, more than ever before, education is playing an important role in the teaching of children. The school has bee a vital part of every munity, drawing children from every walk of life. The children are eager to take advantage of its opportunities, emerging from their sheltered confines, dipping easily into the habits of the student. They are ing from far and near, struggling towards an education, whetting their appetites for knowledge, forming friendships for the future. Childish energy lets nothing stand in its way. In their tiny hands, they hold the future. The person upon whose capable shoulders rests the responsibility for their education is that unsung hero, the teacher. He must be fair, honest, understanding, and intelligent. He must handle every situation with the utmost dignity. With a plete understanding of his pupils, the experienced teacher equips himself for the classroom. The students eagerly return to the classroom. Youthful minds are encouraged to develop their latent talents. Ah, yes, the creative outlets of the arts and the crafts. Tests and examinations fill out the day, as bright little minds gather knowledge form their teacher. But the little hands make the time pass quickly. Contrary to popular belief, the teacher's work is not through at the end of the school day. Oh, no. There’re many unfinished chores -- blackboards to be cleaned, erasers dusted, and of course the ever-present parent-teacher relationship. So it's to this great profession and its halls of learning that we dedicate this. When the occasion arises, there’re times when disciplinary actions must be taken.
英语是世界上普遍使用的语言,许多国家都在强化和改革基础教育阶段的英语教学,下面就是我给大家整理的，希望大家喜欢。 ：Parenthood If it was going to be easy, it never would have started with something called labor! Shouting to make your children obey is like using the horn to steer your car, and you get about the same results. To be in your children's memories tomorrow, you have to be in their lives today. The *** artest advice on raising children is to enjoy them while they are still on your side. The best way to keep kids at home is to give it a loving atmosphere - and hide the keys to the car. The right temperature in a home is maintained by warm hearts, not by hot heads. Parents: People who bare infants, bore teenagers, and board newlyweds. The joy of motherhood: What a woman experiences when all the children are finally in bed. Life’s golden age is when the kids are too old to need baby-sitters and too young to borrow the family car. Grandparents are similar to a piece of string - handy to have around and easily wrapped around the fingers of grandchildren. A child outgrows your lap, but never outgrows your heart. God gave you two ears and one mouth.... so you should listen twice as much as you talk. There are three ways to get something done: Do it yourself, hire someone to do it, or forbid your children to do it. Adolescence is the age when children try to bring up their parents. Cleaning your house while your kids are at home is like trying to shovel the driveway during a snowstorm. Oh, to be only half as wonderful as my child thought I was when he was *** all, and half as stupid as my teenager now thinks I am. There are only two things a child will share willingly: municable diseases and his mother’s age. Money isn't everything, but it sure keeps the kids in touch. Adolescence is the age at which children stop asking questions because they know all the answers. A alarm clock is a device for awakening people who don't have *** all children. No wonder kids are confused today. Half the *** s tell them to find themselves; the other half tell them to get lost. People hardest to convince that it's time for retirement are children at bedtime. Kids really brighten a household; they never turn off any lights. ：After A Long Winter Up earlier than usual. The air is calling. Spring air is different from winter air. Tree branches are serrated with red bud teeth. Later, they grow chartreuse fuzz, making pale green auras in the sun. Summer leaves will be dark, shading, but spring leaves let the light through. Spring trees glow in the daytime, spreading translucent canopies. The birds are out, racketing their news from bush to branch. Cats are still curled up on fire escapes. They are in no hurry to get up in the cool morning air and they know it will warm up later. They are watching the birds. They can wait. The air is clear, clean cool. The *** ells are tiny *** ells, little whiffs of green, a ribbon of brown mud, the blue *** ell of the sky. Midday is mild enough for short sleeves. I eat my lunch outsider, sitting on a warm brick wall. The breeze lifts my hair and riffles the edge of my skirt. I have to squint. Everything tastes better. Until today I had been too huddled in my winter coat to notice the quiet ing of flowers. Suddenly, daffodils *** ile in my face, parrot tulips wave their beaky petals, and fragrant white blossoms are pinned to dogwood trees like bows in a young girl's hair. The evening is soft. I need my thin jacket. It's still light out when I walk home from the Metro. I could walk for hours. Like a kid playing street games with her friends, I don't want to go in. When I went to work this morning, I left my windows open. Spring came in through the screens while I was gone. It's as if I had used a big sliver key and rolled back the roof like a lid on a sardine can. The indoors *** ell like the outdoors. It will be like lying down in the grass to sleep. The sheets are cool. The quilt is warm. The light fades outside my windows. This weekend, I think I'll wash my car. ：Never Judge A Book by Its Cover A lady in a faded gingham dress and her hu *** and, dressed in a homespun threadbare suit, stepped off the train in Boston, and walked timidly without an appointment into the president of Harvard's outer office .The secretary could tell in a moment that such backwoods country folk had not business at Harvard, and probably didn't even deserve to be in Cambridge .She frowned. "We want to see the president," the man said softly. "He'll be busy all day," the secretary snapped. "We'll wait," the lady replied. For hours, the secretary ignored them, hoping that the couple would finally bee discouraged and go away. They didn't. And the secretary grew frustrated and finally decided to disturb the president. "Maybe if they just see you for a few minutes, they'll leave," she told him. He signed in exasperation and nodded. Someone of his importance obviously didn't have the time to spend with nobodies, but he detested gingham and homespun suits cluttering his office. The president, stern-faced with dignity, strutted toward the couple .The lady told him, "We had a son that attended Harvard for one year .He loved Harvard, and was very happy here. But he was accidentally killed. And my hu *** and and I would like to erect a memorial to him somewhere on campus. "The president wasn't touched, and she was shocked, "Madam," he said gruffly, "we can't put up a statue for every person who attended Harvard and died, this place would look like a cemetery." "Oh, no" the lady explained quickly, "we don't want to erect a statue .We thought we would give a building to Harvard." The president rolled his eyes. He glanced at the gingham dress and homespun suit, and then exclaimed, "A building! Do you have and earthly idea how much a building costs? We have over seven and a half million dollars in the physical plant at Harvard. For a moment the lady was silent. The president was pleased .He could get rid of them now. The lady turned to her hu *** and and said quietly. "Is that all it costs to start a university?" Her hu *** and nodded. The president's face wilted in confusion and bewilderment. Mr. and Mrs. Leland Stanford walked away, traveling to Palo Alto, California where they established the university that bears their name -- a memorial to a son that Harvard no longer cared about. You can easily judge the character of others by how they treat those who can do nothing for them or to them.
参考下面 英语论文格式及写作规范 语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据；但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异,本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分,概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范,以供读者参考、仿效。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
英语毕业论文排版格式
第一部分：封面
1、 需填写的项目由本人用碳素墨水手写或打印。
2、 封面上的毕业论文(设计)编号填写统一编排的12位学号。
3、 届、班级均采用阿拉伯数字，班级应标明某级某班。
4、 用纸要求(以下所有用纸按此要求)
·纸型：A4纸，单面打印;
·页边距：上，下，左，右;
·页眉：，页脚：，左侧装订。
第二部分：目录 (单独用一页 对齐方式：两端对齐、倍行距)
目 录(标题三号，Times New Roman，加粗，居中;)
摘要(关键词)(小四号，Times New Roman)……………………………………(页码)
英文摘要(关键词)(小四号，Times New Roman)………………………………………(页码)
致谢(小四号，Times New Roman)……………………………………………………………(页码)
………(小四号，Times New Roman)……………………………………………… (页码)
(一级标题)(小四号，Times New Roman)………………………………… (页码)
XXXXXX(二级标题)(小四号，Times New Roman)………………………………… (页码)
(三级标题) (小四号，Times New Roman)…………………………………… (页码)
(注：此处目录中的标题层次根据正文标题层次来确定)
参考文献(小四号，Times New Roman)………………………………………………………(页码)
第三部分：文章标题、摘要与关键词
1. 文章标题：二号、Times New Roman、加粗、居中
题目：应在20个单词以内，能简明、具体、确切地表达论文的'特定内容。必要时可使用副标题;
2.中文摘要、关键词(中英文关键词、摘要段落：左右缩进2 个字符)
摘要：(小三号，黑体，加粗，居中)
摘要正文(小四号，宋体，双倍行距)
关键词：标题(小四号，黑体，顶格，加粗)
关键词正文(小四号，宋体，词间逗号隔开)
3.英文摘要、英文关键词
英文摘要标题Abstract：(小三号，Times New Roman，加粗，居中)
英文摘要正文(小四号，Times New Roman，双倍行距)
英文关键词标题Key words：(小四号，Times New Roman，加粗，顶格)
英文关键词正文(小四号，Times New Roman，词间用逗号隔开)
第四部分： 主体部分
正文：论文正文都必须包括引言(introduction),正体、结束语 (conclusion)论点正确、逻辑性强、文理通顺、层次分明、表达确切。把实践结果上升到理论认识或应用理论的高度，最终解决实际问题，并提出自己的见解和观点;
1. 前言标题(三号字，Times New Roman，加粗，顶格)
前言内容(小四号字，Times New Roman，行间距采用倍行距)
2.各级标题与正文
论文的标题层次按以下两种格式编排
第一种:
1 XXXX(一级标题)
XXXX(二级标题)
XXXXXXX(三级标题)
一级标题(三号字，Times New Roman，加粗，顶格)
二级标题(四号字，Times New Roman，加粗，顶格)
三级标题(小四号字，Times New Roman，加粗，顶格)
四级标题格式同三级标题
正文用小四号字，Times New Roman，行间距采用倍行距
3.正文中的图表
正文中图、表均需编排序号，有图、表题目及说明(五号、Times New Roman)，如table 。
4.每页页脚居中注明页码, 页码起始 从Introduction 部分开始第1页。页眉设置要求：居中，以小5号字宋体键入“辽宁对外经贸学院毕业论文”。页眉从正文页开始设置，到参考文献部分结束，包括参考文献部分。封底不加页眉。
第五部分： 参考文献 (三号、宋体、加粗、顶格)
参考文献：参考文献按作者姓名的首字母顺序排列。中文文献在英文文献之后。参考文献应另起一页，总数不少于15篇。原则上，参考文献为期刊时，出版时间应在近五年之内;参考文献为图书时，出版时间应在近10年之内。参考文献要求采用MLA格式。
第六部分： 致 谢(三号、Times New Roman、居中、单独一页)
致谢内容(小四号、Times New Roman)
英语论文格式模板2017
英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文，除了细心严谨之外，还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板，欢迎阅读!
英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。
英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。
字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。
行距：单倍行距。
页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。
文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)
图表：
标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。
照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。
2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。
3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。
4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。
5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。
6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。
7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。
8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。
9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。
11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。
文献注释
注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：
①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。