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弹性分组环（ RPR ） ，也称为的IEEE ，是一个标准的设计，优化运输的数据流量超过光纤环。它的设计是要提供的应变能力，发现在SONET / SDH的网络（ 50ms保护），而是设立面向电路连接，提供一个基于包的传输。这是为了提高工作效率的以太网和IP服务。RPR的工程，一个概念，双反旋转环所谓的几厘米。这些从几厘米到成立，创造了RPR站节点的交通是要下降，每流（流是侵入和出口的数据流量） 。 RPR的用途MAC （媒体访问控制协议）的讯息，以直接的交通，这两个方向的导线周围的冷力。该节点也进行谈判，为它们之间的带宽使用的公平算法，避免交通挤塞及未能跨越。避免失败的跨越是通过使用其中的两种技术被称为“督导”和“包装” 。督导下，如果一个节点或跨度是打破所有节点通知拓扑的变化和他们重新路由他们的交通。在包装的交通是环回在最后的节点前休息和路由到目的地站。所有的交通环是分配一类的服务（部门主管） ，并且该标准规定在3班。 A级（或高）的交通是一个纯粹的税务局局长（承诺信息速率）和旨在支持应用需要低延迟和抖动，如语音和视频。 B级（或中等）的交通是一个混合既是一个税务局局长和审查机构（过剩的信息率-这是符合公平排队） 。 C级（或低）是最好的努力，交通，利用带宽，无论是可用的。这主要是用来支持互联网接入的交通。另一个概念RPR的是什么是被称为 “空间再利用” 。由于RPR的“带”的信号，一旦到达目的地（不同的SONET / SDH upsr环，在该带宽是消耗左右整个环），它可以重复使用获释空间进行额外的交通。该RPR的标准还支持使用学习桥梁协会（ IEEE ），以进一步提高效率，在点，以点对多点的应用和VLAN标记协会（ IEEE ） 。有一个缺点， RPR技术是它并没有提供空间复用的框架传输到/从MAC地址不在场，在环形拓扑结构。这是正在处理的第1项修正案在IEEE 。在空间上知道子层（ SAS ）的是一个可选层被界定的IEEE 。这使得空间重用框架传输到/从MAC地址不在场，在环形拓扑结构。这是一个延伸到弹性分组环标准。
大学专业（University Professional）
中国大学共有13个学科，92个大学专业类，506个大学专业。13个学科分别是：哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、军事学、管理学、艺术学。
英文名以及对照如下：
哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics国防经济学National Defense Economics
法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art
教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports
文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages
新闻传播学Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism传播学Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance
历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History
理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied Mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics
地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology
生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology
系统工程Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology
建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学Building Technology Science土木工程Civil Engineering岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering结构工程Structural Engineering市政工程Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering
化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程Chemical Engineering化学工艺Chemical Technology生物化工Biochemical Engineering应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程Geological Engineering矿业工程Mineral Engineering采矿工程Mining Engineering矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engineering发酵工程Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。.古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃.English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economyAncient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
一、参考文献著录格式 1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码 2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份 5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期 6、 标准编号．标准名称〔S〕 7、 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次) 8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份 9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下： ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下： ①磁带〔MT〕 ②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如： ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕 三、举例 1、期刊论文 〔1〕周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕．化工学报，1995(3)：317—323 〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56 〔3〕刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工，2002(2)：103-105 〔4〕 Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al ． Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation〔J〕．Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465 2、专著 〔1〕蒋挺大．亮聚糖〔M〕．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．127 〔2〕Kortun G． Reflectance Spectroscopy〔M〕． New York: Spring-Verlag,1969 3、论文集 〔1〕郭宏，王熊，刘宗林．膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕．//余立新．第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集．北京：高教出版社，1999．421-425 〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K．Solving 3-SAT with adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕．//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation．Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997．81-86 4、学位论文 〔1〕陈金梅．氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究（D）．西安：西安建筑科学大学，2000 〔 2 〕 Chrisstoffels L A J ． Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕．The Netherland：Twente University．1988 5、专利文献 〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al．Paper Coating composition〔P〕．EP 0634524．1995-01-18 〔 2 〕 仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭． 感光性树脂〔 P 〕． 日本， 特开平09-26667．1997-01-28 〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A．Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕．Jpn, Jp1290606． 1999-11-22 〔4〕厦门大学．二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕．中国发明专利，CN1073429．1993-06-23 6、技术标准文献 〔1〕ISO 1210-1982，塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕 〔2〕GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕 7、报纸 〔1〕陈志平．减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕．科技日报，1997-12-12(5) 8、报告 〔1〕中国机械工程学会．密相气力输送技术〔R〕．北京：1996 9、电子文献 〔1〕万锦柔．中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)〔DB/CD〕．北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。 文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
自然和科学两个免费的文学呢！ ！您的图书馆也可能是多啊，还有，你应该有一个专业的外国文学！ ！ 一些外文网站，但我一直没能降低我的老师说要免费的！ ！ MPMI，植物病理学，植物病害，PNAS，科学1，细胞的公共图书馆，
去中国知网看看
财系统的设计与实现的外文翻译和文献综 肯定知道
翻译 ：老师出的？ 很难的。要知道要写翻译程式，必须写一下几个子程式： 词法分析->语法分析->语言优化. 你必须深入理解 汉语和 英语的语法. 根本不用去做,应为这是专业人员写的
文献综述就是用资料，只不多有一个比较固定的格式。 主要是，关于你的论文主题，国内外学者提出多点看法和主张。某某学者在某某文章中，就你的论文主题，提出看法认为如何如何 都是这样的语句，写出来就ok了。需要大概七八篇文章的论述，最好是高阶的人物写的文章，发表在高阶期刊上的。 知网搜寻文章，搜出来的文章，看看摘要就能写进综述里了，不用下载，中国知网，自己搜寻 合适采纳啊 外文翻译，如果学校图书馆上网有购买国外资料库，例如springerlink或者sci的，可以资料库找 如果没在学校可以谷歌学术搜寻相关英文关键词
涉及论文上的翻译可以在相应的翻译机构中完成即可。例如翻译达人，也是不错的选择，涉及的业务广而语种多，适合每种需求的客户
既然叫做外文文献综述，那就是根据相关课题的研究进展的相关文献（包括中文，英文）进行英文书写综述，若果只是要求中文文献综述，那也可以找一篇相关外文综述进行翻译。 望采纳，谢谢楼主
推荐你到 三七毕业设计网看看 真的不错~他们那里有专门的文献综述专区，参考一下肯定能搞定
（二） 推荐方法 弦的特性在本节里，我们介绍圆心与其弦及弦上一点有关的特性。图1(a)显示一个圆圈与其弦AB。让P为圆圈内的一点，圆心为O,而AB是向θ方向经过P点的弦。以P 为中心的笛卡尔坐标系的四分之一圆周I 或II的端点定义为A，而B则定义为四分之一圆周III 或IV的端点。θ是由PX逆时针测量至AB的正角，θ ∈[0°, 180°]。同样地，φ是由PX逆时针测量至OP的正角。那么|AP|-|BP|=2|OP|cos(θ-φ). (1)下列的证明很直接。众所周知，任何圆周弦的垂直平分线都会经过圆心O(Rich, 1963)。以C作为AB的中心点，那么|AC|=|BC| and OC⊥AB.因此,|CP|=|OP|cos(θ-φ).|AP|-|BP|=(|AC|+|CP|)-(|BC|-|CP|)=2|CP|. 所以,|AP|-|BP|=2|OP|cos(θ-φ)图1(a)显示，O(xo,yo)与P(xp; yp)的坐标有下列的关系：xo=xp+acosφ,yo=yp-asinφ 而a=|OP|，yo方程里的减号反映在图像坐标系中，y值从上至下增加。如果我们有两条弦经过P点，可以从Eq. (1)直接得出两个方程，从中可解a 和 φ。 因此，可以从Eq. (2) 计算出(xo,yo)。具体细节在下一节展示。 圆心的计算考虑犹如图1(b)所示， A1B1 和A2B2两条弦是分别向θ1和θ2 方向 (θ1≠θ2)经过P (xp, yp)。以d1=|A1P|-|B1P| 及d2=|A2P|-|B2P|.那么从Eq.(1)，d1=2acos(θ1-φ) 及d2=2acos(θ2-φ)将方程d1除以d2以及扩展余弦函数可解φ，我们得到...一堆公式(略)Eq. (4) 展示如何从两相交弦计算出圆心。具体地，如果圆周内有个P点被两条弦穿过，利用两弦所提供的d1, d2, θ1 及θ2，可以用Eq. (4) 计算出圆心位置。最简单的实例是θ1 = 0° 及θ2 = 90°。如果是那样，可以极易地显示θ1=0°横弦的中点是xo，θ2=90°竖弦的中点是yo。这个实例的计算精确，但由于只是使用竖横弦，这种计算方式可能不稳健。因此，本研究将使用随意产生方向的弦来配合Eq. (4)的计算。【英语牛人团】
“通信工程”译为Communication Engineering。
如要表达“我是通信工程专业的”之类的意思，可说：I major in Communication Engineering.
拓展资料：
通信工程，也称电信工程，是电子工程的一大重要分支，电子信息类子专业。
通信工程专业主要研究信号的产生、信息的传输、交换和处理，以及在计算机通信、数字通信、卫星通信、光纤通信、蜂窝通信、个人通信、平流层通信、多媒体技术、信息高速公路、数字程控交换等方面的理论和工程应用问题。
参考资料：百度百科-通信工程
基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version [2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile , Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form toolsVisual StudioLate versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and , but not Managed C++.Platform BuilderThis programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named Visual C++ (eVC)The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhoneOften Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger Mobile 5 supports USB and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash productsCompetitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi ( km) [William Stallings' book].At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, . it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home usersHow ADSL worksOn the wireCurrently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.[edit] ModulationADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, and (also called and respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL the ADSL access utilizes the MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the MHz downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.[edit] Installation issuesDue to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.
英文应该是Communication engineering。
通信工程专业主要做：研究信号的产生、信息的传输、交换和处理，以及在计算机通信、光纤通信、无线通信、交换与通信网等方面的理论和工程应用问题。就业方向有通信技术研发人员，通信产品销售人员，电信运营商工作人员等。
扩展资料
通信工程（也作电信工程，旧称远距离通信工程、弱电工程）是电子工程的一个重要分支，电子信息类子专业，同时也是其中一个基础学科。该学科关注的是通信过程中的信息传输和信号处理的原理和应用。本专业学习通信技术、通信系统和通信网等方面的知识，能在通信领域中从事研究、设计、制造、运营及在国民经济各部门和国防工业中从事开发、应用通信技术与设备。
参考资料通信工程_百度百科
问题一：软件工程用英语怎么说？ Software engineering 问题二：软件开发用英语怎么说 软件开发（software development） 软件工程（software engineering） 问题三：我毕业于xx学校软件工程专业 英语怎么说 I graduated from XX �niversity and my major is software engineering. 问题四：软件工程硕士的英文怎么说 软件工程硕士 [网络] MSE; Master of Software Engineering; software engineering; MSc Software Engineering; [例句]第一个软件工程硕士学位设立了西雅图大学于1979年。 The first software engineering Master's degree was established at Seattle University in1979. 问题五：请问“信息学院”和“软件学院”的用英语怎么说？ 信息学院：Information Institute 软件学院：Software Institute 如果是厂信息系：Information Department 软件系：Software Department 希望对您 有帮助 问题六：软件工程专业用英语吗 可以不用。 但是用和不用差别很大，从学校到工作岗位，它都会限制你的发展。 学校里，软工的一般都要大量刷编程题，一些是英文的题。还有计算机相关的高新技术、论文，英文的比较多，尤其是前沿技术。 工作后，当你写出来的东西没有英文，全是拼音时，管理会认为你的水平不高，只能被淘汰到小公司去上班。 问题七：我来自软件工程1班。英语怎么翻译 I am from class one of Software Engineering. 问题八：软件工程中二次开发专业术语用英文怎么说？ redevelope/reexploit
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleTalk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制 nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件 SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认 preamble ：前文 postamble ：后文 ITU ：国际电信联合会 character-oriented ：面向字符 bit-oriented ：面向位 SYNC ：同步字符 HDLC ：面向位的方案 SDLC ：面向位的方案 bit-stuffing ：位插入 STP ：屏蔽双绞线 UTP ：非屏蔽双绞线 RG-58A/U ：标准 RG-11 ：用于10BASE5 RG-59U ：75欧 CATV RG-62U ：9欧 ARCnet 10BASE5 ： RG-59U ： CATV RG-62U ： ARCnet LED(light emitting diobe) ：发光二级管 ILD(injection laster diobe) ：注入型激光二级管 PIN ：检波器 APD ：检波器 intensity modulation ：亮度调制 line of sight ：可视通路 CCITT (EIA RS232C) ：非平衡型 CCITT (EIA RS423A) ：新的非平衡型 CCITT (EIA RS422A) ：新的平衡型 TD ：发送数据 RD ：接收数据 XON/XOFF ：流控制 Automatic Repeat Request Protocol ：自动重发请求 Send and wait ARQ:continuous ：ARQ停等ARQ Ward Christensen ：人名 Kermit ：协议 circuit switching ：线路交换 packet switching ：分组交换 virtual circuit ：虚电路 ATM(asynchronous transfer mode) ：异步传输模式 ATDM ：异步时分多路复用 packetizer ：打包器 VPI(vritual path identifier) ：虚路径标识 VCI(virtual channel identifier) ：虚通道标识 syntax ：语法 semantics ：语义 timing ：定时 OSI(open system interconnection) ：开放系统 session ：会话 synchronization ：同步 activity management ：活动管理 AE ：应用实体 UE ：用户元素 CASE ：公共应用服务元素 SASE ：特定应用服务元素 VT ：虚拟终端 JIM ：作业传送和操作 reverved ：保留 echo ：回送 discard ：丢弃 active users ：活动用户 daytime ：白天 netstat(who is up of NETSTAT) qotd(quote of the day) 日期引用 chargen(character generator) 字符发送器 nameserver(domani name server) 域名服务器 bootps(bootstrap protocol server/client) 引导协议服务器/客户机 tftp(trivial file transfer) 简单文件传送 sunrpc(sun microsystems RPC) SUN公司 NTP:network time protocol 网络时间协议 SNMP(SNMP net monitor) SNMP网络监控器 SNMP traps 陷井 biff unix comsat daemon timed daemon syslog system log URG 紧急字段可用 ACK 确认字段可用 PSH 请求急迫操作 RST 连接复位 SYN 同步序号 FIN 发送方字节流结束 Manchester 曼彻斯特编码 FDDI(fiber distributed data interface) 光纤分布数据接口 TTRT 目标标记循环时间 aggregation of multiple link segments 多重链接分段聚合协议 MAN(metropolitan area network plus) 城域网 CSMA/CD(carrier sense multiple access/collision detection) 载波监听 Token bus 令牌总线 T oken ring 令牌环 SAP 服务访问点 request indictaion response confirmation LLC PDU LLC协议数据单元 DSAP address 目地服务访问点地址字段 SSAP address 源服务访问点地址字段 XID 交换标识 SABME 置扩充的异步平衡方式 DISC 断开连接 DM 断开 FRMR 帧拒收 solt time 时间片 AUI 连接单元接口 MAU 介质连接接口 MDI 介质相关接口 PMA 物理介质接口 SFD 起始定界符 PAD 填充字段 FCS 帧校验序列 PLS 物理层收发信号 slot time 时间 Inter Frame Gap 帧 attempt limit 最大重传次数 back off limit 避免算法参数 Jam size 阻塞参数 max frame size 最大帧 address size 地址 collaspsed backone 折叠式主干网 BSS 基本服务集 ESS 扩展服务集 DFW-MAC 分布式基础无线MAC IFS 帧间空隙 SIFS: 短 PIFS 点协调 DIFS 分布协调 CTS 发送清除 DQDB() 分布式队列双总线 TDM 时分复用 TMS 多时分交换 TSI 时间片互换 TST 网络机构 TSSST STS SSTSS TSTST 网络机构 PSTN 公用交换电话网 public switched telephone network 详细 PBX:private branch exchange 专用交换网 PABX;private automatic branch exchange 自动交换机 CBX:computerized branch exchange 程控交换 SLIP:serial line IP 串行IP LCP(link control protocol) 链路控制协议 NCP:network control protocol 网络控制协议 BRI 基本速率接口 PRI 群速率接口 LAPB:line access protocol balanced 链路访问协议平衡 registration 登录 interrupt 中断 LAP F link access procedure for frame-mode bearer serives 太长了 rotate 不知道 recovery 恢复 discard 丢弃 retransmission 重传 switched access 交换访问 intergated access 集成访问 alerting 警告 progress 进展 AAL ATM适配层 GFC 总流控 cell rate decoupling 信元率去耦 SDH 同步数字级 PDH 准国步数字级 GSM:group special mobile 移动通讯 NSS 网络子系统 OMC-R 操作维护中心 BSS 基站子系统 BSC 基站控制器 BTS 基站收发信机 MS 移动站 SIM:subscriber identity module 标识模块 MSC 移动交换机 HLR 归属位置寄存器 VLR 访问位置寄存器 AUC 鉴权中心 EIR 设备识别寄存器 OMC-S 操作维护中心 SC 短消息中心 WAP 无线应用协议 WAE 无线应用层 WSP 会话层 WTP 事务层 WTLS 安全层 WDP 传输层 MAP 移动应用部分 WML无线标记语言 SSL:secure sockets layer 安全套接层 PCS 个人通信业务 PCN 个人通信网 GEO 对地静止轨道 NON-GE0(MEO,LEO) 不清楚 ITU 国际电信联盟 VSAT:very small aperture -terminal 甚小天线终端 LEOS 低轨道卫星通信系统 repeater 中继器 bridge 网桥 router 路由器 gateway 网关 ONsemble stackable 10BASE 可叠加组合型集线器 transparent bridge 传输桥 source routing bridge 源路径桥 broadcast storm 广播风暴 encapsulation 封装 translation bridging 转换桥接方式 SRT 源地址选择透明桥 offset 偏移 more flag 标识 ICMP INTERNET控制报文协议 SPF:shortest path first 最短路径 IGP:interior gateway protocol 核心网关协议 EGP:exterior gateway protocol 扩展网关协议 RIP:routing information protocol 路由信息协议 OSPF 开放最短径优先协议 acquisition request 获取请求 acquisition confirm 获取确认 cease 中止 poll 轮询 IPX/SPX internetwork packet exchange/sequented packet exchange NOVELL interpreter 解释器 redirector 重定向器 SFT system fault tolerant 系统容错 ELS entry level solution 不认识 ODI 开放数据链路接口 NDIS network device interface specification 网络设备接口... DDCS 数据库管理和分布数据库连接服务 DCE:distributed computing environment 分布计算环境 OSF:open software foundation 开放软件基金 PWS:peer web service WEB服务器 OEM 原始设备制造商 RAS 远程访问服务 IIS:Internet Information server INTERNET信息服务 WINS:windows internet name system WINDOWS命名服务 NTDS:windows NT directory server NT目录服务 TDI 传输驱动程序接口 schedule++ 应用程序,预约本 COSE:common open software environment 普通开放软件环境 RPC 远程过程调用 SNMP:simple network management protocol 简单网管协议 SMI:structer of management information 管理信息结构 SMT:station management 管理站 SMTP:simple mail transfer protocol 简单邮件传输协议 SNA:system network architecture IBM网络 SNR:signal noise ratio 信噪比 SONENT:synchronous optical network 同步光纤网络 SPE:synchronous payload envelope 同步PAYLOAD信 CMIS/CMIP 公共管理信息服务/协议 CMISE 公共管理信息服务 agent 代理 IMT:inductive modeling technology 不知道 plaintext 明文 ciphertext 脱密 encryption 加密 decryption 解密 symmetric key cryptography 对称加密 asymmetric key cryptography 不对称加密 public key 公钥 private key 私钥 DES:data encryption standard 数据加密标准 IDEA:international data encryption algorithm 国际加密算法 PIN:personal identification number 个人标识符 session key 会话层密钥 KDC:key distribuetion center 密钥分发中心 sign 签名 seal 封装 certificate 证书 certificate authority CA 证书权威机构 OSF 开放软件中心 AFS:andrew file system 分布式文件系统 ticket 凭证 authenticatior 身份认证 timestamp 时间标记 reply attack 检测重放攻击 realm 域 PKI 公钥基础设施 certificate hierarchy 证书层次结构 across certificate 交叉证书 security domain 安全领域 cerfificate revoke list(CRL) 证书层次结构 LDAP:light weight directory access protocol 协议 access matrix 访问矩阵 ACL:access control list 访问列表 reference monitor 引用监控器 course grained 粗粒度访问控制 medium grained 中粒度访问控制 fine grained 细粒度访问控制 CORBA 面向对象的分布系统应用 MQ 报文队列 VPN 虚拟专网 IPSEC:IP security 安全IP SA:security association 安全?? encopulation security payload 封装安全负载 AH:authentication header 鉴别报头 IKE:Internet key exchange 交换 rogue programs 捣乱程序 IPSP:IP security protocol 安全 IKMP:internet key managemetn protocol 协议 IESG Internet工程领导小组 SHA 安全散列算法 MAC:message authentication code 代码 CBC 密码块链接 SSL 安全套接层协议 cerfificate verify 证书检验报文 PEM 私用强化邮件 PGP:pretty good privacy 好的 private 保密 authenticated 已认证 SEPP 安全电子付费协议 SET 安全电子交易 middleware 中间件 GSS-API 通用安全服务 SNP 安全网络编程 BWD:browser web database 浏览WEB plugin 插入件 basic authentication scheme 不知道 digest authentication scheme 摘要认证方法 open group:the open group research institute 研究所 DCE:distributed computing environment 分布式计算机环境 SLP:secure local proxy 安全局部代理 SDG:secure domain proxy 安全域代理 OMG:object management group 目标管理组 CORBS:common object request broker architecture 不清楚 authentication 鉴别 access control 访问控制 data confidnetiality 保密 data integrity 数据完整性 non-reputation 防止否认 enciphermant 加密机制 digital signature mechanisms 数据完整性 authentication mechanisms 路由控制机制 notarization mechanisms 公证 trusted function 可信 security labels 安全标记 event dectection 事件检测 security audit trail 安全审计跟踪 security recovery 安全恢复 TCSEC:trusted computer system evaluation criteria 标准 TCSEC TNI:trusted network interpretation of the TCSEC 标准 TCSEC TDI:trusted database interpretation of the TCSEC 标准 ITSEC:information technology security evaluation 标准 CC:command criteria for IT security evaluation 安全 classified criteria for secruity protection 中国安全 of computer information system 中国安全 GB17859-1999 国标 TCB:trusted computing base SNMP:simple network management protocol 网管 ICMP:internet control message protocol 互联网控制信息协议 ARP:address resolution protocol 地址解析协议 TCP:transmission control protocol 传输控制协议 UDP:user datagram protocol 用户数据报协议 SMTP:simple mail transfer protocol 简单邮件传输 DNS:domain name service 服务器 NSP:name service protocol 服务器 TElnet:telcommunication network TEL EGP:exterior gateway protocol 外部网关连接器协议 IGP:inter gateway protocol 内部网关连接器协议 SLIP 串行接口协议 PPP 点对点协议 UNICAST 单播地址 cluster 群集地址 multicast 组播地址 scable model 可伸缩模型 integrated model 集成模型 OLAP 联机分析工具 NAS:network applications support DEC公司的工具 NWC:newwave computing HP工具 OCCA:open cooperative computing architecture 开放合作计算体系结构 DAA:distributed application architecture DG的分布应用体系结构 COSE:common opensystem enviroment 通用开放系统环境 CDE:common desktop enviroment 通用桌面环境 DCE 分布式计算环境 RPC 远程过程调用 DME 分布管理环境 OSE/APP 开放系统环境应用可移植框架 ODA 开放文件体系结构 ODL 开放文件语言
弹性分组环（ RPR ） ，也称为的IEEE ，是一个标准的设计，优化运输的数据流量超过光纤环。它的设计是要提供的应变能力，发现在SONET / SDH的网络（ 50ms保护），而是设立面向电路连接，提供一个基于包的传输。这是为了提高工作效率的以太网和IP服务。RPR的工程，一个概念，双反旋转环所谓的几厘米。这些从几厘米到成立，创造了RPR站节点的交通是要下降，每流（流是侵入和出口的数据流量） 。 RPR的用途MAC （媒体访问控制协议）的讯息，以直接的交通，这两个方向的导线周围的冷力。该节点也进行谈判，为它们之间的带宽使用的公平算法，避免交通挤塞及未能跨越。避免失败的跨越是通过使用其中的两种技术被称为“督导”和“包装” 。督导下，如果一个节点或跨度是打破所有节点通知拓扑的变化和他们重新路由他们的交通。在包装的交通是环回在最后的节点前休息和路由到目的地站。所有的交通环是分配一类的服务（部门主管） ，并且该标准规定在3班。 A级（或高）的交通是一个纯粹的税务局局长（承诺信息速率）和旨在支持应用需要低延迟和抖动，如语音和视频。 B级（或中等）的交通是一个混合既是一个税务局局长和审查机构（过剩的信息率-这是符合公平排队） 。 C级（或低）是最好的努力，交通，利用带宽，无论是可用的。这主要是用来支持互联网接入的交通。另一个概念RPR的是什么是被称为 “空间再利用” 。由于RPR的“带”的信号，一旦到达目的地（不同的SONET / SDH upsr环，在该带宽是消耗左右整个环），它可以重复使用获释空间进行额外的交通。该RPR的标准还支持使用学习桥梁协会（ IEEE ），以进一步提高效率，在点，以点对多点的应用和VLAN标记协会（ IEEE ） 。有一个缺点， RPR技术是它并没有提供空间复用的框架传输到/从MAC地址不在场，在环形拓扑结构。这是正在处理的第1项修正案在IEEE 。在空间上知道子层（ SAS ）的是一个可选层被界定的IEEE 。这使得空间重用框架传输到/从MAC地址不在场，在环形拓扑结构。这是一个延伸到弹性分组环标准。
论文肯定是从网上抄了很多，呵呵，如果是硕士论文修改的话应该不难，我去年11月份的时候在不凡网络策划修改过一篇，服务倒还不错，当时重复率没有你那么高是40%多，他们修改完重复率是7%，收了我800，不知道现在价格涨了没，不过他们好像只修改工程硕士论文，其他类的似乎不修改，我也不是很确定，你自己去问问吧。不要轻信广告，这可是毕业大事，呵呵
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浅谈高等级公路的养护与管理 池学丽 黑龙江科技信息
我国公路建设在施工设计方面虽然已经积累了大量的实际 经验 ，施工技术也有了很大的提高，下面我给大家分享一些公路施工技术论文3000字 范文 ，大家快来跟我一起欣赏吧。
浅析公路施工技术
摘要:现代公路运输是我国经济发展的重要基础，随着车流量不断增加及人们出行质量水平的提高，对公路质量的要求越来越严格。针对这种情况，本文对影响公路施工的因素进行了简单阐述。
关键词:公路施工;质量管理;质量通病;
中图分类号：X731文献标识码： A
近年来，我国公路建设取得了巨大成就，公路工程施工企业综合管理水平不断提高，施工技术管理水平得到增强，在公路建设规模不断扩大的同时，公路工程施工企业数量大量增加，同行业市场竞争也日趋激烈，这在客观上对公路施工企业在技术管理水平上提出了更高的要求。因此，公路施工企业要不断提高自身综合实力，完善管理，狠抓生产、稳定质量，将技术管理融入企业生产的各个环节，确保项目建设顺利进行，创造良好的经济效益和社会效益，促进企业的健康可持续发展。 环境保护公路工程建设是一个系统，影响工程质量的因素很多。下面分别论述公路施工的质量通病、材料管理、质量管理体系以及病害治理的 方法 。
一、公路工程施工技术管理的重要性
公路运输是运输行业的“轻骑兵”，发挥着重要的作用，高等级公路建设对施工技术的要求也越来越高。提高工程技术水平并最终提高工程质量，是公路企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地的现实选择。
1. 技术管理是现代公路施工管理的核心
公路施工技术管理是现代公路工程施工管理的中心环节，是施工企业综合管理水平的最根本体现，对公路施工过程中的各项技术参数、公路施工质量产生直接影响。加强公路施工技术管理，能有效地减少或消除公路质量通病，质量隐患，以此降低质量通病防治的成本，提高公路企业的经济效益，促进企业的健康发展。公路施工技术管理工作的有效开展能可优化公路施工流程、加强成本控制、提高工程质量。
2. 技术管理是提高公路企业经济效益的根本 措施
在公路施工过程中，技术管理科学合理，能有效提高施工各部门间的配合、减少工作的扯皮现象，同时技术管理责任制的建立能迅速找到施工中存在的质量问题，提高企业的工作效率，有利于加强成本控制，从而提高企业的整体经济效益。技术管理还需要对施工技术人员和工程设备进行管理，使设备操作人员的操作水平得到保障和提高，有效减少或避免由于操作不当造成的设备故障与安全事故，可减少工期延误，降低事故发生，从而提高企业的经济效益。另外，技术管理还可以通过新技术、新材料、新工艺的推广应用，为保障施工质量奠定基础，为提高企业的经济效益奠定基础。
3. 技术管理是公路工程施工质量的保证
公路工程施工技术管理工作的科学开展能有效地提高施工过程中的监督和管理，保障公路施工质量。在进行公路工程施工技术管理中，通过对施工测量、防线的技术管理;施工过程技术参数控制;常见技术问题解决等工作，能有效地保障工程质量处于受控状态，提高工程施工质量。同时，施工技术管理还通过施工前技术方案的审核、工艺流程设计、施工技术选择、设备选型等工作的科学开展，奠定工程施工质量的基础。
二、施工现场材料的管理
1.材料验收与入库制度
工地所需的材料经采购员采购回场后，应进行材料的验收。入库前应对材料的质量进行检查，在保证其质量合格的基础上实测数量;对大宗材料、高档材料、特殊材料等要及时索要“三证”产品合格证、质量 保证书 、出厂检测 报告 ，有条件的，必须经化验指标合格后才准入库。
2.出库与退库制度
必须严格进行材料的领用手续，无手续不得发放材料。工程将结束时，应对施工现场材料进行盘点，督促施工队伍及时的办理退库手续;办理材料退库时应填写材料退库单，清点完毕后同材料人员办理材料交接手续。
三、完善质量管理体系
公路建设的“政府监督、社会监理、企业自检”三级质量控制体系有待完善，完善质量管理体系主要从以下几个方面注意或着手：
1.监理队伍机制不完善，人员素质低
政府交通主管部门对监理市场主要是宏观管理，仅对监理单位和人员的资质进行管理。另外现有的监理人员的数量和素质远不适应交通基本建设高速度、大规模、高标准的发展现状。
2.质量管理的现场检查、设备检测不完善
现场跟踪检查,将质量隐患消灭在萌芽状态。大部分工程质量隐患都是通过现场检查而发现的，要做好现场检查，质检员一定要腿勤、眼勤、手勤。另外，大部分设计、监理、施工、监督单位的检测设备、检测手段、技术力量还不能满足质量检测工作需要，有的与实际要求相差很大，直接影响质量管理工作的深度和力度。
四、几种常见病害的治理方法
1.当路面出现翻浆时，一般有两种措施：一种是填土法，另一种是浇筑砂桩。填土法：公路路基长年受到路边耕地用水的浸蚀，每年春季2、3月份出现路基坍塌翻浆，造成路面破损，长期以来，破损越来越严重，导致阻碍、滞留车辆，为了解决这种情况，尽快恢复交通，可采取填土的方法来处治该路段破坏的路基，具体施工方法是：不影响通车的前提下，先开挖半边路基，一直挖到路基土底层较硬的新土，一般米就可以了，将翻浆土全部挖除，然后夯实，用砂子和粘土混合将其与路基摞平，在其上可做沥青路面;浇筑砂桩的具体做法：在路面两边每平方米挖一直径为50厘米、深1米左右的坑，为不影响行车，采用半边施工，在坑内用大粒石头子和水泥填筑夯实，在上可直接做沥青路面;对路面破裂、坑槽、啃边、松散等病害的处理。可挖去路的损坏部分，将路基下部填土夯实后，撒下沥青、碾压成形即可通车;对公路要进行不定期的养护，以防病害累积，破损路面[3]。
2.路面的铺平。碎石沥青混合料的碾压：初次碾实，选用DD-120双轮双振动压路机静压过去，返回振动温度应控制在140℃之间;复压一般选用30t轮胎压路机压两遍，后面要接着DD-120压路机碾压两遍，复碾压4～6遍，在复压过程中应及时用长直尺检测平整度，发现有拱起的部位用8t钢轮压路机进行横向碾压处理，消除起拱隆起部位;终压用双轮双振钢轮压路机静压2～3遍。初压应在沥青料摊铺后较高温度下进行，并不得产生发裂、推移等现象，压实温度还应根据沥青稠度、压路机类型，气温、铺筑层厚度，沥青料的类型确定。初压应从外侧低处向中心高处碾压，相邻碾压带应重叠1/3轮宽，在靠外侧边缘处初次碾压时，可暂预留50cm宽不碾压，等压完第一遍后将压路机的大部分重量位于压实过的混合料面上再压边缘，以减少向外推移[4]。
3.养护机械化是提高公路使用质量和服务水平的重要步骤。实现养护机械国产化，不断提高公路养护机械配备。1)学习、引进国外先进的机电技术。2)养护机械要面向多用途的方向发展，提高机械的使用效益，快捷的作业要求。3)引进国外先进的工艺技术和加工设备，提高养护机械的工艺水平和制造技术，提高产品质量及使用寿命。4)加强养护机械的合理化管理，组建新型的养护机械租赁公司。保证公路畅通，发现公路损坏时要及时上报和维修，阻断通车时应设置安全标记，以防发生交通事故，定时对损坏和缺少的标志牌要进行补齐和更换，保证有明显醒目的公路标志。
总之，公路工程施工中影响因素很多，只有全面提高施工队伍的整体素质，真正做到按施工技术规范施工，按操作规程操作，才能避免或减少质量缺陷。同时加强与监理工作人员的沟通，对工程施工过程中可能引起质量问题的因素进行严格的管理与控制，有效提高公路工程施工质量，促进质量通病防治工作的开展，促进工程施工的顺利进行，有效提高企业的综合管理能力与市场竞争力。
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[2]肖智慧.浅议施工技术在路桥施工中的应用及分析[J].四川建材,2008,(05).
[3]何红民.如何做好公路施工技术管理工作[J].硅谷,2008,(01).
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