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韩语论文大纲模板

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韩语论文大纲模板

就跟日常的论文一样的,需要提出问题,并且有解决办法,

(一)确定论文提要,再加进材料,形成全文的概要论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。(二)原稿纸页数的分配写好毕业论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3—4页,第二项用4—5页,第三项3—4页,第四项6—7页。有这样的分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。(三)编写提纲论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单,但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的,写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备,边想边写很难顺利地写下去。以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,简单提纲可以写成下面这样:一、序论二、本论(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策三、结论详细提纲,是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲,那么,执笔时就能更顺利。下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,介绍详细提纲的写法:一、序论1.提出中心论题;2.说明写作意图。二、本论(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件1.市场经济体制的确立,为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境;2.建筑产品市场的形成,对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求;3.城乡体制改革的深化,为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证;4.建筑劳动力市场的建立,是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状1.供大于求的买方市场;2.有市无场的隐形市场;3.易进难出的畸形市场;4.交易无序的自发市场。(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策1.统一思想认识,变自发交易为自觉调控;2.加快建章立制,变无序交易为规范交易;3.健全市场网络,变隐形交易为有形交易;4.调整经营结构,变个别流动为队伍流动;5.深化用工改革,变单向流动为双向流动。三、结论1,概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务;2.呼应开头的序言。上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点,选择哪一种,要根据作者的需要。如果考虑周到,调查详细,用简单提纲问题不是很大;但如果考虑粗疏,调查不周,则必须用详细提纲,否则,很难写出合格的毕业论文。总之,在动手撰写毕业’论文之前拟好提纲,写起来就会方便得多。四、毕业论文提纲的拟定如何落笔拟定毕业论文提纲呢?首先要把握拟定毕业论文提纲的原则,为此要掌握如下四个方面:(一)要有全局观念,从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分配是否恰当,篇幅的长短是否合适,每一部分能否为中心论点服务。比如有一篇论文论述企业深化改革与稳定是辩证统一的,作者以浙江××市某企业为例,说只要干部在改革中以身作则,与职工同甘共苦,可以取得多数职工的理解。从全局观念分折,我们就可以发现这里只讲了企业如何改革才能稳定,没有论述通过深化改革,转换企业经营机制,提高了企业经济效益,职工收入增加,最终达到社会稳定。(二)从中心论点出发,决定材料的取舍,把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃,尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动搜集来的。有所失,才能有所得。一块毛料寸寸宝贵,舍不得剪裁去,也就缝制不成合身的衣服。为了成衣,必须剪裁去不需要的部分。所以,我们必须时刻牢记材料只是为形成自己论文的论点服务的,离开了这一点,无论是多麽好的材料都必须舍得抛弃。(三)要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病,是论点和论据没有必然联系,有的只限于反复阐述论点,而缺乏切实有力的论据;有的材料一大堆,论点不明确;有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系,这样的毕业论文都是不合乎要求的,这样的毕业论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力,必须有虚有实,有论点有例证,理论和实际相结合,论证过程有严密的逻辑性,拟提纲时特别要注意这一点,检查这一点。下面再简单阐述一下编写毕业论文提纲的方法:1.先拟标题;2.写出总论点;3.考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么顺序来论述总论点,这是论文结构的骨架;4.大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨);5.依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用;6.全面检查,作必要的增删。在编写毕业论文提纲时还要注意:第一,编写毕业论文提纲有两种方法:一是标题式写法。即用简要的文字写成标题,把这部分的内容概括出来。这种写法简明扼要,一目了然,但只有作者自己明白。毕业论文提纲一般不能采用这种方法编写.二是句子式写法。即以一个能表达完整意思的句子形式把该部分内容概括出来。这种写法具体而明确,别人看了也能明了,但费时费力。毕业论文的提纲编写要交与指导教师阅读,所以,要求采用这种编写方法。第二,提纲写好后,还有一项很重要的工作不可疏忽,这就是提纲的推敲和修改,这种推敲和修改要把握如下几点。一是推敲题目是否恰当,是否合适;二是推敲提纲的结构。先围绕所要阐述的中心论点或者说明的主要议题,检查划分的部分、层次和段落是否可以充分说明问题,是否合乎道理;各层次、段落之间的联系是否紧密,过渡是否自然。然后再进行客观总体布局的检查,再对每一层次中的论述秩序进行“微调”。第三,毕业论文写作一般要求提纲拟到以下层次希望大家能够顺利毕业这也我多年的经验《本科毕业论文提纲格式及范例》相关文章:1.本科毕业论文提纲格式及范例2.大学毕业论文提纲的格式及范例3.本科毕业论文提纲范文4.本科毕业论文大纲范文5.大学本科毕业论文大纲怎么写6.学年论文提纲格式及范例7.毕业论文提纲写法要求指导

如果韩语论文里需要放调查问卷和数据分析,就放在上图的“文章主体”部分即可。关于每章应该放哪些内容,更详细的内容可以参考:今天用更简单的方式告诉你一篇韩语论文怎么写?接下来是可支撑资料少的问题,解决方式当然是继续找资料,当看了足够多的资料,思路自己会涌出来,挡都挡不住。足够多的意思一般是指10篇+知网上下载的论文,可以直接复制吗,但为什么数字和英文复制不下来,要么是乱码的?首先要明确,知网上下载的资料,可以复制下来,可以编辑。打开界面左上角的大写T字位置,点击后,就可以实现复制;编辑比较简单,主要注意使用CTRL+F调出查找替换功能,用替换“段落标记”,的方法,就可以使编辑效果事半功倍。数字和英文复制效果不好的问题。两个有效方法,一是在右下角点击网页,放大显示倍数,提高识别清晰度,一是识别后的英文和数字处要进行手动错字排查。识别效果太差还可以用ocr软件识别,推荐。ABBY fine reader12,中文韩文都可以识别。每次去找导师都很快进入尬聊,不想去了怎么办?教授指导也是论文过程中的一部分,不去见是不可能的。如果可以提高每次见导师的效率,就可以少去很多趟。第一.多做内容。比如,去确定选题时就不要只带一个题目,把除了题目以外,大纲内容也都带过去,可以节省教授的主题理解时间,也可以让他更快的判断这个选题的可行性。大纲和题目定完后,主要任务就是写正文。所以如果一口气写好初稿,再去找教授,中间就能省下很多趟。第二.为指导过程录音。这样回来之后可以反复听,不会因为没听清要求再去问。去之前打开手机录音就可以。此外,多与别人交流。不是一有问题就去找教授问。因为你遇到过的问题,别人几乎都遇到过,前人已经都有现成的答案,你只需要拿来用。别人可以是上届前辈,可以是同期同学,也可以是论文交流的社群群友。如果没有上届的电子版,找到学校下发的论文要求文件,对照着挨个项目进行排版。 先行研究太难了,我的韩语又不是特别好,很多资料看不懂,怎么办?先行研究的基本样式:分段总结别人的同主题文章+适当归类+最后概括。概括可以摘取重点内容,用表格的方式展现。直接看韩语有困难,先找类似主题的中文资料看,了解该主题的主要内容和背景知识,再看韩语会简单些。写句子有困难,不确定的地方先用中文来替代,把整体思路先誊写下来,剩下别的困难都是浮云。 我还有20天就要参加初审了,全篇可能写不完,怕到时候没有资格,现在还没开始,怎么办?问题很笼统,看初审标准是什么,对症下药。提高效率,参照前一篇推文的资料整理方式,节约时间。

(一)要有全局观念,从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分配是否恰当,篇幅的长短是否合适,每一部分能否为中心论点服务。(二)从中心论点出发,决定材料的取舍,把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃,尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动搜集来的。有所失,才所得。一块毛料寸寸宝贵,台不得剪裁去,也就缝制不成合身的衣服。为了成衣,必须剪裁去不需要的部分。所以,我们必须时刻牢记材料只是为形成自己论文的论点服务的,离开了这一点,无论是多少好的材料都必须舍得抛弃。(三)要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病,是论点和论据没有必然联系,有的只限于反复阐述论点,而缺乏切实有力的论据;有的料一大堆,论点不明确;有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系,这样的毕业论文都是不合乎要求的,这样的毕业论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力,必须有虚有实,有论点有例证,理论和实际相结合,论证过程有严密的逻辑性,拟提纲时特别要注意这一点,检查这一点。下面再简单阐述一下编写毕业论文提纲的方法:1.先拟标题;2.写出总论点;3.考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么顺序来论述总论点,这是论文结构的骨架;4.大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨);5.依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用;6.全面检查,作必要的增删。

韩语论文模板

韩语专业毕业论文写作规则 为规范我院旅游韩语专业学生毕业论文的写作,使学生掌握规范的论文写作要求和方法,特制定“山西旅游职业学院旅游韩语专业学生毕业论文写作规则”。学生在进行毕业论文写作时应严格遵照规则的要求,指导教师应按此规则指导学生毕业论文的写作。 1. 论文用字、编辑、打印、用纸及顺序 1.1 论文用纸、页眉 1) 论文用纸一律为A4 页眉:“旅游韩语专业毕业论文”从摘要开始到最后,在每一页的最上方, 用5号宋体,居中排列,页眉之下划1条线。 页码:宋体小五号,不加任何修饰。 2) 论文用字、编辑与打印 论文打印规格: 论文正文单面打印,为了便于装订、复制,要求每页纸的四周留有足够的空白边缘。以WORD2000为例: 页面设置数据为:上3厘米、下2厘米、左侧3厘米、右侧2厘米; 装订线 -- 1厘米;装订线位置:左 页眉 — 1厘米; 页脚 — 1厘米。 版面设置数据为:文字的行间距 — 1. 5倍 ; 公式的行间距 — 1. 5倍 字符间距 — 标准;页码数据-对称页边距。 1.2 论文顺序 论文顺序依次为封面、中文摘要、韩文摘要、目录、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、毕业论文指导教师评语。 2.对各部分的要求分述如下: 论文字数要求: 3000—5000字 摘要与关键词 -- 요지와 키워드 1) 中文摘要与关键词:摘要是对毕业论文内容准确概括而不加注释或者评论的简短陈述,应反映论文的主要信息。摘要内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论。摘要应具有独立性和完整性。摘要一般不含图表、化学结构式和非公用的符号或者术语,如采用非标准的术语、缩写词和符号等,均应在第一次出现时给予说明。摘要篇幅以150字左右为宜。 关键词是反映毕业论文主题内容的名词,选用3~5个,每个关键词之间用逗号或者分号隔开。关键词排在摘要下方。 2) 韩文摘要与关键词 :韩文摘要中用词应准确,使用本学科通用的词汇;关键词按专业的标准术语写出;中韩文摘要的内容需一致;韩文摘要篇幅以100单词左右为宜。 目录—차례: 按照论文的章、节、附录等前后顺序,编写序号、名称和页码。目录页排在中韩文摘要之后,主体部分必须另页右面开始,全文以右页为单页页码。 正文要求: 论文正文用小4号Times New Roman。 正文是毕业论文的主体,要实事求是,准确无误,层次分明,合乎逻辑,简练可读。 旅游韩语专业学生应根据所学专业坚持理论联系实际的原则, 做到理论联系实际,就必须迈开双脚,深入实习基地,进行社会调查研究这也是我们正确认识社会的基本途径。大家只有深入到实际中去,同客观事物广泛接触,获得大量的感性材料,然后运用科学的逻辑思维方法,对这些材料进行去粗取精,去伪存真,由此及彼,由表及里的加工制作,才能从中发现有现实意义而又适合自己研究的新课题。观点要创新:毕业论文的价值所在是其观点要创新,所以我们要求: (1)所提出的问题在本专业学科领域内有一定的理论意义或实际意义,并通过独立研究,提出了自己一定的认识和看法。 (2)能够以自已有力而周密的分析,澄清在某一问题上的混乱看法。虽然没有更新的见解,但能够为别人再研究这一问题提供一些必要的条件和方法。 (3)用较新的理论、较新的方法提出并在一定程度上解决了实际生产、生活中的问题,取得一定的效果。或为实际问题的解决提供新的思路和数据等。 要正确处理继承与创新的关系,任何创新都不是凭空而来的,总是以前人的成果为基础。论文不得模糊本人与他人的工作界限,参考或引用了他人的工作界限,参考或引用了他人的学术成果或学术观点,必须给出参考文献,严禁抄袭 、占有他人的成果。 文字、图、表、公式、数字用法 论文的文字、图、表、公式、数字要求用计算机打印。版面要精心设计,合理布置。分层标题应简短明确,各层次一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号。如“1.”“.”“.”,一般左顶格,后空一字写标题。所有文字不得涂改。 论文中的公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻和各种计数与计量的数字,均用阿拉伯数字。年份不能简写,如1987年不能写成87年。数值的有效数字应全部写出。用数字作为词素构成定型的词、词组、惯用语、缩略语、以及近两个数字并列用所表示的概数,均使用汉字数字。 前言(绪论—서론)结论—결론 正文中必须包括前言(绪论)与结论。前言(绪论)在正文的最前部,结论在正文的最后部。 前言应简要地说明毕业论文的内容、意义、目的、前人研究情况及其与本论文的关系等;前言不要与论文摘要雷同或者成为摘要的解释。 结论是毕业论文最终和总体结论,是论文的精华。要写得扼要明确,精练完整,准确适当,不可含糊其词,模棱两可。在写作格式上,每一项内容可以分条标出序号,也可以每一条单独成段,由一句话或者几句话组成,结论以文字表达为主。 参考文献 –참고문헌 为了反映毕业论文中有关内容的科学依据和作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度,同时向读者提供有关信息的出处,正文之后一般要列出主要参考文献。参考文献列出的只限于那些与论文有关的、作者阅读过的、最主要的且在公开出版物上的文献或网上下载的资料。私人通信信件和未发表的著作,不宜作为参考文献列出。论文中引用参考文献时,应用方括号把引用文献的序号括起,写在引用处文字的右上角。参考文献在参考文献表中列出的顺序应按论文中引用顺序排列,序号用阿拉伯数字标注,不加任何标点符号。 如: (1)专著类的文献: [序号] 作者 . 专著名称. 版本. 出版地:出版者,出版年. 参考的页码。 (2)期刊类的文献: [序号] 作者 . 文献名. 期刊名称. 年 , 月, 卷(期). 页码。 其中作者采用姓在前、名在后的形式。当作者超过三个时,只著录前三个人,其后加“等”字即可。 致谢 -- 감사의 글 致谢是作者对他认为在论文过程中特别需要感谢的组织或者个人表示谢意的内容。 装订顺序 按以下顺序装订:封面、中文摘要、韩文摘要、目录、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、毕业论文指导教师评语。(附:“电子文档”要求与正稿一致;文档命名格式:年级专业层次学号姓名“论文”,如:04级旅游韩语0370500XX王XX论文)

韩语专业毕业论文开题报告

课题名称:韩国经济政策与中国经济政策对比研究

一、研究的目的及意义

随着世界经济全球化、一体化的深入发展,中韩两国目前均是亚洲乃至全球最具有活力、最有影响力的国家之一,两国相似的文化传统,目前也有日益密切的经济往来,两国间的经济政策在其中起了至关重要的作用。政策在国际化的进程中已经成为国与国管理过程中一个重要的管理和建设部分,起着越来越重要的作用。通过对中韩两国在经济政策方面的差异的分析和讨论,找出两国间可供相互学习借鉴之处,使得两国在经济文化政策各个方面更好的互相融合。

二、研究的主要内容

中韩两国经济政策概述本节将从历史、政治、经济和文化等角度分别概述中韩两国政策,并着重举例例举两国经济政策的现实实例,从这多方面论述两国经济政策的差异

分析讨论中韩经济政策的特点以及存在的差异本节将通过对中韩经济政策的.对比,找出两国政策的差异和各自特点,并简要论述两国经济政策比较分析对两国经济发展的意义。

对存在的问题提出解决方案,论及两国经济政策存在的问题针对问题提出方案并方案的可行性进行分析

三、研究的方法和手段

本课题将通过理论联系实际,查阅相关书籍及著作并借鉴相关数据,结合本专业所学知识,并尽可能切身体会中韩经济政策实际差异等。

更多 论文 开题报告延伸阅读:

财务管理论文开题报告

英语本科生论文开题报告

电子商务专业论文开题报告

商业模式创新研究开题报告

计算机专业论文开题报告范文

下面是韩国论文的格式,是在韩国网站中找到的资料哦~~有看不懂的地方可以问我~~[논문의 형식](论文的格式)1.서두(绪论)-A.겉표지(封面)--(표지 제일 바깥부분에 들어가는 글로 내용의 요점을 잘 설명한 글입니다)-B.속표지(扉页)--(속지 중에서 첫번째 페이지에 위치하는 글로 겉표지에서 지도교수 성명을 추가기입합니다)-C.인준서(印章)--(정식 석/박사 논문에는 심사위원교수님들의 도장을 찍습니다 )-D.목차(目录)--(논문의 각 내용에 대한 해당 페이지를 정렬하여 작성한 글입니다)-E.표목차/그림목차(图表目录)--(논문의 내용 중 표/그림 같은 수식도표에 대한 해당 페이지를 정렬한 글입니다)2.본문(正文)-A.서론(绪论)--(교수님께서 내 주신 과제물에 대한 목적/다루고자 하는 범위/어떤 방법으로 해결하실 것인가를 적으시면 됩니다)-B.본론(正文)--(논문의 핵심으로서 해당 과제물에 대한 조사결과/연구결과를 작성한 글입니다)-C.결론(结论)--(과제물의 본론 결과에 대한 객관적인 개인적 소감 같은 것을 적는 것입니다)3.참고자료(参考资料)-A.참고문헌(参考文献)--(관련도서/인터넷 검색)-B.영문초록/국문초록(英文摘抄、韩文摘抄)(这里要把英语改成中文吧,我想)--(본문이 국문이면 영문초록/영문이면 국문초록이 일반적인 기준)-C.부 록(附录)--(각종 설문자료/관련 그림,도표 자료)

论文大纲英语模板

英语论文提纲 格式

英语论文的论文提纲应该怎样编写呢?让我们看看建议以及论文的提纲范文吧!

Acknowledgements 4-5

Abstract 5

摘要 6-9

Chapter One Introduction 9-16

Introduction 9

Background of the Study 9-12

Purpose of the Study 12-13

Significance of the Research 13-14

Thesis Structure 14-16

Chapter Two Literature Review 16-25

Introduction 16

Theoretical Background of Communicative Language Teaching 16-19

Concept of Communicative Competence 16-17

Hymes'Idea on Communicative Competence 17-18

Canale and Swain's Theory 18-19

Overview of Communicative Language Teaching 19-22

Development of Communicative Language Teaching in China 19-20

Features of Communicative Language Teaching 20-22

Relationship between Language Testing and Language Teaching 22

Summary 22-25

Chapter Three Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test and Questionnaire 25-36

Introduction 25

Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test 25-28

Structure of IELTS Speaking Test 25-27

Communicative Approach Embodied in IELTS Speaking Test 27-28

The Questionnaire 28-34

Design 28-29

Participants 29-32

Methods 32

General Results 32-34

Summary 34-36

Chapter Four Findings and Discussion 36-54

Introduction 36

Chinese Candidates'Performance in IELTS Speaking Test 36-38

IELTS Candidates'Attitude towards Oral English Teaching 38-43

Explanations for the Situation 43-45

Implications for College Oral English Teaching 45-52

Teaching Goal 46-47

Teaching Content 47-48

Teaching Methods 48-51

Make Use of Modern Teaching Equipment 51

Establish an Extracurricular Supervision System 51-52

Improve Oral English Testing and Evaluation 52

Summary 52-54

Chapter Five Conclusion 54-57

Summary of the Findings 54-55

Limitations and Suggestion for Further Study 55-57

Appendix Questionnaire 57-58

Bibliography 58-62

首先英语论文提纲页应当包括论题句和提纲本身。

其次英语论文的格式规范是怎样的:

第一、要在第一行,也就是在与打印纸顶端的距离约为处,第一行的始端打上“Thesis”一词以及冒号,然后空一格后再打上论题句,接着回行时要注意左边要和论题句的第一个字母保持上下对齐,否则就会出问题(至少你也希望自己长得标致吧,那么那样不标致的论文你看得应该也不顺眼吧)。

第二、论文的主要纲目要用大写的.罗马数字标出,而次要纲目就要依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字以及小写英文字母标出。这里要注意的是各数字或者字母后面都要是一个句点,然后空出一格再打上这一项内容的第一个字母;对于处于同一等级的纲目,一定要注意它的上下行左边都必须保持对齐。另外,同等重要的纲目要在两个以上,也就是说有A应有B,有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ类似这样的。

最后,需要说明的是要是英文论文的提纲比较长的话,那就要用上两页纸,而且第二页应该在右上角用上小写罗马数字标出其页码来,即是ii,这里要注意的是那第一页就可以不用标页码了。

英语专业的论文提纲模板

导语:在毕业论文的.写作过程中,指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲,它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备;从提纲本身来讲,它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板,欢迎参考借鉴!

Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason

Background of Gone with the Wind

Author's Life and Emotional Experience

Development of the Feminist Movement

Influence of Economic Crisis

Background of the Translator

Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept

Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style

Selection and Use of Words

Symbolthe Usage of Idioms

Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication

Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction

' Logic and Combination

's Device and Style

's Transition

, Slangs and Fixed Collocations

Identity

of Narrative Style

Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style

Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason

Significance

Significance

' Effort

Conclusion

This article conclusion

Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.

Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.

In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.

英文论文提纲范文

在各领域中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文,希望能够帮助到大家。

论文的规格:正文长度5,500-8,500单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;

2、作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、摘要:用300词,5号字,英文一页,中文一页

5、关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键),不加标点符号

6、正文:用5号字,

大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号:

引言:引入正题,不超过2段

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

ii. , , , , …

iii. , , , , , / . …

结论

7、参考文献(bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

8、致谢(acknowledgement)

英语毕业论文提纲范例

题目:基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Literature Review

General Studies of English Irregular Verbs

Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs

Summary

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics

Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability

Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics

Summary

Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA

Methodology and Data Visualization

Data Analysis

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs

Introduction and Data

Principle Components Analysis

Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

教师语文论文大纲模板

(一)要有全局观念,从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分配是否恰当,篇幅的长短是否合适,每一部分能否为中心论点服务。(二)从中心论点出发,决定材料的取舍,把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃,尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动搜集来的。有所失,才所得。一块毛料寸寸宝贵,台不得剪裁去,也就缝制不成合身的衣服。为了成衣,必须剪裁去不需要的部分。所以,我们必须时刻牢记材料只是为形成自己论文的论点服务的,离开了这一点,无论是多少好的材料都必须舍得抛弃。(三)要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病,是论点和论据没有必然联系,有的只限于反复阐述论点,而缺乏切实有力的论据;有的料一大堆,论点不明确;有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系,这样的毕业论文都是不合乎要求的,这样的毕业论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力,必须有虚有实,有论点有例证,理论和实际相结合,论证过程有严密的逻辑性,拟提纲时特别要注意这一点,检查这一点。下面再简单阐述一下编写毕业论文提纲的方法:1.先拟标题;2.写出总论点;3.考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么顺序来论述总论点,这是论文结构的骨架;4.大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨);5.依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用;6.全面检查,作必要的增删。

中国毕业论文网 >> 教育论文 >> 诚信教育论文 >> 诚信原则的人性检讨 诚信原则的人性检讨 摘要:诚信原则是指在当事人从事民事活动中,应进行民事行为信息的充分披露,以谋求各方利益较量均衡所应遵循的准则。从用的层面解析人性善恶,并整合出六大类二十一种交易模式。唯恶大善制恶大善、小恶制小恶、小恶制恶大善三种交易模式符合诚信交易,成为诚信交易模式。而诚信交易模式又要通过其内在机制运作(监督和竞争)、外在诚信建构和制度违反惩罚三个方面加以实现。 关键词:人性 善恶 交易 诚信 诚信原则乃市民社会必须遵守的信条,同时也是市民社会法的基本原则。其地位一提再提,以至有的学者命之为“帝王条款”。①其结果,诚信原则可指导当事人行使权利、履行义务,可解释、评价和补充法律行为,甚至可解释和补充法律,似与法律正义原则相比。这种在理论上无限扩张,实践上到处滥用,必将导致“帝王”之死,失去其规范意义和操作价值,实际上已进入了法律精神领域。为此,笔者拟从人性视角检讨诚信原则的内在结构、理想化模式及践行机制,以捡回其固有价值,取得规范界定和实践操作的生机。 一. 诚信与人性 (一) 诚信原则的内涵 笔者以为,对民事诚信原则的完整把握须从规范上去界定,从学说上去认识。但诚信原则内涵在中外规范和学说上极不统一,比如在法律上,《法国民法典》第1134条规定:契约应以善意行之;《德国民法典》第242条规定:债务人须依交易惯例,履行其给付;《瑞士民法典》第2条规定:无论何人行使权利和履行义务,均应以诚信为之;我国《民法通则》第4条规定:民事活动应遵循诚信原则。在学说上,对诚信原则的本质学说主要有道德理想说、道德伦理说和利益平衡说三种。②依据上述法律规定,我们可界定法国采意思主义,德国采客观主义,瑞士和我国法律规定有较高的抽象性和指导性,在界定上须从主客观两个方面去把握,称为折中主义。学术上的三种观点,以道德理想说理解诚信原则,可将之推崇到“帝王条款”之位,但同时它也就失去了法律规范意义;道德伦理说虽含有较强的价值评价,但终未渗入法律而形成法律的强制评价机制,所以最终又回到了道德理想说;利益平衡说是用经济学方法评判诚信原则,与道德伦理说一样,终未渗入法律而形成法律的强制评价机制,最终形成市民社会不能自为的状态。总之,法律意义上的诚信原则必须具有法律上的主客观评价机制,道德上的人性基础和市民社会中的利益追求。所以,笔者将诚信原则定义为在当事人从事民事活动中,应进行民事行为信息的充分披露,以谋求各方利益较量均衡所应遵循的准则。根据该定义,我们可得出诚信须具备两个要件:(1)行为要件,指信息的披露充分,包括法律的主客观评价和道德的人性基础;(2)结果要件,指利益的较量均衡,体现出市民社会中的利益追求。所谓信息,指与交易有关的所有资讯,包括交易人的个人情况、交易价格、标的等。行为要件要求交易人各方获取的信息须对称。所谓利益,这里是指适法的意思效果利益,结果要件就要求在行为要件的前提下,达到各方的选择目的,两个要件缺一不可。交易是市民社会的普遍行为,但不意味是其唯一的行为;善意只是诚信内涵的似是而非的描述,所以,唯坚持依诚信的行为和结果两个要件判断,方可进行法律认定和实践操作,否则,将会造成法律的专制与实践的混乱。 (二) 从人性视角检讨诚信原则 全文共7页:

现在初中文学关于情感教育的论文,其实,包括的含义,就远远的超出了以前的范围。 简单的来说,情感教育,无法就是人的思维情感,分为:喜、怒、哀、乐;四种情感因素,说起来很简单,但真写起来,就很复杂了,举个例子,就拿人们不常用的“怒”来说,怒:愤怒,暴躁,将此情感为题,从小见题,人们对某件事的愤愤不平,扩展到对国家、政治,甚至是民族的情感高度,对生活的愤怒,对自然的愤怒,对民族之间的利益愤怒,对战争的愤怒。但必须从客观,正面的角度来描述,这样才能起到一定的教育意义的作用! 所以,无论从小见大,还是从大见小,都要秉持“客观正面积极”的态度的来阐述自己的观念。

依次考虑各个阶段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用全面检查,适当作必要的增删。论文大纲的写作标准如下:1、页码:封面不编页。2、从目录开始编页,目录使用阿拉伯数字编码,页码编号要求做居中。3、用A4纸单面打印。上、下各为2、5cm,左右边距为2cm;装订线为1cm。4、对页眉没有固定要求。论文大纲的字体设置说明1、一级标题使用“宋体、三号、加粗”2、二级标题使用“宋体、四号、加粗”3、三级标题使用“宋体、小四号、加粗”4、四级标题使用“宋体、小四号”5、建议标题最好不要超过三级,否则适得其反,格式太乱。6、正文一律使用“宋体、小四号字,行间距为倍。编写步骤(一)确定论文的提要,再加进相关材料,形成全文的概要论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。(二)原稿纸页数的分配写好论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1-2页。本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3-4页,第二项用4-5页,第三项3-4页,第四项6-7页。有这样的'分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000-6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。(三)编写提纲论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单,但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的,写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备,边想边写很难顺利地写下去。

论文大纲模板英语专业

英语专业的论文提纲模板

导语:在毕业论文的.写作过程中,指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲,它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备;从提纲本身来讲,它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板,欢迎参考借鉴!

Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason

Background of Gone with the Wind

Author's Life and Emotional Experience

Development of the Feminist Movement

Influence of Economic Crisis

Background of the Translator

Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept

Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style

Selection and Use of Words

Symbolthe Usage of Idioms

Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication

Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction

' Logic and Combination

's Device and Style

's Transition

, Slangs and Fixed Collocations

Identity

of Narrative Style

Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style

Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason

Significance

Significance

' Effort

Conclusion

This article conclusion

Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.

Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.

In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板

所谓论文提纲,是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备,是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构,以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例,为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一

摘要 2-3

Abstract 3

引言 6-13

一、研究的背景 6-7

二、文献综述 7-11

(一) 国外研究状况 7-9

(二) 国内研究状况 9-11

三、研究方法 11-12

四、创新之处 12-13

第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22

一、相关概念的界定 13

二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14

(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13

(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14

三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18

(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15

(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16

(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18

四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22

(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19

(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22

第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38

一、调研设计 22-23

(一) 调研对象 22

(二) 调研方法 22

(三) 调研内容 22-23

二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38

(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25

(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27

(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34

(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38

第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46

一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41

(一) 过于重视“整体”,完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39

(二)为了体现“学生主体”,大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40

(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义,变成“反复朗读语篇” 40

(四)为了“整体情境”,拘泥于“单一情境” 40

(五)为了“立足语篇”,拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41

二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46

第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54

一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51

(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48

(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50

(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51

二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54

(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51

(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52

(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52

(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52

(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54

结语 54-55

参考文献 55-59

致谢 59-60

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二

Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词: 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

英语专业论文提纲范文

英语专业论文提纲怎么写呢?随着社会的发展,英语在人们生活中的比重逐渐加大,成为运用非常广泛的语言。下面是我分享的英语专业论文提纲的范文,欢迎阅读!

Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-ChineseChinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说,翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱,专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来,习语翻译大多强调语际的'交流,而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异,进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法,并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文,选择与原文风格,意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式,文化在变化,出现新的习语,习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词:习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......" Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地:)出版社,年份:参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地:)出版社,年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xian: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 2006

[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海:上海外语教学出版社, 2008

[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京:北京高等教育出版社, 2006

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