Strategic Inventory in Capacitated Supply Chain Procurement 供应链采购能力限制下的库存策略We study the strategic role of inventory in a sequential two-period procurement setting, where the supplier’s capacity in the first period is limited and the retailer has the option to hold inventory. 我们研究了连续两期的采购环境中库存的策略地位,在该环境中第一期的供应能力是受限的,销售商可以选择持有库存。We compare the equilibrium under a dynamic contract, where the decisions are made at the beginning of each period, and a commitment contract, where the decisions for both periods are made at the beginning of the first period.我们比较了每期开始时决定的动态协议和在第一期开始时决定的每期的委托协议的平衡。We show that there is a critical capacity level below which the outcomes under both types of contracts are identical. 我们证明存在一个临界能力水平,低于该水平这两种协议下的结果将是相同的。When the first period capacity is above the critical level, the retailer holds inventory in equilibrium and the inventory is carried due to purely strategic reasons; as capacity increases, so does the strategic role of inventory.当第一期能力高于临界水平时,销售商持有库存处于平衡状态,库存通过纯粹的策略原因而运作;能力上升时,库存的策略地位也上升。The supplier always prefers lower capacity than the retailer, and the difference between supplier-optimal and supply-chain optimal capacities, and the corresponding profits, can be significant. 供应商通常愿意使自己的供应能力低于销售商,且最佳供应商和最佳供应链能力之间的不同以及相应的收益是很重要的。Finally, we find that the retailer’s flexibility to hold inventory is not always good for the participants or for the channel. 最终,我们发现销售商灵活持有库存总是有益于参与者和渠道的。and the retailer determines the quantity to purchase from the supplier and the retail price to且销售商决定向供应商购买的数量以及销售价格
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
E-business environment under the logistics and distributionAbstract: e-commerce under the logistics and distribution will help reduce production business inventories and accelerate capital turnover, enhance logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, and stimulate the social needs and is conducive to the whole community's macro-control and promote the healthy operation of the market economy and electronic Business to develop in depth. Key words: e-commerce distributionFirst, China's development of logistics distribution E-commerce logistics entity is the core issue of the distribution items. China, as a developing country, the logistics industry to its late start, low level, the introduction of e-commerce, e-commerce did not have to support the activities of the modern logistics level. However, since e-commerce in China to settle down, people did not stop distribution of the discussion. At present, China mainly three types of e-commerce distribution model, is a full distribution system, that is, the domestic Internet-based, to various regions of the country's logistics system has been linked by agreement, a comprehensive distribution network for the entire process straight . The second category is a regional system of a single business model. Partial to the original business of a single regional distribution site for the base and be integrated, similar to a single business to business services, computer networking, the entire system of networking, and automated management. The third category is professional distribution system of the model. Such as postal communications, railway transport, air, water, Qiyun and other departments have been the perfect use of the national transport network resources to carry out specialized distribution. From across the country, China has long been subject to the impact of the planned economy, low levels of social logistics, logistics management system confusion, the existing three categories of e-commerce distribution model is not yet ripe, efficiency is not high, but in the red. Therefore, the need for China's economic development, enterprise reform and development of e-commerce logistics and distribution, learn from developed countries through the road and experience from China in 1992 began a logistics distribution center of the experimental work. In 1996 the Internal Trade issued "on strengthening the commercial development of logistics distribution center construction work of the notice," pointed out the development and construction of logistics distribution center the importance of the proposed development and construction of the guiding ideology and principle, put forward the "mechanisms and intensive Management, improve the function of the development of the logistics and enhance strength "of the reform and development principles, to establish modern logistics distribution center to change the social construction of logistics distribution centers, the development of modern network as the main direction. Second, China's logistics and distribution patterns and problems of At present, China's increased the number of e-commerce sites, transactions involving goods of daily necessities and other non-consumables, and on its e-commerce distribution model, can be divided into three types, namely operating BtoB (business to business) business model, BtoC (Business to consumers) model and the virtual logistics company model, in practice, although these three models get the recognition and application of common, but in e-commerce and distribution of convergence and optimal operation, there are still many problems, reflected in concrete : China's current social low level of information networks, network infrastructure is relatively weak, especially as e-commerce platform for the delivery and billing infrastructure lags behind, the computer penetration rate low rate of Internet users only about 8 percent and are mainly concentrated in major cities , The use of Internet users in the real rate of online shopping less than percent, electronic shopping credit has not been widely recognized. The understanding of the importance of e-commerce logistics enough. Availability of the overall level of enterprise network low ratio of less than Internet companies, logistics enterprise information construction lagged behind, logistics and distribution of specialization, social, electronic, modern low level. There have been serious problems of poor business reputation, late delivery, delivery or do not send the wrong frequent phenomenon. E-commerce logistics infrastructure is not yet perfect, logistics systems theory is not enough, the logistics technology is still very backward, China's logistics workers and practice the theory of modern logistics of the new theories, new technologies, such as integrated supply chain management, third party logistics, automation Warehouse, automatic sorting system, global positioning system (GPS), and so has just contacted. Jidong of the lack of e-commerce and e-commerce technology has practical experience in human resources, in particular the lack of Jidong e-commerce and logistics distribution to understand the innovative spirit of the compound talents. Third, logistics and healthy development of the countermeasure 1. Enhance the degree of information. Distribution of information for performance: the logistics of the database of information collection and code, the logistics of the electronic information processing and computer, the transmission of information and the standardization of real-time logistics information such as the digital storage. Therefore, the bar-code technology, database technology, electronic ordering system, electronic data exchange, radio frequency technology, management information systems, enterprise resource planning, and other advanced management strategy should be in China's logistics and distribution enterprises to promote use. Information is all modern technology and management tools of the foundation, only to achieve distribution of information can take up to the era of e-commerce distribution industry and historic task. 2. Improve the logistics management system, improve service quality. Internet shopping for the delivery time is too long and has yet to supply the phenomenon as e-commerce company in order to better serve customers, suppliers and customers should be strengthened between the exchange of information and feedback. This will save users to order processing fees, users can also save time and gradually raise awareness of online shopping sense of trust, making good steady development of e-commerce. 3. Distribution lower prices. China's large-scale development of e-commerce online shopping has been difficult, logistics and distribution costs high, especially in the type of Internet transactions, for each client to achieve door-to-door is the high cost, we must work hard to reduce costs, e-commerce solution Logistics and distribution companies and distribution services among enterprises in the prices of contradictions. 4. Perfect laws and policies. E-commerce for the logistics and distribution problems, the relevant government departments should actively study the characteristics of e-commerce, the rapid development of targeted laws, regulations and policies to regulate e-commerce activities, enterprises and consumers in general to increase the confidence of e-commerce Flu. 5. Actively developing third-party logistics enterprises. "TPL" refers to the logistics business from the supply side and demand-side beyond the completion of a third party, in a sense that it is a form of logistics professionalism, "third-party logistics" in logistics management experience, Talent, technology, philosophy and other areas have certain advantages, the e-commerce transactions in both supply and demand of all the logistics activities of agent credentials, well-funded third-party logistics, the logistics can take full advantage of modern technology, is built on the foundation of modern information network technology On the logistics management software to ensure that customers at any time and any place check of goods and provision of supporting services, e-commerce transactions between the parties involved in the logistics can be entrusted to professional logistics enterprises, concentrate on developing the electronics market and business efficiency of the e-commerce BtoB transactions. The establishment of a national logistics public information platform, the development of 4PL. 4PL is a supply chain integrator, mobilization and management organizations and their complementarity of the service provider's resources, capacity and technology to provide an integrated supply chain solutions. Clearly, 4PL must meet three conditions: not the interests of the logistics side, to achieve information sharing, the ability to integrate all the logistics resources. And really meet these conditions, only a virtual network of platforms, and this is the logistics and public information platform. It provides comprehensive supply chain solutions to social integration of logistics resources, enhance the country's logistics industry integrated collaborative capabilities.电子商务环境下的物流配送摘要:电子商务下的物流配送既有利于减少生产企业库存,加速资金周转,提高物流效率,降低物流成本,又刺激了社会需求,有利于整个社会的宏观调控,促进市场经济的健康运行及电子商务向纵深发展。关键词:电子商务 物流 配送一、我国物流配送发展概况 电子商务物流的核心问题是实体物品的配送。我国作为一个发展中国家,物流业起步较晚,水平低,在引进电子商务时,并不具备能够支持电子商务活动的现代化物流水平。但自从电子商务在中国落户,人们就没有停止对物流配送问题的讨论。目前,我国主要有三类电子商务物流配送模式,一类是全程物流配送系统,即以国内互联网为基础,把全国各地区已有的物流系统通过协议联系起来,形成全方位的全程直投配送网。第二类是区域性单一业务系统改造模式。以原有局部区域性单一业务的配送站点为基础,并加以集成,把单一业务改为同类业务服务,通过计算机联网,实现整个系统的网络化、自动化管理。第三类是专业化配送系统改造模式。如邮政通讯、铁运、空运、水运、汽运等部门利用已有的完善的全国性运输网络资源进行专业化配送。从全国范围来看,我国长期以来受计划经济的影响,物流社会化程度低,物流管理体制混乱,已有的三类电子商务物流配送模式还不成熟,效率不高,而且处于亏损状态。因此,针对我国经济发展需要、企业改革及电子商务物流配送发展现状,借鉴发达国家走过的道路和经验,我国从1992年起开始了物流配送中心的试点工作。1996年原国内贸易部发出了《关于加强商业物流配送中心发展建设工作的通知》,指出了发展建设物流配送中心的重要意义,提出发展建设的指导思想和原则,同时提出了“转换机制、集约经营、完善功能、发展物流、增强实力”的改革与发展方针,确定以向现代化物流配送中心转变,建设社会化的物流配送中心,发展现代化网络为主要方向。 二、我国物流配送模式及存在的问题 目前我国电子商务网站数量大增,交易商品涉及日用品及其他非易耗品等,就其电子商务物流配送模式而言,可分为三种类型,分别是经营BtoB(商家对商家)业务的模式、BtoC(商家对消费者)的模式以及虚拟物流公司模式,在实践中这三种模式虽然得到共同的认同与应用,但在电子商务与物流配送的接轨和优化运行上还存在许多问题,具体体现在: 中国目前的社会信息网络化水平低,网络基础设施相对薄弱,特别是作为电子商务平台的传递和结算基础设施滞后,计算机普及率低,网民比率只有8%左右,并主要集中在各大中城市,网民中真正采用网上购物的比率不到,电子购物的信用没有得到广泛认同。 对电子商务物流的重要性认识不够。供货企业网络化整体水平低,上网企业比率不足,物流企业信息化建设滞后,物流配送的专业化、社会化、电子化、现代化程度低。 存在严重的商业信誉差的问题,迟送、送错或不送现象时有发生。 电子商务物流基础尚不完善,物流理论还不够系统,物流技术还很落后,我国物流理论工作者和实践者对现代物流的新理论、新技术,如集成化供应链管理、第三方物流、自动化立体仓库、全自动分拣系统、全球定位系统(GPS)等才刚刚接触。 缺乏既懂电子商务理论和技术又有电子商务实践经验人才,尤其缺乏既懂电子商务又懂物流配送的有创新精神的复合型人才。三、物流配送健康发展的对策 1.提高信息化程度。物流配送信息化表现为:物流信息收集的数据库化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化、信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息存储的数字化等。因此,条码技术、数据库技术、电子订货系统、电子数据交换、射频技术、管理信息系统、企业资源计划等先进的管理策略,应在我国的物流配送企业大力推广运用。信息化是一切现代技术和管理手段的基础,只有实现物流配送信息化,才能承担起电子商务时代赋予物流配送业的历史任务。 2.完善物流管理系统功能,提高售后服务质量。针对网上购物出现的送货时间过长以及迟迟没有货源的现象,作为电子商务公司为了能更好的服务于顾客,应加强顾客和供货商之间信息的交流与反馈。这样可以给用户节约订单处理费用,又可以节约用户的时间,逐渐提高人们对网上购物的信任感,使得电子商务良性稳步发展。 3.降低配送服务价格。我国发展电子商务实现大规模的网上购物一直困难重重,物流配送费用偏高,特别是零售型的网上交易,为每个客户实现送货上门是高成本的,必须努力降低成本,解决电子商务公司与物流配送企业之间在配送服务价格方面的矛盾。 4.完善法律政策。针对电子商务物流配送出现的种种问题,政府有关部门应该积极研究电子商务的特点,迅速制定有针对性地法律、法规和政策,以规范电子商务活动,增加企业和广大消费者对电子商务的信任感。 5.积极发展第三方物流企业。“第三方物流”是指物流由商务的供方、需方之外的第三方完成,从某种意义上说它是物流专业化的一种形式,“第三方物流”一般在物流管理经验、人才、技术、理念等方面都具有一定的优势,对电子商务交易中供求双方的所有物流活动进行全权代理,同时第三方物流资金雄厚,可以充分利用现代物流技术,具有建立在现代信息网络技术基础上的物流管理软件,保证客户在任何时间、任何地点查看货物及提供配套的服务,参与电子商务交易的双方可以把物流委托给专业物流企业,专心于电子市场的开拓和商务效率的提高电子商务BtoB交易模式。 建立全国物流公共信息平台,发展第四方物流。第四方物流是一个供应链集成商,它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性的服务提供商的资源、能力和技术,以提供一个综合的供应链解决方案。显然,第四方物流必须满足三个条件:不是物流的利益方、能实现信息共享、有能力整合所有的物流资源。而真正满足这些条件的只有一种虚拟的物流网平台,这就是全国物流公共信息平台。它能提供综合的供应链解决方案,以整合社会物流资源,提高我国物流产业的综合协同能力。
请问,这个文献的作者是谁啊
1、〈〈世界上最有效的管理——激励〉〉 王祖成编著,中国统计出版社,2002 年。2、《财务管理与实务》 孔宁宁编著,中国对外经济贸易出版社,2002 年。3、〈〈企业经营管理者与财务会计〉〉 胡逢才编著,冶金工业出版社,2000 年。4、〈〈激励型领导〉〉 (英)Jane Cranwell-Ward) 著,机械工业出版社,2003 年。6、小林健吾.企业预算管理[M].台北:台华工商图书出版公司,19987、潘爱香等.全面预算管理[M]..杭州:浙江人民出版社,20018、高丛.传统预算管理改革新思路[J].河南商业高等专科学校学报,2004,5:37一38至于文献格式自己弄一下吧!
浅析中小企业的经营战略 摘要:中小企业已成为我国多种所有制经济共同发展的重要载体,而经营战略是实现中小企业的远景和目标的最有效的方法和基础。文章通过对中小企业目前在经营战略现状的分析,结合我国中小企业的特征及现实情况,具体介绍和分析了虚拟经营、战略联盟和跨国经营等三种中小企业可以采用的经营战略,试图通过中小企业在制定和实施经营战略方面的分析和探讨,为我国中小企业的发展提供思考和借鉴。 关键词:中小企业;经营战略;虚拟经营;战略联盟;跨国经营 一、中小企业在国民经济中的作用及经济学分析 (一)中小企业在国民经济中的作用 在中国,支持和发展中小企业是一项长期、稳定的基本政策。中小企业作为社会主义初级阶段市场经济的一部分,是国民经济的重要组成部分,是我国公有制经济制度下对市场有力而灵活的补充,起到了促进市场竞争、企业及商品的多元化等必不可少的作用。如果大企业是代表一个国家经济实力的“砖头石料”,那么中小企业的发展则是代表一个国家体制活力的“水泥砂浆”。国家的竞争力不仅体现在大企业,同时也体现在中小企业身上,两者功能互补,缺一不可。发展与大企业配套服务的中小企业是提升大企业实力和竞争力的重要保证,大企业的发展离不开中小企业的帮助。大中型骨干企业体现国家实力,成千上万的中小企业则为经济注入活力。党中央和国务院提出了“抓大放小”的方针,“抓大”和“放小”缺一不可。 (二)中小企业在经济发展中重要性的经济学分析 在市场经济体制下,中小企业在经济发展中为什么作用如此重要呢?基本的经济学分析告诉我们:企业是有边界的,不是越大越好;比较优势和建立在比较优势基础上的社会分工原则。正是在这些基本的经济学道理所揭示的经济规律的驱使下,企业才必须是大、中、小企业合理分布的企业群,才必须保持其自身的经济生态平衡。因此,中小企业的存在对于维持经济生态平衡,有着不可替代的作用。 二、经营战略在中小企业发展中的重要性及现状 (一)中小企业制定经营战略的重要性 随着市场由卖方市场转入买方市场,随着信息时代和知识经济时代的来临,我国中小企业面临着不同以往的经营环境。特别是随着“入世”大门的打开,我国中小企业还要面对进口商品的强烈冲击,市场形势将更加严峻。 为了能够在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟,中小企业必须制定、实施适合自身条件和尊重市场经济规律并兼顾各时期社会各因素的短、中、长期的经营战略,以形成其独特的竞争能力。经营战略分析企业的内外环境和企业的能力,并建立理想的企业经营计划,因为经营战略是实现企业的前景和目标的最为有效的方法和基础。 只有具有长远的发展眼光的经营战略,才能在市场竞争中起到正确指导企业利用有限的资金、人力、物力等,随时适应市场在各个时期的需要,不被市场所淘汰掉。 (二)中小企业经营战略的现状 目前,我国中小企业在经营战略定位上的现状令人担忧。 首先,从严格意义上讲,国内大部分中小企业还谈不上有真正的企业经营战略。这部分中小企业成立、运行的现状,有的出于对地方资源的及时利用,有的源于短期的市场需求,它们所制定的一些规划,没有从客观的角度着眼,也未从发展的趋势考察,因此有相当的局限性、短期性和盲目性。 其次,即便有些企业已经或者说开始着手经营战略定位的研究,从指导思想、具体内容和实施上,都未完全脱离计划经济时期政府主导体制的窠臼,带有很深的计划经济的烙印。以此定位的经营战略,根本无法适应激烈的、甚至残酷的市场竞争,有的不可避免地成为泡沫经济的畸形儿。 另外,我国的市场经济体制还刚刚发育健全,与之配套的法规政策尚待进一步完善。 在这种特定的社会政治经济环境下,我们的中小企业竭尽全力的是如何解决企业的生存和员工的吃饭问题,因此无暇顾及系统的企业经营战略性研究和实施。 三、中小企业在发展中可以采取的经营战略 大企业战略管理通常是一个明确、正式的过程,企业经理通过战略管理过程来组织企业运作,并对复杂、动态的环境做出积极的反应。由于企业规模不同,许多大企业使用的战略管理技术不一定适合中小企业。而中小企业的战略一般很少是正式的,有时甚至可能是隐性的、非明确的。因此,中小企业制定经营战略时首先要力争在方向上、类型上做出最佳选择。在战略选择时,一般应遵循以下原则:企业未来产品经营方向与生存发展战略一致原则;企业具体环境与经营战略一致原则;企业潜在核心能力与经营战略一致原则;多种类型最优化选择原则。在此原则基础上,根据我国中小企业在经营战略定位上的现状和特点,中小企业在发展中可以考虑以下几种经营战略: (一)虚拟经营 虚拟经营实质上是借用、整合外部资源以提高企业竞争力的一种资源配置模式。在这种模式下,企业可获得诸如生产、设计、营销等功能,但却不一定要拥有与上述功能相对应的实体组织。虚拟经营注重对资源的利用,而不是控制资源,它追求的是尽量弱化实体组织结构形式,最大限度地利用外部资源,达到全方位“借力造势”的目的,其显著特点之一是相关企业仍保持独立法人地位。所以,虚拟经营对中小企业的发展有杠杆作用,其结果是使现代企业的组织结构与运作模式发生了根本变化,其内向配置的核心业务与外向配置的业务紧密相连,形成一个关系网络,即虚拟经济组织。企业的运作和管理也将由“控制导向”转为“利用导向”。 虚拟经营对我国中小企业而言,其意义无疑是相当深远的。因为对于中小企业来说,专业化分工是中小企业虚拟经营组织的主要联系纽带,也是其实施虚拟经营的现实基础;信息技术的发展,使中小企业的虚拟经营战略成功实施成为可能,信息技术为中小企业铸造了一个与虚拟经营战略对接的全新平台;制度创新其实是虚拟经营的雏形,是由中小企业创造出来的一种能够变大变小的技术先进的组织形态,是一种典型的虚拟经营方式;技术创新优势与大型企业等级结构复杂及低效率投入相比,它的驱动机制更为有效,创新要求更为迫切,创新成本较低。因此,凭借这些优势,中小企业完全可以利用这些虚拟经营的有利条件,积极进行虚拟经营。 (二)战略联盟 所谓战略联盟指的是两个或两个以上的企业为了一定的目的或实现战略目标,抓住和利用迅速变化的市场机遇,通过一定方式组成的优势互补、风险共担、要素双向或多向流动的松散型网络组织。战略联盟是自发的,联盟各方保持着原有企业的经营独立性,具有边界模糊、运作高效、机动灵活等特点。对于每个成员企业来讲,实质上就是一种借势的策略,借助外力,对外力和企业外部的资源优势进行整合,实现聚变,创造出超常的竞争优势。因此,战略联盟使企业能够以“系统的力量”对付“个体的力量”,容易在竞争中占据优势地位。 在激烈的市场竞争中,面对已经形成资金、技术、规模等优势的大型企业的强大的竞争,中小企业必须站在战略的高度,在保证生存的前提下,不局限于眼前的短期利益,采取灵活多变的形式与手段,连横合纵,发挥每个企业自身的优势,用整体的竞争力面对大企业在市场中的竞争。 (三)跨国经营 改革开放以来,我国已有相当一部分企业不同程度地走上跨国经营的道路。然而,进行跨国经营的企业多为国内大型企业或集团,中小企业在此领域虽有涉足,却为数不多。跨国经营涉及企业经营网络的国外延伸,迥异的经营环境可能导致巨大风险。中小企业规模较小、产品结构单一、人才吸引力不大、品牌形象较弱、资金缺乏等导致其实施跨国经营战略更为不易。一般来说,我国中小企业跨国经营的成功率和利润率均低于大企业和企业集团。然而,就发达国家跨国经营的经验来看,从大型企业跨国经营为主转向中小企业跨国经营是一个国家提升国际竞争力的必经阶段。中小企业进入国际市场,不仅顺应了市场国际化的时代潮流,同时大大化解了其在国内市场的不利因素,这对中小企业占企业总数约99%的我国来说,有重要的战略意义。 四、中小企业实施经营战略时应关注的问题 (一)分析、掌握政府宏观政策和法规动态 要分析、掌握政府对这个行业在宏观政策和法规等方向性的动态。不但要了解今天的政策,更要了解政府对这个行业在3年或5年以后在政策上有哪些取向。 (二)尊重市场,以市场作为检验企业经营战略的标尺 市场作为一个不断变化的客观的实体,有其自身的客观规律,并受到各时期政策、市场的供需矛盾、消费者风俗习惯、消费水平等等因素的影响。因此,对于企业和经营者来说,是具有一定的风险的,应该随时把握住市场的脉搏,根据各时期市场中所出现的新变化及时做出响应,不断调整各时期企业经营的战略方针,尽可能的将市场不稳定因素所造成的经营风险降到最低,才有可能在激烈的竞争中生存下去。 (三)借助品牌效应树立企业形象,提高企业经营效益 一个企业应该在市场竞争中逐步建立起属于自己企业的品牌。品牌,狭义上是指企业产品在市场竞争中区别于同类产品的标识,也就是商标;而广义上上来说,品牌则是一个企业在市场中为自己树立的形象,企业借助品牌,提高在消费者中的认知度,并通过不断的自我完善逐渐提高在消费者心目中的信赖程度,从而逐步地占据在消费者进行消费过程中的市场份额,提高自己的市场占有率。 (四)加强管理创新是企业发展的永恒主题 中小企业普遍起步晚,大多实行家族式管理,企业中存在着家族文化、家长制作风以及与之相应的伦理观念。尽管在创业初期能够产生积极的作用,但随着企业的发展,规模的扩大,消极因素也日渐明显,如管理模式的不规范、随意性强、产品质量无法得到保证、企业市场竞争力减弱等。企业管理的严重滞后,已经成为制约内陆中小企业走向国际市场的瓶颈。加强管理创新,首先必须进行企业组织结构的改革,并在此基础上尽快实现内部整合,强化内部管理。 (五)重视和培养人才 市场经济下的企业竞争,归根到底是人才的竞争。一方面企业要采取积极有效的措施稳定现有的各类人才,加强对员工的培训,不断提高员工的专业和综合素质。另一方面,要采取优厚条件积极引进急需的高科技拔尖人才,发挥其独特优势。在用人上要不拘一格,大胆录用有识之士和具有创新能力的人才,同时还要积极储备人才。 五、结语 作为国民经济的重要增长点,中小企业已成为我国多种所有制经济共同发展的重要载体,而经营战略是实现中小企业的前景和目标的最为有效的方法和基础。 本文在规范的理论分析基础上,首先指出和分析了中小企业在国民经济中的重要性,通过对中小企业目前在经营战略方面的现状分析,并结合我国中小企业的特征及现实情况,具体介绍和分析了虚拟经营、战略联盟和跨国经营等三种中小企业在发展中可以采用的经营战略,最后给出中小企业实施经营战略时应该关注的六个问题,以保证经营战略的顺利实施。本文试图通过中小企业在制定和实施经营战略方面的分析和探讨,为我国中小企业的发展提供思考和借鉴。 参考文献: 1、颜光华,林明.外国中小企业战略管理探析[J].外国经济与管理,2003(9). 2、石军伟.虚拟经济:中小企业发展的新趋势[J].经济纵横,2002(7). 3、刘冀生,刘伊伟.中小企业经营战略[M].中国人民大学出版社,1999. 4、杨锡怀.企业战略管理[M].高等教育出版社,1999. 以上是一份相关资料,您可以参考一下!
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E物流网的论坛也很多论文,你可以上去找一下,类型还很多
这个事很标准的物流毕业论文,你看行不行。中国企业物流运作现状及发展战略探讨 摘要:我国加入了WTO市场竞争更加激烈。提高物流水平,降低物流成本,提高市场竞争能力是企业永恒的主题。本文对照世界发达国家或地区企业物流的运作模式和中国企业物流的现状,提出了中国企业物流的发展战略。关键词:企业物流;运作模式;供应链管理;发展战略随着市场竞争的加剧,企业纷纷在降低物流成本、提高物流服务水平上下功夫。为了以较低的交付成本、更好的物流服务在国内、国际市场中赢得竞争优势,物流战略越来越成为企业总体战略中不可分割的组成部分。1、中国企业物流的运作现状1、1物流研究缺乏综合性我国物流理论研究的两大领域———物资流通和交通系统,不论是物流战略规划还是物流经营管理理论的研究,都从研究者固有的立场和视角出发,片面地强调某个局部的功能要素,缺乏综合性,导致了人们对物流认识的偏差。直到2001年4月,我国物流的第一个基础性国家标准《物流术语》才正式发布。对于适合我国国情的物流理论尚缺乏深入研究,同时部分理论研究与实践严重脱节,理论成果的可操作性不强。1、2企业物流的管理手段落后在企业物流管理上,很多企业还停留在纸笔时代,有些企业虽然配备了电脑,但还没有形成系统,更没有形成网络,同时在物流运作中也缺乏对EDI、个人电脑、人工智能/专家系统、通信、条形码和扫描等先进信息技术的应用。1、3企业缺乏“第三利润源”的理念20世纪六七十年代,发达国家的企业大都把竞争焦点放在生产领域,千方百计地降低物质资源消耗,获取企业的“第一利润源泉”,千方百计提高劳动生产率获取企业的“第二利润源泉”。进入20世纪70年代以后,生产企业把提高经济效益、增强竞争力的焦点从生产领域开始转向非生产领域,包括采购、运输、储存、包装、装卸、流通加工、分销、售后服务等物资流通活动以及有关的信息活动。但中国企业缺乏现代物流是“第三利润源”的理念,没有将物流看成为优化生产过程、强化市场经营的关键,而将物流活动置于附属地位,大多数企业将仓储、运输、装卸搬运、采购、包装、配送等物流活动分散在不同部门,没有纳入一个部门对物流活动进行系统规划和统一运作与管理。1、4企业缺乏协同竞争的理念在“经济全球化”、“物流无国界”,市场竞争日益激烈、顾客需求不断变化的环境下,美国的企业在与日本企业竞争时,尚感觉到了压力,他们纷纷实施归核战略——企业集中资源,培育其核心能力,大力发展核心主业,把主业做大、做强、做精,并在全球范围谋求物流外包或与全球的外部企业缔结战略联盟,以整个供应链的整体优势参与国内、国际竞争。我国在快速多变的市场竞争中,单个企业依靠自己的资源进行自我调整的速度很难赶上市场变化的速度,因而企业必须将有限的资源集中在核心业务上、强化自身的核心能力,而将自身不具备核心能力的业务以合同的形式外包。2、中国企业物流的发展战略加强物流学科建设,加快人才培养据中国物流与采购联合会统计,2002年物流本科教育方面,我国以专业的形式出现或者是以专业方向的形式出现的大学至少有40所;有50多所高校开设了交通运输和交通工程、电子商务专业等与物流相关的专业。一些高校已经意识到了物流人才紧缺的现状并开始学习发达国家的先进物流教育经验,物流研究机构也相应出现,这一切已经成为物流专业人才和学科体系的支撑,但进一步加强物流学科建设,解决理论和实际结合问题,加快人才培养,仍是我国高等教育物流专业建设的当务之急。加快物流标准的制定建立全国物流标准化技术委员会,对物流标准化问题进行统一协调、规划、管理。物流标准化是以物流为一个大系统,制定系统内部物流设施、机械装备、专用工具等的技术标准,包装、仓储、装卸、运输等各类作业标准以及作为现代物流突出特征的物流信息标准,形成全国以及和国际接轨的标准化体系。创造现代物流发展的良好环境中国企业要按市场规律构筑适合自己的一体化物流战略,离不开完善的宏观环境和外部环境。中国政府要加强和完善物流法律、法规建设;应采取积极的财政政策、税收政策、金融政策等;要为物流企业、物流服务企业在跨地区经营的工商登记、办理证照、统一纳税、交通管制、进出口货物查验通关等方面创造良好的经营环境;要扶持、引导物流企业、物流服务企业引进先进装备,改善物流设施,进而提高物流绩效和物流服务水平;要积极鼓励和扶持有一定基础的大型货运企业或储运企业完善服务功能,实现向物流服务企业的转变,推动第三方物流服务市场的形成;要健全社会保障和就业机制,促进生产性和流通性等企业更多地使用社会化物流,既提高经济效益又提高社会效益。加快物流基础设施的建设加快综合物流中心的建设,是提高物流综合效益的核心。大型综合物流中心,是指多功能、高层次、集散功能强、辐射范围广的社会化物流中心。发达国家的经验表明,综合物流中心在地区经济发展中极具重要作用。加快物流基础设施建设关键在于资金的筹集,企业除调集自有资金外,重点要引入市场竞争机制,坚持“谁投资,谁受益”的原则,以多种方法吸纳资金。积极使用高科技物流设备,改善物流管理技术在积极发展物流的同时,应大力推广计算机、信息技术,发展专用车辆、先进的装卸、仓储技术等。引进国外物流管理技术,有助于我们破除只盯着眼前的既得利益、把精力放在低水平的扩张及对本部门的垄断保护等方面落后的观念,从而缩小我国物流业与现代物流的差距。提高服务质量,树立良好信誉质量是企业的生命,是企业可持续发展的重要因素。经营信誉是企业宝贵的无形资产。物流企业要向管理要效益,在员工中牢固树立用户至上的经营观念,建立一套严格的业务规则和制度,在抓好内部机制管理,提高服务质量的同时,物流企业要特别注意树立经营信誉,扩大在社会中的影响。企业要构筑一体化物流战略任何一个企业只有与别的企业结成供应链才有可能取得竞争的主动权。在激烈的市场竞争中,企业必须将物流活动纳入系统化的统一管理,一体化物流既提高顾客服务水平又降低物流总成本,进而提高市场竞争力。企业内部实现不了一体化,就谈不上与供应链上下游企业之间合作形成一体化供应链。但是并不是每个企业都成立物流服务部或物流子公司,只有那些物流活动具有相当规模的企业,才有必要成立物流服务部或物流子公司。但对于新成立的企业,就应该将精力集中在自己的核心业务上,将物流给第三方经营。而对于一些大规模的制造企业来说,要拿出几个亿来自己做物流,依据国际的经验,仍值得认真思考。所以在不需多大投资的情况下,整合内部物流,把外部物流交由第三方去做,会获得更好的效果。缔结战略联盟,以供应链的整体优势参与竞争中国的大型制造企业、商业企业要迅速从“大而全”的经营误区中解脱出来,不失时机地与合适的供应商、储运商等结成战略联盟,通过合作以供应链的整体优势参与竞争,同时又实现互惠互利。要积极寻求与核心企业的战略合作,成为核心企业长期的、稳定的战略伙伴。结成战略联盟,实行供应链管理,以供应链参与国内、国际竞争,提高中国产品在国内、国际市场的竞争能力和市场份额已是大势所趋。开拓全球性物流,寻求全球性市场空间中国的企业要增强竞争忧患意识,在抓住国内市场的同时,要放眼世界,构筑全球化战略,以一体化的物流管理和供应链管理在全球寻求资源采购、生产装配和产成品分销,参与国际化竞争。在全球范围内,通过实现对顾客的快速反映、提高顾客服务水平、降低物流总成本或供应链成本,提高企业在国际市场的竞争力,并在全球性竞争中立于不败之地
企业物流管理模式初探[摘 要] 开端探究了企业物流的三种模式,即物流自营、物流外包、物流同盟,以及每种模式中常见的谋划要领。 [要害词] 企业物流 物流自营 物流外包 物流同盟 物流最重要的题目直接来自工商企业的谋划,企业物流是物流研究和实践最紧张的领域之一。企业物流是指在企业生产谋划历程中,物品从原质料提供,经过生产加工,到产制品和贩卖,以及陪伴生产斲丧历程中所孕育发生的废弃物的接纳,以及再使用的完备循环运动,包罗提供物流、生产物流、贩卖物流。企业物流谋划即是企业为公正配置物流资源、有用提供物流服务、不停创造物流价钱、钻营良好经济效益而理顺种种关连的运动历程。 一、企业物流谋划模式选择的须要性 由于深受“重商流”、“轻物流”头脑的影响,谋划者对物流在企业中的作用和职位地方缺乏富足相识和珍视,没有将物流看成优化生产历程、强化市场谋划的要害,而将物流运动置于隶属职位地方,被动地继承生产、贩卖服务。 凭据英国的研究评释,种种物流用度匀称占货价总额的;而美国的研究评释,种种商品的物流用度百分比,最低占10%,而最高可达32%;而中国的研究评释,一样平常商品物流资本占商品总资本50%~60%以上,水果、食品等商品的流通用度占商品总资本的60%~70%,玻璃、陶瓷的运输破坏率高达20%;物流历程占用的时间险些占整个生产谋划流程的90%。据统计,发达国家的物流资本一样平常占GDP的10%左右,而中国的物流资本在15%~30%之间。 二、企业物流谋划模式选择 企业选择什么样的物流谋划模式,重要取决于两个因素:其一是物流对企业乐成的影响水平;其二是企业对物流的管理本事。据此,计划出三种决策方案:物流自营方案、物流外包方案、物流同盟方案。 1.物流自营方案 物流自营是指生产企业借助于自身的物质条件自行结构的物流运动。在物流自营要领中,企业也会向运输公司购置运输服务或向仓储企业购置仓储服务,但这些服务都只限于一次或一系列疏散的物流功效,而且是暂时性、纯市场交易的服务,物流公司并不凭据企业奇特的业务步伐提供奇特的服务,即物流服务与企业价钱链是疏松的讨论。 据视察,在国内产业企业中,36%和46%的原质料分别由企业自身和提供方企业负担;产物贩卖物流中由企业自理、企业自理与第三方物流配合负担的比例分别为和;在商业企业中,由企业自理和供货方负担的物流运动分别为和。物流自营比例之以是较高,是由于物流自营有利于企业掌握对主顾的控制权,保证供货的正确和实时,保证主顾服务的质量,确保企业能获取恒久稳固的利润;物流自营是现有体制下企业的现实选择,如实验物流职能外包,必将使得已经自营物流的企业现有的物流措施闲置或转让,现有的物流职员换岗以致下岗,肯定要触动一部门人的既得优点,企业的高级管理层无疑要冒很大的革新危害;企业的产权状态决定了企业自营物流;我国第三方物流的现状决定了自营物流是企业不得已的选择,如货主企业在继承物流服务时,通常遭受时间延误、货物受损等对方违约的困扰。 一样平常说来,要是物流对企业乐成的影响水平很大,且企业对物流的管理本事很强,企业接纳物流自营模式较适宜。常见的物流自营谋划要领有:①将疏散在差异结构部门的物流运动整合为一个部门加以运作管理,实现跨业务单元的内部物流管理一体化。②开辟内部的水平物流结构或跨职能物流结构,该结构凭据业务历程或事情流举行,而不凭据使命或职能分别,以实现跨使命协作、以主顾为中心。③创建物流服务部,内部的物流服务部门以市场为导向,并向内部的服务工具索取用度,且内部主顾不再享有免费或低价服务,物流部门可为外部主顾提供服务,内部主顾也可以任选外部提供商提供服务。④建立物流子公司,署理企业专司物流业务管理,对物流业务统一指挥并实验独立核算、自尊盈亏,多余的物流本事可加入社会谋划,制止物流本事闲置和浪费。 2.物流外包方案 物流外包因此签署条约的要领,在肯定限期内将部门或全部物流运动委托给专业物流企业来完成。由于任何企业所拥有的资源都是有限的,它不行能在全部的业务领域都得到竞争上风,在快速多变的市场竞争中,单个企业寄托自己的资源举行自我调解的速率很难遇上市场厘革的速率,企业必须将有限的资源会集在焦点业务上,强化自身的焦点本事,而将自身不具备焦点本事的业务以外包的情势或战略同盟、相助的情势交由外部结构负担。正如美国著名管理学者德鲁克曾预言:"在十年至十五年之内,任何企业中,仅做配景支持而不创造业务额的事情都应该外包出去,任何不提供向高级生长的时机的运动、业务也应该接纳外包情势”。 据中国仓储协会1999年头对天下450家大中型产业企业举行的一项视察,的企业将在未来一二年内选择新的物流提供商,其中75%的企业将选择新型的物流企业,而不是原来的仓储运输企业,而且的企业将把全部的综合物流业务外包给新型的物流企业;美国《产业》杂志报道,年收入在5000万美元以上的公司,广泛开展了外包业务;据IDC统计,举世外包揽事市场年增长率为。企业接纳物流外包模式,基础缘故原由是与物流自营相比能得到更多的屈从价钱,其他缘故原由如:淘汰牢固资产投资,加速资本周转;企业自身物流技能本事有限;增长企业柔性;前进企业为主顾服务的专业水平,革新企业形象;低落资本,前进屈从,增强企业竞争力。当前国内企业将部门物流功效接纳外包要领实现的做法较广泛,但外包的领域还相当窄,仅范围于一些作业性运动,是由于物流外包通常使企业失去对一些产物或服务的控制,增长企业正常生产的不确定性;其所孕育发生的收益分配的不确定性,使企业负担很大的盈余危害;外包有大概使企业丧失学习时机和焦点本事的作育时机。 一样平常说来,要是物流对企业乐成的影响水平不大,且企业对物流的管理本事较弱,企业接纳物流外包模式较适宜。常见的物流外包谋划要领有:①外包全部物流,当企业物流服务的庞大性低且资产的专用性低时,企业可接纳多个外包同伴,曩昔进外部企业的竞争性并从中得到更好、更稳固的低价服务;当企业物流服务的庞大性高但资产的专用性低时,更有利于企业普遍地将种种物流服务外包给匿伏的专业化的第三方物流企业。②外包部门物流,当企业物流服务的庞大性低但资产的专用性高时,企业自己投资专用性资产,不从事物流自营,而将专用性资产租赁给外部企业,并由其来运作物流;当企业物流服务的庞大性高且资产的专用性高时,运用勉励机制实验部门物流外包。 3.物流同盟方案 物流同盟是企业双方在物流领域的战略性相助中举行的有结构的市场交易,形成上风互补、要素双向或多向运动、相互信托、共担危害、共享收益、恒久互利、全方位的物流相助同伴关连。物流同盟是介于物流自营和物流外包之间的一种物流组建模式,同盟双方在相互相助的同时,仍连结各自的相对独立性。物流同盟的创建有助于物流同伴之间在交易历程中淘汰相干交易用度,如信息搜索资本、讨价还价资本、监视实验资本、时机主义资本、交易危害资本。 一样平常说来,要是物流对企业乐成的影响水平很大,而企业对物流的管理本事很弱,或是物流对企业乐成的影响水平不大,而企业对物流的管理本事很强,企业接纳物流同盟模式较适宜。常见的物流同盟谋划要领有:①水平一体化物流同盟,议决统一行业中多个企业在物流方面的相助而得到范围经济效益和物流屈从。如差异的企业可以用同样的装运要领举行差异范例商品的配合运输。当物流领域相近,而某个时间内物流量较少时,几个企业同时分别举行物流通用显然不经济。于是就出现了一个企业在装运本企业商品的同时,也装运其他企业商品。 ②垂直一体化物流同盟,要求企业将提供产物或运输服务等的供货商和用户纳入管理领域,要求企业从原材推测用户的每个历程实现对物流的管理;要求企业使用企业的自身条件创建和生长与供货商和用户的相助关连,形成团结力气,赢得竞争上风。③肴杂一体化物流同盟,是水平一体化物流同盟和垂直一体化物流同盟的有机组合。 市场竞争越来越猛烈,物流外包或物流同盟是企业物流谋划的局势所趋。 参考文献: [1]李元旭 田 宇:物流自营照旧外购物流服务[J].中国物资流通,2000,(2) [2]田 宇 朱道立:《物流同盟形成机理研究》[J] .物流技能,2000,(1) [3]颜色泽 李建伟:外购照旧自营--企业物流战略的选择[J] .中国物资流通,2001(4)。 [4]Panos Kouvels,Joseph ,Supply Chain Capacity and Outsourcing Decisions:the Dynamic Interplay of Demand and Supply Uncertainty,IIE Transactions Jan 2002.
就找到这个物流论文,你看看参考一下吧!第四方物流是指一个供应链的集成商,它对公司内部和具有互补性的服务供应商所拥有的不同资源,能力和技术进行整合和管理,提供一整套供应链解决方案,又称之为"总承包商"或"领衔物流服务商"。当第三方物流刚刚被世界物流界普遍认同时,一种全新的物流理念“第四方物流”又已在业界备受瞩目。因为它是现代物流业发展的大势所趋,中国的物流要想快速发展,必须大力发展第四方物流。 一、为什么我国要大力发展第四方物流 大力发展第四方物流是由我国的国情决定的。我国第三方物流的不足呼吁第四方物流。我国的第三方物流发展缓慢。我国现有的运输企业或仓储企业无论规模有多大, 都体现不出应有的规模效应,相反,这些企业经营效率低下、利润空间窄小。原因就在于企业都在单兵作战,无序竞争,不能整合力量,为客户提供规范的、全程的、一整套的物流管理和服务。如果中国单纯发展第三方物流企业的话, 必然会有很多障碍并会形成许多弊端。如果有第四方物流介入中国物流业的发展,那将整体提升中国的物流发展水平,迅速缩短与外国物流业的差距。因此,我国要大力发展第四方物流。第三方物流的局限决定发展第四方物流。第三方物流的局限是:一是我国工商企业长期形成“大而全”格局或者说,使企业在激烈的竞争中背上了沉重的包袱,重复建设不仅不利于降低生产成本,而且已成为物流发展的障碍。二是我国的绝大多数物流企业存在“小”(经营规模小)、“少”(市场份额少、服务功能少、高素质人才少)、“弱”(竞争能力弱、融资能力弱)、“散”(货源不稳定且结构单一、网络分散、经营秩序不规范)等问题。三是有些企业想涉足第三方物流,也只是功能单一,管理水平不高,并不能适应第三方物流的要求;四是第三方物流受自身能力的限制,在物流信息、技术不可能满足整个社会系统物流需要,更不能充分利用社会资源。五是我国加入WTO后,我国第三方物流公司面对的将是跨国物流公司的竞争,很难短期内在技术服务方面达到与对手匹敌的综合竞争能力。这就需要一个具有领导力量的第四方物流提供商,提供综合的供应链解决方案,以整合社会物流资源,形成中国物流产业的综合协同能力。 此外,第四方物流优势决定我们大力发展第四方物流。第四方物流优势在于: 1、具有对整个供应链及物流系统进行整合规划的优势。第三方物流的优势在于运输、储存、包装、装卸、配送、流通加工等实际的物流业务操作能力,在综合技能、集成技术、战略规划、区域及全球拓展能力等方面存在明显的局限性,特别是缺乏对整个供应链及物流系统进行整合规划的能力。而第四方物流的核心竞争力就在于对整个供应链及物流系统进行整合规划的能力,也是降低客户企业物流成本的根本所在。 2、具有对供应链服务商进行资源整合的优势第四方物流作为有领导力量的物流服务提供商,可以通过其影响整个供应链的能力,整合最优秀的第三方物流服务商、管理咨询服务商、信息技术服务商和电子商务服务商等,为客户企业提供个性化、多样化的供应链解决方案,为其创造超额价值。 3、具有信息及服务网络优势第四方物流公司的运作主要依靠信息与网络,其强大的信息技术支持能力和广泛的服务网络覆盖支持能力是客户企业开拓国内外市场、降低物流成本所极为看重的,也是取得客户的信赖,获得大额长期订单的优势所在。 4、具有人才优势第四方物流公司拥有大量高素质国际化的物流和供应链管理专业人才和团队,可以为客户企业提供全面的卓越的供应链管理与运作,提供个性化、多样化的供应链解决方案,在解决物流实际业务的同时实施与公司战略相适应的物流发展战略。发展第四方物流可以减少物流资本投入、降低资金占用。通过第四方物流,企业可以大大减少在物流设施(如仓库、配送中心、车队、物流服务网点等等)方面的资本投入,降低资金占用,提高资金周转速度,减少投资风险。降低库存管理及仓储成本。第四方物流公司通过其卓越的供应链管理和运作能力可以实现供应链“零库存”的目标,为供应链上的所有企业降低仓储成本。同时,第四方物流大大提高了客户企业的库存管理水平,从而降低库存管理成本。发展第四方物流还可以改善物流服务质量,提升企业形象。 二、第四方物流在国内的发展现状和障碍 目前,第四方物流在中国还停留在仅是“概念化”的第四方物流公司,南方的一些物流公司、咨询公司甚至软件公司纷纷宣称自己的公司就是从事“第四方物流”服务的公司。这些公司将没有车队、没有仓库当成一种时髦;号称拥有信息技术,其实却缺乏供应链设计能力;只是将第四方物流当作一种商业炒作模式;还有的直接将咨询公司等同于第四方物流公司。 总的说来,国内还没有一家严格意义上的第四方物流公司,基本上还是停留在概念阶段。大多数是被庸俗化的第四方物流公司,其根本原因在于没有真正认识什么是第四方物流,没有深入调查、分析中国目前是否真的需要第四方物流,只是将第四方物流停留在商业炒作的阶段上。现阶段中国第四方物流的发展面临着诸多障碍,而这些障碍在短时间内是难以克服的。这其中最主要的障碍在于以下几方面:(1)第四方物流在中国的市场需求不足;(2)第四方物流在中国的基础不足;(3)缺乏客户的认可和信任;(4)物流信息平台的建设落后(5)人才匮乏。 三、中国如何发展第四方物流 中国发展第四方物流任重道远,必须统筹规划,循序渐进。下面是一些物流权威物流专家的建议: 1.发展第三方物流,为第四方物流提供基础。只有大力发展第三方物流企业,第四方物流才有发展的基础,我国还处在发展第三方物流的初始期。国际上第三方物流公司在我国尚未被允许经营真正的第三方物流业务。国有的以物流为主体的公司也尚未完成经营机制的转换,民营的第三方物流公司虽在崛起却还没有羽毛丰满,同时制造企业把物流外包给第三方也尚未形成气候。因此,大力发展第三方物流是当前提高我国物流产业发展水平最重要的措施,也是发展第四方物流的必要前提。 2.建立全国性的物流公共信息平台。我国目前正在推进信息化进程,同时物流业在我国经济中占重要的地位,把当前蓬勃发展的电子商务和现代物流产业结合起来的最佳途径就是建立全国物流行业的公共平台,通过国际互联网形式整合物流企业(包括第三方物流企业)的资源,使我国物流产业真正有质的提高,也只有这样才能从容应对加入世贸组织后跨国物流公司的竞争。目前我国利用互联网运行业务的物流企业很多,但是能够整合一定社会资源的和具有一定社会影响的并不多,所以目前的任务是重点培育已经具有第四方物流的雏形、在整合物流资源方面有一定基础的物流信息平台,使其发展成为第四方物流。 3.要加快物流人才培养和加大物流人才的引进力度。我国目前通晓第四方物流的人才匮乏,因没有对物流资源进行有效管理而使其利用率低下已经成为我国物流业发展的一大问题。为此,有必要改变当前物流系统中的人才机制,大力引进和培育掌握第四方物流知识的物流人才,形成一支适应现代物流产业发展的企业家队伍和物流经营骨干队伍,以促进和保障未来第四方物流在我国的顺利实施,提升我国物流产业整体水平。 4. 革新物流企业,适应现代物流发展新趋势。第四方物流对物流企业提出了更高的要求,因此物流企业的革新势在必行。首先是观念的更新和对现代物流的正确理解。其次是应注重研究开发物流配送技术和装备,降低物流成本,提高物流配送效率。最后要重视物流理论的研究与交流,加快推动物流的合理化、现代化进程。 5.政府统筹规划,搞好物流基础建设,我国物流产业真正提升,必须通过第四方物流来完成。政府加强统筹规划、注重物流设施的投资建设、打好物流配送基础,是第四方物流成长的必要条件。第三方物流企业本身是物流业的“利润点”,可以靠企业自身发展规律就能生存,而第四方物流对整合社会资源、物流产业的提升具有极其重要的作用,它的发展状况对经济发展、商品流通和大众消费起着重要的促进或制约作用。为此,在物流产业政策上,应重点放在物流基础建设方面。 6.推广第四方物流的概念,取得客户的认可和信任。在中国,连第三方物流都还没有普及,作为物流新兴概念的第四方物流,很多企业可能还不清楚,根本就谈不上认可和信任。因此现阶段推广第四方物流的概念是首要任务,让国内企业理解,了解第四方物流,以便取得他们的认可与信任。 第四方物流是现代物流的发展趋势,在我国虽然才露“尖尖角”,但是在未来一定能够茁壮成长,参天凌云,为我国物流的快速健康发展,为我国的经济建设贡献出巨大的力量,让我们翘首以待这一天。资料来源:
到贴吧,找各类大学的贴吧,应该可以求到。
只能建议你到中国知网上看看,上面有更权威更全面的资料查阅!希望可以帮到你!
很多朋友在职工作或是在校学习都会经常写论文,常常在论文写作的时候都会用到参考文献,如果能饮用一些外文参考文献就更加高大上了。但是外文文献要怎么找呢?雷锋崔老师教你处理。步骤阅读方法/步骤>01方法1:打开任意一款浏览器搜索“中国知网”四个字。>02进入中国知网首页后,在输入框内就可以搜索到参考文献了。其中文献的主题、作者及发布的时间都有介绍,均可用来搜索的。>03在知网首页的左侧,一个排功能选项,其中有一个选项是“国际文献总库”,点击进入这个板块。>04进入这个板块后,找到右侧的资源总库的“国外资源”,那个区域的国外资源几乎涵盖了能够在互联网上搜索到的国外文献的总和了。>05方法2:找到一篇与自己相近的论文,或是自己参考的中文文献,注意查看这篇文献本身的参考文献,找找原作者是不是使用了外文文献。>06如果原作者也使用了外文文献的话,只要将其外文文献复制在互联网上进行搜索查看就可以了。而且会出现很多相近的其他参考文献供你借鉴呢。
童鞋你好!你要的英文资料我给你找到了【 】【 】【 】网上基本很难找到免费给你翻译服务的!我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库:---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) ⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 ⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 ⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库 ⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库 ⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了,实在不成就谷歌翻译。弄完之后,自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦!学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的!外文翻译不是论文的主要内容!所以,很容易过去的!祝你好运!
在正文书写完毕后,空两行(宋体小四号),再书写“参考文献”四个字(居中),“参考文献”使用宋体四号加粗,前后两个字之间不空格。“参考文献”书写完毕后空一行(宋体小四号)再书写参考文献的具体内容。
参考文献的序号左顶格书写,并用数字加方括号表示,如〔1〕,〔2〕,?,每一参考文献条目的'最后均以“.”结束。参考文献只列出作者已直接阅读,在撰写论文过程中主要参考过的文献资料,所列参考文献应按论文参考的先后顺序排列,参考文献一律书写在论文正文结束后,不得放在各章(节)之后。
参考文献引用的技巧
如果我们在论文中有引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结构等,就一定要记得详细的标注出来的。我们引用参考文献也应该要规范,如果我们在论文中标注的参考文献不规范,也从侧面反映出论文写作者的水平和态度。
参考文献不宜过多,文献的多少能体现出论文占有资料的程度。一般情况下,中文论文的参考文献偏少,但也不能简单以文献引用量达到多少简单划分,不同性质的论文引用参考文献的多少页相差很大。
对于常见的各类参考文献标注方法如下:
1)著作:作者姓名,题名[M].出版地:出版者,出版年.
2)期刊论文:作者姓名.题名[J].期刊名称,年,卷(期):页码.
3)会议论文集:作者姓名.题名[C]//论文集名称,会议地点,会议日期.
4)学位论文:作者姓名.题名[D].出版地:出版者,出版年.
5)专利文献:专利申请者或所有者姓名.专利题名:专利国别,专利号[P].公告日期或公开日期.获取路径.
6)电子文献:作者姓名.题名[文献类型标志(含文献载体标志)见其它].出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期),获取路径.
7)报告:作者姓名.题名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年.
8)标准:标准号.题名[S].出版地:出版者,出版年.
专著、论文集、学位论文、报告
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.
[1]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤者.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.
[2]辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994.
[3]张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983.
[4]冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.
[5]尼葛洛庞帝.数字化生存[M].胡泳,范海燕,译.海口:海南出版社,19%.
参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献标准格式
论文的参考文献格式怎么写
一:专著、论文集、报告 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码(可选).例如:[1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957:15-18.二:期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.例如:[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173. [2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.三:论文集中的析出文献 [序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选)原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.例如:[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996:468.四:学位论文[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[D].出版地:出版单位,出版年:起止页码(可选).例如:[4]赵天书.诺西肽分阶段补料分批发酵过程优化研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2013.五:报纸文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).例如:[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).六:电子文献 [文献类型/载体类型标识]:[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、 [M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库 [序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期.例如:[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL],1998-08-16/1998-10-01. [8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.