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The financial crisis in terms of the world is a huge disaster, as a result of the development of economic globalization, China can not survive naturally. In that context, the outbreak of the crisis in-depth study of a variety of reasons, and prevention, has now become urgent problems. In this paper, the research has been based on research literature and descriptive study of the crisis emerged in some of the practices and theories to be described and explained by the phenomenon of nature to explore. The crisis is the American model of market economy treatment ideology, the neo-liberal ideas and distorted the international monetary system, as well as lack of supervision of the joint effect of factors such as the results. Growing crisis, the slowdown in global economic growth environment, starting from the root causes and adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the crisis brought about by a variety of negative effects, is particularly urgent and important. Keywords: financial crisis, the international monetary system, the new liberalism, regulation, high-leverage ratio
The subprime mortgage crisis in 2008 of the . has exerted a strong impact on countries around the globe, causing the obvious decline of the economic growth of our country, the bankruptcy of numerous enterprises in small and medium size, and the severe unemployment. This crisis has been bringing enormous damage to the economy of China on a wide scale. This article analyses the financial problems faced by the enterpries in small and medium size of our country and gives some initial suggestions on how to overcome the difficult situation by evaluating the financial environmentTo Foreignize or To Domesticate Abstract1： Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation are two different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original. But what is the translation practice like in China? Do translators tend to use foreignizing methods or domesticating ones? What are the factors that affect their decision making? This paper tries to find answers to the questions by looking into the translation of English metaphors into Chinese. Key words: domesticating translation; foreignizing translation; metaphor; target language reader 1. Introduction "Domesticating translation" and "foreignizing translation" are the terms coined by L. Venuti (1995) to describe the two different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text "deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59). The roots of the terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Schleiermacher’s argument that there are only two different methods of translation, " either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him" (Venuti, 1995: 19-20). The terms "foreignization" and "domestication" may be new to the Chinese,
这篇是在cnn上找到的。Alibaba is not the Amazon of ChinaSeptember 16 HONG KONGForget what you've read, Alibaba is NOT "the Amazon of China."The analogy has been used widely as Alibaba prepares for its IPO. But it is only partially accurate, and masks big differences in business , Alibaba (BABA) and Amazon both do business on the Internet. They both enable consumers to buy huge volumes of goods without stepping foot in a store. And both have a stranglehold on their home that's pretty much where the similarities end. Unlike Amazon (AMZN, Tech30), Alibaba does not own most of the items sold on its platforms, it does not maintain massive distribution centers, and it has only a fraction of the 132,000 employees on Amazon's books."Amazon and eBay are e-commerce companies, and Alibaba is not an e-commerce company," Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma said last year. "Alibaba helps others to do e-commerce. We do not sell things."The point Ma was trying to drive home is that Alibaba excels at connecting buyers and sellers. Alibaba is not the : Meet four kings of Alibaba's online retail empireThe company's largest digital marketplace -- Taobao -- allows consumers to buy goods directly from small businesses. Tmall, Alibaba's other major shopping marketplace, connects larger brand retailers to makes money on Taobao by selling advertisements and search placement to retailers (kinda like Google (GOOG)). The company takes a commission from the larger retailers that operate on Tmall (think eBay (EBAY, Tech30)).The model means that Ma doesn't have to obsess over keeping prices low the way Amazon founder Jeff Bezos : Should you buy Alibaba shares?The structure also makes Alibaba more of a pure Internet play, a trend reflected in the company's bottom line. Compared to Amazon, Alibaba's revenue is small (but growing faster). And investors are salivating over the company's much higher profit have also been enticed by Alibaba's success at building what Ma calls an Internet "ecosystem."The network of services allows consumers to move seamlessly between the company's online retail marketplaces and mobile apps used to process payments, buy movie tickets, call a taxi or invest in a money market fund. Alibaba even has a corporate cousin in the logistics business that handles most of the shipments generated on Tmall and : 7 things Alibaba users can doIn the end, Alibaba's biggest strengths may stem from overcoming broader problems in China's retail has said that e-commerce in the . is about transferring an existing business onto the Internet (think Amazon and books)."E-commerce in the . is like a dessert. It's just supplementary to your main business," Ma said. "In China, because the infrastructure of commerce is [so] bad, e-commerce becomes the main course."What will happen when Alibaba and Amazon find themselves fighting for the same consumers? Here they are similar: expect both founders to come out swinging."Lying behind the massive allure of the capital market, there is unparalleled ruthlessness and pressure," Ma wrote in a letter to employees earlier this year. "In this market, only a small number of outstanding enterprises can maintain a gallop."By Charles Riley September 16, 2014 00:54AM EDT
现代金融学的发展一、金融问题中的不确定性研究在21世纪以前的经济学研究中，研究者大多关注的是企业中的投入产出效率问题，由于当时资本市场化程度低，很少有人专门研究与资本决策有关的问题，尽管如此，还是有些研究成果对以后金融学的发展起到了很大的推动作用，其中最大的贡献是资金时间价值概念的提出。随着金融市场的发展，以及人们对不确定性概念的认识，进入30年代以后产生了大量对金融决策问题的研究成果，同时这些成果又积极推进了金融市场的活跃与发展。在本文以下部分简要概述与评价了这一时期的重要研究成果。（一）不确定性研究在资产定价领域中的应用1.证券组合理论与资本资产定价模型在整个金融分析的框架中，不确定性概念的引入是具有重大作用的。最早Kenes(1936)和Hicks(1939)提出了风险补偿的概念，认为由于金融产品中的不确定性的存在，应该对不同金融产品在利率中附加一定的风险补偿。随后，Von Neumann(1947)应用预期效用的概念提出了解决在不确定性条件下的决策选择的方法，在此基础上Markowiz(1952)发展起了证券组合理论，他认为投资者选择证券组合时关注的只是未来现金流的均值与方差。他假设投资者的预期效用符合二次分布或者是多项式分布。Markowiz的主要研究结论是在不确定的前提下，最优的投资决策是分散化持有。Tobin(1958)认为投资者出于自身流动性偏好的不同选择收益与风险的均衡。这进一步完善了证券组合选择理论的框架。在资产定价领域另一著名的理论模型就是资本定价模型(CAPM)，Sharp(1994)和Lintner(1995)用公式简明地表述了资产组合的价值与无风险利率以及资产的风险水平之间的关系。Black(1972)推出了即使在不存在无风险资产的情况下，Sharp和CAPM公式仍然成立，只是无风险利率被包括整个市场上所有资产的证券组合的预期收益率代替。与CAPM模型同时代出现的资产定价模型还有Ross(1977)的套利定价模型(APT)和Lucas(1978)典型代理资产定价模型。以CAPM为代表的资产定价模型，为资产定价提供了一个简洁的计算方法，并且得到了一些在实证方面的研究的支持(Fama and Macbeth,1973)，但是对现实中的一些异常现象仍然缺少有效的解释能力，Brennan(1989)认为CAPM是建立在所有投资者对投资的预期与风险都具有共同的估计与判断，并且所有投资者的效用函数一致的假设基础之上，这一假设与现实不一致，这是导致CAPM对一些现实问题缺少解释力的根本原因。以后正是对这些假设的质疑，推动了信息不对称概念的提出与研究。2.市场有效性假说市场有效性假说认为，在一个完全竞争市场中，不存在不对称信息与市场摩擦，影响未来平均收益的只是投资风险的不同。在20世纪60年代有大量研究工作者对市场有效性假说进行了检验，Fama(1973)通过对美国证券市场的实证检验，认为有效市场假说是成立的，但是很多研究人员发现了在市场中，存在着许多市场有效性假说或者CAPM模型解释不了的异常现象。例如，Basu(1977)发现资产的平均收益除了与CAPM中的β系数有关外，还与资产的价格盈利比率（P/E比率）有关，在相同β系数下，价格盈利比率高的股票（成长型股票）的市场价格好于价格盈利比率低的股票（价值型股票）；Benz(1981)发现股票的市场价格还与上市公司的规模有关；Stattman(1980)发现股票的价格与账面价值的比率（P/B比率）也是影响股票价格的重要因素。Fama和French(1993)在以上研究的基础上提出了三因素模型，即在影响资产价格的β因素外，加入了P/E比率和P/B比率因素。另外，许多研究人员从时间序角度研究也发现了一些市场有效假说与CAPM解释不了的异常现象，其中最为著名的就是Pozeff和Kinney(1976)发现的所谓“一月效应”；他们发现在纽约证券市场的指数在一月期间的存在明显低于其他月份的现象；还有就是Cross(1973)和French(1980)发现存在类似的“星期一效应”，以后许多研究人员在世界范围内验证了这两种现象的存在。对这些异常现象的解释，有效市场假说显得无能为力，有人曾经试图将“一月效应”解释为到年末税收流出的影响，但是在英国、澳大利亚等税收年度不在12月份的国家，仍然存在“一月效应”就无法解释了。有些学者从心理学的角度解释这些异常现象，例如，Dreman(1982)将股票价格的P/E比率效应解释为，由投资者总是过高估计具有高成长性股票的成长性，导致市场中具有高P/E比率的股票的价格被高估了，这是导致股票收益率低的原因。3.连续时间模型在资产定价理论中的另一个重要假设是：证券市场总是在连续过程中，在这一假设前提下，Merton(1969,1971)将CAPM发展为瞬时资本资产定价模型(ICAPM)，同样在信息对称、无摩擦的市场中，资产价格的变化符合Ito过程，在这种条件下，资产的价格与投资者的效用偏好无关。在随后的研究中Merton(1973)和Black(1973)应用以上连续时间模型成功地得到了期权定价公式，这一公式后来被大量的实证研究所证实，并且被广泛在实践中应用。（二）不确定性研究在公司财务管理中的应用金融分析研究的另外一个重要领域是公司财务管理，主要研究公司在投资决策中的有关负债与权益比例选择、公司的红利政策等问题。最早这方面的研究成果由Modigliani和Miller(1958)作出，他们的研究显示，在完全市场中（没有市场摩擦与信息不对称存在）公司的价值与公司的负债比率无关（M-M定理）。类似的研究结论还有，公司的价值与公司的利润分配政策无关。显而易见，这些研究结论与现实中的事实不符。依据M-M定理的结论，公司在利润分配时，由于派发现金红利会有现金流出，公司将更愿意选择股份回购的政策，而不是红利政策，而在现实中，许多公司更愿意选择分红而不是股份回购，这一现象被Black(1976)称为“公司红利的困惑(Dividend Puzzle)”，对此Miller(1977)所能给出的解释是，M-M定理的结论之所以与现实不同在于税收与所谓的破产成本对财务结构的影响，是由于一定的负债可以使公司达到税收减免的作用，另外由于对高负债率公司存在着破产的风险，所以负债率对公司股票价值存在影响，Miller以及其他的学者对这些财务问题做出的解释总体来说都不很令人满意，直到后来引入不对称信息以后，似乎才对这些问题的解释取得了突破。二、金融中的不对称信息问题的研究正如前文所述，对现实中的一些现象很难单纯用不确定性（风险）来得到满意的解释，正是在对这些问题的研究引起了人们对金融问题中的不对称信息的关注，加上在20世纪60年代以博弈论为代表的信息经济研究方法的突破，使得许多学者在对金融问题中的不对称信息的研究中取得了很多成果，特别是用不对称信息可以完美地解释许多有关财务结构方面的问题。以下仍然分两部分概述这方面的成果，首先是在财务决策方面的成果，接下来是在资产定价方面的成果。（一）不对称信息在公司财务管理中的应用1.红利信号模型关于公司红利决策的困惑引起了许多学者的关注，除了以上提到的公司更愿意支付红利而不愿意将利润用于股份回购的异常现象之外，Lintner(1957)还发现公司在进行红利决策时，由于受累进税制的影响，更愿意使各年的红利平滑些，所以公司每年的红利波动要远远小于股票价值波动，有关税收减免的理论解释较为理想，并且在以后被许多学者用实证方法证实了这一现象的存在（例如：Fama and Babiak,1968）。但是税收效应并没有很好解释公司为什么更愿意支付红利的困惑。最早Miller(1961)注意到红利可能是向投资者揭示公司发展前景的信号，但是直到Bhattacharya(1979)才应用博弈论方法建立起了红利模型，Bhattaeharya成为第一个将博弈论引入金融分析的学者，Bhattacharya认为公司的管理者对公司投资项目的前景与其他普通投资者相比具有信息方面的优势，管理者通过公司的尽可能高的红利向普通投资者传递信息，如果公司红利水平高意味着公司投资项目的未来前景好，而对于无法支付高额红利的公司将不得不向银行贷款，从而担负过高的财务成本。以后许多学者在此基础上对模型又进行了一个改造(Miller and Rock,1985;John and Williams,1985)。但是仍有学者质疑认为，按照以上模型认为只有在公司需要为新项目向市场融资时，才有积极性支付高水平的红利，但事实上模型的红利支付水平并不受公司是否有新项目的影响。也就是说，上面的信号模型不能很好解释红利的平滑性。为此，Kumar(t988)发展出了一个粗糙信号(Coarse Signaling)模型，其结论认为公司在一定的利润范围内会支付同样水平的红利，直到公司的利润水平超出了这一范围，公司管理者才会调整红利支付水平。红利信号模型的另外一个问题是，公司为什么愿意支付红利，而不是股票回购。Ofer和Thakor(1987),Barclay和Smith(1988)用逆向选择原理解释了这一现象，他们认为公司更愿意在市场上自己股票被低估时回购股票，所以回购股票行为向市场传达了股票价值被低估的信号，所以会引起股票价值的上涨，从而使公司支付了额外的成本，而用红利分配利润不存在这一逆向选择问题。2.资本结构正如上文提到的，公司资本结构问题的研究在引入不对称信息以前一直没有得到令人满意的结论。应用博弈论描述公司资本结构的决策过程，大大推动了对公司基本结构决策研究的发展。最早Ross(1977)建立了一个公司负债决策的博弈模型，其中公司通过负债率向资本市场传递公司未来经营前景的信息，由于高负债率可能导致公司破产的风险加大，而一旦公司破产将为公司的经营者带来损失，所以只有公司管理者对公司未来的现金收益乐观时才会在资本结构决策时选择贷款，提高负债率。而前景乐观的公司提高负债率的决策是前景悲观的公司所无法模仿的，所以对资本市场来说，高负债率是公司发展前景乐观的信号。随后在Myers(1984)的模型中，认为如果管理者在公司项目发展需要融资时，如果管理者认为目前市场上自己公司股票价值被市场高估了，会选择通过发行股票的直接融资方式，而如果管理者认为公司股票价值被低估了，就会选择贷款等间接融资方式，所以说公司增加发行股票向资本市场传递的是公司目前股票价值被高估的信号。Myers认为经营者在面对新项目需要投资时首先选择的是用自身盈利积累完成投资，其次是选择贷款等间接融资方式，最后才会选择发行股票的融资方式，这被称之为“融资顺序理论(Pecking order theory of finance)”。在金融分析中应用博弈论的不对称信息理论取得较大成绩的研究就是所谓的代理问题的研究，Jensen和Mecking(1976)指出公司中存在两类代理问题，其一是债权人与股东的代理矛盾，其二是股东与公司管理者的代理矛盾。债权人与股东间的矛盾表现在股东总是扩大公司投资风险，因为项目成功了超额收益全部是股东的，而如果公司经营失败，破产的成本由债权人与股东共同负担。Diamond(1989)通过研究认为，在长期重复博弈条件下，股东的声誉可以在一定程度改善股东和债权人间的矛盾。股东与管理者间的矛盾是由于股东不能有效控制管理者的经营行为，因而管理者会最大化自己的利益，可能会损害股东利益。在80年代末与90年代，出现了有大量关于代理问题的研究成果，Hart和Moore(1989,1994,1998)研究发现当企业家计划投资新项目而需要向外融资时，与投资者签订贷款合同是最优合同，得到这一结论的关键在于虽然企业家与外部投资者在项目未来进展的各个时期都可以观察到项目的收益情况，但是第三方（例如：法官）无法观察到项目的收益，此时贷款合同是最优融资合同，并且Hart认为由于贷款人在企业家不能偿还贷款时可以控制公司的资产，所以企业家有积极性偿还贷款。3.公司所有权控制市场公司所有权控制市场的概念最早是由Manne(1965)提出的，他认为为了有效的配置资源，公司所有权控制市场的存在是必要的，现代资本市场的有效运转离不开公司所有权控制市场的存在。在公司所有权控制市场中所有权的转移方式是多样化的，包括：收购、兼并、股票的发行以及委托代理关系的变化等手段。在传统的完全竞争、无摩擦的资本市场假设下，很少考虑公司所有权转移对公司价值的影响，而事实上每次兼并收购活动都会引起公司股票价值的大幅波动。直到进入80年代以后非对称信息概念的引入，使得人们认识到了公司所有权控制市场对资本市场影响的内在机制。Crossman和Harl(19803研究了在公司收购过程中存在所谓的“免费搭车问题(Free Rider Problem)”，他们认为当收购方发现一个目标公司的运营效率低下，而决定收购目标公司时，面对外部的标购，原有的股东知道收购者通过收购后公司在新的经营者经营下，效率会提高，所以会自发抵制收购，等待收购价格的升高，直到收购价格升高到在新经营者的经营水平下的合理的价格时，原有股东才会出售手中股票。考虑到收购方在收购过程中搜集信息、组织收购是有成本的，所以采用标购行为实际上为收购方带来了损失。Shleifer和Vishny(1986)认为，如果收购方在标购目标公司以前就已经持有了目标公司的一定股票，可以解决上述“搭车问题”的困惑，收购方可以用自己手中股票的增值弥补收购带来的损失。然而Shleifer和Vishny的结论并没有在实证中得到证实，反而Desai和Kim(1988)的实证结果认为大多数的收购方在标购前并没有持有目标公司的股票。在收购行为研究方面的另外一个困惑就是收购行为往往导致股票价格的大幅上涨，例如：Jennings和Mazzeo(1993)发现收购发生时的收购人对目标公司的首次出价，大多数高于收购前10天的股票价格的20%。Fishman(1988)将这种现象解释为是由于有潜在竞争者随时会加入收购，较高的出价是为了阻止竞争者加入。4.新股发行(IPO)在1963年在由美国证券交易委员会组织的一项研究中，首次发现在新股上市后的短期存在着明显的超额回报的现象，以后许多学者在许多国家发现了这一现象，例如：Ibbotson和Ritter(1995)统计得出美国纽约证券市场1960-1992年发行新股的首日的超额回报是。在许多年中IPO现象成为挑战市场有效性假说的又一个证据。对IPO现象最早的解释是由Rock(1986)作出的，Rock认为IPO现象实质是个逆向选择问题，新股上市时市场上存在着两类投资者，一类是具有信息优势的投资者，一类是不具信息优势的投资者，信息投资者只是在新股定价低于其真实价值时才购买，而当定价高于其真实价值时只有不具信息优势的投资者才会参加购买，所以平均来说，不具信息优势的投资者购入了较大比例的被过高定价的股票，为了在市场中留住不具信息优势的投资者，公司在初次发行新股时常常有意低定价。类似Rock对IPO超额回报问题的解释，许多研究人员给出了这一问题的其他合理解释，例如：Allen和Faulhaber(1989)以及Grinblatt和Hwang(1989)将新股发行低定价解释为公司未来前景良好的信号；Hughes和Thakor(1992)认为公司新股发行低定价是为了规避诉讼风险；Ruud(1993)认为新股上市后的短期高回报是由于承销商的价格稳定活动造成的。在IPO领域中的另外一个难以解释的现象就是新股上市后长期表现不好。Ritter(1991)研究发现，在1975-1984年间发行的新股在发行后3年间的回报比正常股票的回报至少低15%。以后Loughran(1993,1995)再次证实了这一现象的存在。Shiller(1990)用所谓“主持人效应”解释新股长期回报不好的现象，他认为新股上市的初期承销商出于对自身声誉的考虑会创造短期超额需求的假象，随后随着承销商从市场的退出，导致了新股长期回报不佳的现象。（二）不对称信息在资产定价领域中的应用Grossman和stiglitz(1980)最早将非合作不对称信息的概念引入资产定价领域的研究中，建立了所谓资产定价的理性预期均衡理论，他们认为资本市场中的每个参与者都从市场价格的变化中获得信息（所谓的学习过程），并且每个参与者的行为不会对市场价格构成影响。在80年代初期这一理论成果主要用于解释公司财务方面的问题，直到Kyle(1985)以及Kyle和Milgrom(1985)研究做市商制度下的价格形成机制的成果出现以后，不对称信息对资产价格的影响才越来越多地引起人们关注，以后在Kyle Milgrom框架的基础上出现了大量的研究成果。由于在这一框架下的价格决定机制不同于Modigliani Miller的市场均衡机制，是通过研究具体市场条件下的资产价格形成机制，所以常常将这部分研究成果称为市场微观结构理论。Kyle研究了在做市商制度下证券市场的价格形成机制，在Kyle的模型中，市场由三类参与者构成：风险中性的做市商、噪音交易者和信息交易者，噪音交易者出于自己的流动性需求进入市场交易，信息交易者根据自己的信息交易，为了最大化自己的利益，信息交易者选择自己在市场上的交易数量。与Kyle不同之处在于，Milgrom建立的序贯交易模型(Sequential Trade Model)中交易者每次交易的数量都是固定的，即每次都只能买入或卖出一个单位的资产，做市商根据交易指令的类型来设定买卖价差，在均衡条件下，由于有竞争做市商的存在，买入报价是做市商收到卖出指令时关于资产价值的条件期望值，卖出报价是做市商收到买入交易指令时关于资产价值的条件期望值，因而交易者的交易指令将促使做市商调整其买卖报价，这种调整从本质上是一种贝叶斯学习过程。Easley和O'Hara(1987)在Milgrom模型的基础上考察了交易规模对做市商价格行为的影响，其结论是做市商的定价策略会依赖指令的规模，数量比较大的指令往往以比较差的价格成交。以后Easley和O'Hara(1992)又考察了交易时间对价格行为的影响，发现交易时间会影响价格，并且交易间隔影响交易价差的大小。现代金融理论方法经过近一个世纪的发展，取得了许多重大突破，特别是进入80年代以后，越来越多的金融难题得到解释。但是由于金融市场的复杂性，至今对许多问题的解释还很难令人满意，例如：对P/E比率和P/B比率对资产价值的影响的现象至今还没有合理的解释，对IPO以及基金中的折价现象的研究结果也没有较为统一的认识，另外市场中是否存在信息操纵问题也是一个争论的焦点。对这些问题的研究与解释，将进一步推动金融理论的发展。
This paper introduced the theory of Markowitz portfolio, including the use of geometry in the three securities have an effective portfolio (efficient portfolios) method, as well as the use of the critical line method (critical line) and the simplex method (simplex method) in any kind of Access to effective securities portfolio approach and use of China's Shanghai Stock Exchange's 50 listed stocks was verified.
The subprime mortgage crisis in 2008 of the . has exerted a strong impact on countries around the globe, causing the obvious decline of the economic growth of our country, the bankruptcy of numerous enterprises in small and medium size, and the severe unemployment. This crisis has been bringing enormous damage to the economy of China on a wide scale. This article analyses the financial problems faced by the enterpries in small and medium size of our country and gives some initial suggestions on how to overcome the difficult situation by evaluating the financial environmentTo Foreignize or To Domesticate Abstract1： Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation are two different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original. But what is the translation practice like in China? Do translators tend to use foreignizing methods or domesticating ones? What are the factors that affect their decision making? This paper tries to find answers to the questions by looking into the translation of English metaphors into Chinese. Key words: domesticating translation; foreignizing translation; metaphor; target language reader 1. Introduction "Domesticating translation" and "foreignizing translation" are the terms coined by L. Venuti (1995) to describe the two different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text "deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59). The roots of the terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Schleiermacher’s argument that there are only two different methods of translation, " either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him" (Venuti, 1995: 19-20). The terms "foreignization" and "domestication" may be new to the Chinese,
The financial crisis in terms of the world is a huge disaster, as a result of the development of economic globalization, China can not survive naturally. In that context, the outbreak of the crisis in-depth study of a variety of reasons, and prevention, has now become urgent problems. In this paper, the research has been based on research literature and descriptive study of the crisis emerged in some of the practices and theories to be described and explained by the phenomenon of nature to explore. The crisis is the American model of market economy treatment ideology, the neo-liberal ideas and distorted the international monetary system, as well as lack of supervision of the joint effect of factors such as the results. Growing crisis, the slowdown in global economic growth environment, starting from the root causes and adopt appropriate strategies to deal with the crisis brought about by a variety of negative effects, is particularly urgent and important. Keywords: financial crisis, the international monetary system, the new liberalism, regulation, high-leverage ratio
Mortgage-backed Securitization (MBS) is in the field of finance in recent 40 years, the most important innovation in its research in the field of finance has always been a hot issue. This paper developed by the MBS market research compared to the current combination of our MBS of the actual situation, to explore ways to learn from the advanced experience of foreign countries in China to better implementation of the mortgage 's MBS began in 2005, although the rapid development of China's implementation of the MBS in the process of facing many difficulties and obstacles, difficulties and obstacles in both of these market-based reasons as well as environmental reasons for the system; existing mortgage A reason for the market as well as the secondary market. I come to the following conclusions of the , our MBS market should be a draw on the experience of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; MBS in the secondary market system and the system can learn from the experience of the United States; in the securities of the law-making may refer to Japan. In learn from these countries (regions) of experience, not copying machine must be combined with China's actual conditions, step by step, out of the MBS in line with the national conditions of China's development , our mortgage payment in advance of the risks and the level of income, housing prices and mortgage rates are a positive correlation between income levels which affect the role of the largest income growth in the average level of 1% of the mortgage was ahead of schedule The payment will increase the possibility of , on the strengthening of our MBS system building and construction markets, I believe that in the MBS market level, should establish and improve mortgage risk prevention mechanism, the Government has to consider the establishment of the nature of the mortgage loan guarantees or insurance system; in the secondary Markets should continue to expand the scope of MBS issuance and distribution of the main scale, MBSs improve the credit rating service system, regulate credit rating, and further growth of institutional investors to cultivate and improve the mobility of MBSs;MBS in the system of environmental construction, the need to improve the legal system and the securitization of personal credit system and improve the MBS related to the accounting system and tax , the United States sub-loan crisis of our MBS to carry out a wake-up call. Although the loan-to-dimensional crisis, we can not totally reject the MBS, but the use of MBS in the process of the MBS must risk control in a prominent position to strengthen the MBS in the process of the link and the regulation of participants, especially from the source A guard on the mortgage market risks.
才给10分，问这么高难度的问题
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1、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究2 摘 要本文主要针对新会计准则中重新引用公允价值计量的问题进行研究。首先介绍了公允价值的定义，并与其他的计量属性进行全面的比较。然后对准则中部分引入公允价值的条款进行阐述，结合我国现阶段的经济环境以及... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2008-10-27 2、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究1 摘 要公允价值一直是我国关注的一个热点，我国在使用公允价值计量的过程中，曾经有过惨痛的教训。在2006年2月颁布的新会计准则中，作为会计国际化的重要步骤，我国又一次在具体会计准则中多次使用公允价值，这... 类别：毕业论文 大小：98 KB 日期：2008-10-27 3、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性的理论与应用分析 摘 要2006年2月15日，我国财政部颁布了新的企业会计准则，其中：金融工具、投资性房地产、债务重组、资产减值、租赁和套期保值等方面采用了公允价值计量。然而，在实际工作中，公允价值的运用遇到了像利润操... 类别：毕业论文 大小：143 KB 日期：2007-08-29 :3cj./soft/
没，因为这样的得是这个相关专业的才可能既有外文文献又有中文翻译，你可以去Wiley-Blackwell 之类的外文期刊网上去找些外文文献，再做翻译。
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童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜寻了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜寻国际上常用的外文资料库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 Elsevier SDOL资料库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ProQuest学位论文全文资料库 国道外文专题资料库 CALIS西文期刊目次资料库 推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。 弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！ 学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！ 外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！ 所以，很容易过去的！ 祝你好运！
直接下载 Microscopic traffic simulation: A tool for the design, *** ysis and evaluation of intelligent transport systems J Barcelo, E Codina, J Casas, JL Ferrer - Journal of Intelligent & , 2005 :aimsun./ Analysis of possibilities and proposals of intelligent transport system (ITS) implementation in Lithuania A Jarašūniene - Transport, 2006 :
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20条精选金融论文英语参考文献
[1] nelson, c. r. & siegel, a. f. parsimonious modeling of yield curves [j], journal of business 1987(4): 473—489.
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INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($ billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
纯英文的行不行啊？
中国社会科学院院报 陈佳贵 黄群慧 从经济发展角度看，长期以来我国的基本国情一直是农业大国。但是，在经过几十年的建设特别是改革开放20余年高速工业化进程以后，到20世纪末21世纪初，我国已经成为名副其实的工业大国。 一、各种证据表明，我国的基本经济国情已经从农业大国转为工业大国 第＿，我国形成了庞大的工业生产能力，工业主要产品产量居世界前列。迄今为止，我国已经在能源、冶金、化工、建材、机械设备和通讯设备制造、交通运输设备制造及各种消费品等工业主要领域，形成了庞大的生产能力。我国主要工业产品，如煤炭、钢铁、发电、原油、水泥、化肥、化学纤维、棉布、糖和电视机等，其产量已经居世界前列.其中，2000年化学纤维产量居世界第2位；2002年，煤炭、钢铁、水泥、化肥、棉布和电视机产量居世界首位、发电量居世界第2位、糖产量居世界第3位、原油产量居世界第5位。目前，我国工业产值和增加值总量，仅低于美国、日本和德国。考虑到工业技术水平等因素，虽然我国还够不上真正意义的“世界工厂”，但从工业产品生产数量看，毋庸置疑，我国已经是一个工业大国。 第二，工业经济在整个国民经济中已占主体地位。1952年，第﹁产业（农、林、牧、渔）在国内生产总值中的比重为，在国民经济中占主体地位，到1980年下降为，2003年进一步下降到。与此对应，1952年第二产业（工业和建筑业）在国内生产总值中的比重为，到1980年上升为；2003年，第二产业生产总值达到亿元，占国内生产总值的，其中工业生产总值亿元，占国内生产总值的。按照每天创造的财富计算，2003年工业为亿元，为第一产业亿元的倍，为第三产业亿元的倍。这表明，经过50余年工业化进程，尤其是改革开放以来20余年高速工业化进程，现在在我国国内生产总值构成中，工业几乎占有半壁江山，我国国民财富的主要来源是工业，国民经济结构已经实现从农业经济为主体到工业经济为主体的转变。虽然从人口的城乡比例看，我国仍是一个农业人口大国，2003年乡村人口和城镇人口比例为∶，但如果与1978年该比例为∶相比，考虑到现在亿的总人口，应该说，这25年城乡人口比例的巨大的“量”的变化，已经能够反映出工业经济主导的社会经济结构的“质”的变化。 第三，我国已经成为工业对外贸易大国，在出口商品总额中，工业制成品出口占绝大部分，工业品国际竞争力得到显著提高。1980年，我国进出口总额仅为亿元人民币，贸易依存度为。到2002年，我国进出口总额已经达到亿元人民币，贸易依存度为；我国进出口贸易总额占世界进出口贸易总额的，跃居世界第6位。2003年，我国进出口总额升至亿人民币，贸易依存度约为；我国进出口贸易总额占世界进出口贸易总额的，位居世界第4位，仅排在美国、德国和日本之后。2004年前11个月，我国外贸进出口总额达亿美元，同比增长，进口、出口总额分别跃过5000亿美元关口，累计实现贸易顺差亿美元，全年外贸进出口总额将达到万亿美元，位居世界第3位。这些数据表明，中国已经是一个对外贸易大国。在对外贸易规模扩大的同时，我国贸易结构也发生了巨大的变化。在1980年，我国出口商品中，初级产品出口额占出口商品总额的，工业制成品出口额占出口总额的。而到2000年以后，工业制成品的该项比例上升到90%以上，2001、2002、2003三年的数据分别为、、；初级产品的该项比例则相应下降到10%以下。不仅如此，工业品国际竞争力也得到显著改善和提高，自1994年以后，中国工业制成品的贸易竞争指数一直为正，1995~2003年中国工业制成品的贸易竞争指数分别为、、、、、、、、，而初级产品的贸易竞争指数自1995年一直为负。 第四，中国工业化进程已经到中期阶段，基本完成了工业数量扩张的任务，不仅彻底结束了利用工农产品“剪刀差”来支持工业发展的局面，而且国家开始利用工商业发展来“反哺”农业。根据钱纳里等关于经济发展阶段的6个变动时期的划分，我国多数学者实证研究表明，中国工业化的进程总体上属于工业化中期阶段。对于中国这样一个具有13亿人口的大国而言，进入工业化中期，意味着已经具有了庞大的工业总量。而工业生产技术特别是加工工艺的广泛扩散，企业间价格竞争日趋激烈，利润日趋平均化，产业集中化步伐加快，这些现象也表明中国工业发展已经完成了数量扩张，开始呈现出工业化中后期所具有的提升工业增长质量的特征。社会主义国家工业化初期利用工农产品“剪刀差”支持工业快速发展的局面已经结束，国家财政用于补贴农业、解决“三农”问题的支出逐年增多。2000年，国家来自工商业的税收亿元，占全部税收的；农业税收亿元，只占全部税收的；而同期国家财政用于农业的支出为亿元。2001、2002、2003年，国家来自农业的各项税收分别为亿元、亿元和亿元，而用于农业的支出分别为亿元、亿元和亿元。2004年，国家在吉林、黑龙江两个粮食主产省先行免征农业税改革试点，河北、内蒙古、辽宁、江苏、安徽、江西、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川11个粮食主产省(自治区)农业税税率降低了3个百分点，河南、江苏、宁夏等地已经宣布2005年取消农业税。按照我国税收制度改革计划，在未来5年内全国各地都将先后取消农业税。 二、认识到我国是一个工业大国这个基本经济国情，对于制订经济现代化战略和政策、进一步推进我国现代化的整体进程具有重要意义 我国从农业大国向工业大国的基本国情变化表明，我国经济现代化进程进入了一个新的阶段。根据现有的大国的经济现代化经验，与三次产业结构演变规律相适应，可以将现代化进程划分为从农业大国到工业大国、工业大国到工业强国、工业强国到服务业大国三个阶段，这大致应该对应工业化初中期、工业化中后期和后工业化社会三个时期。对我国成为工业大国这个基本经济国情的判断，意味着我国经济现代化进程步入了第二阶段，我国应该根据这个阶段的主要特征制定科学的经济发展战略和政策。 第一，实现由工业大国向工业强国的转变、推进工业现代化进程是这个阶段的核心任务。我国已成为工业大国，但还不是工业强国。在当今世界格局下，象我们这样一个人口众多的社会主义国家要实现现代化，仅仅成为工业大国是不够的，必须能够成为一个工业强国。这个由工业大国向工业强国转变的过程实质就是推进工业现代化过程。工业是国民经济的主导力量，工业现代化是国民经济现代化的“发动机”。现阶段我国工业总量的庞大并不能掩盖工业素质较低、工业现代化水平有待提高的问题。无论是具有国际竞争力的大型工业企业相对缺乏，还是我国工业生产技术水平和研究开发能力与世界先进水平存在较大差距，以及在出口产品构成中附加值高的技术密集型产品出口比例小，整体工业劳动生产率低，等等，都表明了这一点。而且，推进工业现代化进程不仅仅是工业自身发展到一定阶段的必然要求，对于我国这样一个人均占有资源很少的人口大国，这也适应了工业化中期阶段以后必然要走的科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少的新型工业化道路的要求。 第二，该阶段农业的发展和现代化依赖于工业积累支持和现代化工业的推动。尽管我国经济体制改革最早从农业开始，并且取得了举世瞩目的成就，但是，目前我国农产品的国际竞争力并不高，近10年贸易竞争指数一直小于零。面对“入世”后国际市场的激烈竞争，今后农业的发展离不开工业积累的支持和现代工业技术的推动。从国际经验看，工业发达国家普遍实行通过工业积累来支持农业的政策，对农产品施行价格补贴、提供信息、发放贷款、关税保护、出口补贴等各种扶持措施。随着我国工业日益强大，必然要逐步加大工业对农业的支持力度。 第三，在该阶段第三产业将加速发展，成为吸收农业剩余劳动力主要渠道，同时也为进入新的现代化阶段奠定基础。在实现由工业大国向工业强国的转变、推进工业现代化进程中，我国工业发展的重点将由数量扩张向质量提升转移，第二产业吸收农村剩余劳动力速度将大幅度下降。在我国第一产业从业人员还占全部从业人员将近一半的情况下，农业剩余劳动力的转移主要依靠第三产业的快速发展。不仅如此，随着工业现代化水平的提高，工业劳动生产率必将得到大幅度的提升，工业也会产生富裕劳动力问题，第三产业的发展还将承担吸收第二产业剩余劳动力的功能。实际上，这些年第三产业在我国国有企业下岗职工再就业中已经发挥了关键作用。未来，第三产业将得到更大的发展，成为扩大就业的主渠道。不仅如此，只有第三产业得到快速发展，才有可能将现代化进程推进第三阶段———由工业强国到服务业大国。 望采纳!
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去下个金山翻译吧！
“热钱”是只为追求最高报酬以最低风险而在国际金融市场上迅速流动的短期投机性资金。 "Hot money" is only for the pursuit of the highest reward with minimum risk in the international financial market speculative capital flows rapidly the short-term. 近年来，随着我国经济持续向好，国内投资机会增多，资产价格不断上扬，我国自然是“热钱”流入流出的热土，并且规模还呈现出不断扩大趋势。 In recent years, with China's economy continued to better off, domestic investment increased opportunities, asset prices continue to rise, China's nature is "hot money" hometown of inflow and outflow, and expanding the scale also presents trend. 这对我国宏观经济的稳定性产生了巨大影响，加大了宏观流动性金融风险，并且对资产价格和人民币汇率造成了冲击。 This macroeconomic stability of our country has made an enormous impact, increase the macro liquidity to financial risk, and asset prices and the RMB exchange rate caused a shock. 例如我国股市、楼市均出现过不正常的较大幅波动。 For example our stock and property are seen more unusual fluctuations. “热钱”日益成为社会各界关注的话题。 "Hot money" social from all walks of life has increasingly become an issue of concern. 我国在相关法律法规及制度方面还并不是十分完善，难以应对“热钱”的流入流出逐渐的多样化、隐蔽性的方式。 Our country in the relevant laws, regulations and systems also is not very perfect, difficult to deal with "hot money" inflow and outflow gradually diversification, covert way. 本文分析了“热钱”流入流出途径和对经济我国带来的影响。 This paper analyzes the "hot money" inflows in ways and on the economy out the impact of. 为地让“热钱”合理健康的为我国经济服务，在监管对策上建立金融稳定监控和预警系统提供理论参考。 For to let "hot money" for our country economy the reasonable health service, in the regulatory measures established on the financial stability monitoring and warning system to provide theoretical reference. [关键词] 短期投机性 金融风险 宏观经济稳定性 人民币汇率 [key words] short-term speculative financial risk macroeconomic stability of RMB exchange rate
纯英文的行不行啊？
呵呵，您找一个吧，我们帮你翻译。需要滴话，加i俺
The development of modern financeFirst, the financial problem of the uncertainty(A) the uncertainty of the field in the application of asset pricing1. Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing ModelIn the framework of the financial analysis, introduction of the concept of uncertainty is a major role. First Kenes (1936) and Hicks (1939) proposed the concept of risk compensation that the financial products in the presence of uncertainty, should interest rates in different financial products in compensation for additional risks. Subsequently, Von Neumann (1947) applied the concept of expected utility of the proposed settlement in the decision-making under uncertainty in the method chosen, on this basis Markowiz (1952) developed a portfolio theory, he thought when investors choose portfolio concerned only with future cash flow of the mean and variance. He assumed that the expected utility of investors consistent with secondary distribution or multinomial distribution. Markowiz The main conclusions are subject to uncertainty, optimal decision-making is a diversified investment holding. Tobin (1958) that investor liquidity preferences for their own benefits and risks of different options for the balance. This further improved the framework of portfolio choice the field of asset pricing model is another well-known theory of capital pricing model (CAPM), Sharp (1994) and Lintner (1995) using the formula succinctly expressed the portfolio value and risk-free interest rate and the level of risk assets, the relationship between . Black (1972) introduced even in the non-risk assets zones remained the case, Sharp and the CAPM formula is still valid, just without the risk of interest rates are including the entire market on all assets of the portfolio rate of return instead of the 预期. Contemporary with the CAPM model of the asset pricing model also Ross (1977) arbitrage pricing model (APT) and Lucas (1978) the typical agent asset pricing by CAPM asset pricing model for asset pricing provides a simple method of calculation, and obtain some support from empirical studies (Fama and Macbeth, 1973), but in reality some of the anomalies is still a lack of effective explanatory power, Brennan (1989) that the CAPM is based on the expectations of all investors in the investment and risk are common in estimates and judgments, and all investors the same utility function based on the assumption that this assumption is inconsistent with the reality This is leading to some practical problems CAPM on the root causes of the lack of explanatory power. It is beyond doubt on these assumptions, to promote the introduction of the concept of asymmetric information and . Market efficiency hypothesisMarket efficiency hypothesis that in a perfectly competitive market, there is no asymmetric information and market frictions affect the future earnings of the average investment risk is different. 60s in the 20th century a large number of research workers on the market efficiency hypothesis was tested, Fama (1973) through empirical tests on the . stock market, that the efficient market hypothesis holds, but many researchers found that in the market, There are many market efficiency hypothesis or CAPM model can not explain the abnormal phenomenon. For example, Basu (1977) found that the average earnings assets, in addition to the β coefficient of the CAPM, but also with the price earnings ratio of assets (P / E ratio) is related to the same β coefficient, the higher the price earnings ratio stocks (growth stocks) better than the market price of the low price earnings ratio of stocks (value stocks); Benz (1981) found that the market price of the stock with the size of the listed company; Stattman (1980) found that stock prices and the ratio of book value (P / B ratio) is also an important factor affecting stock prices. Fama and French (1993) On the basis of the above three-factor model proposed that the impact of asset prices in the β factors, joined the P / E ratio and P / B ratio interpretation of these anomalies, the efficient market hypothesis seems powerless, someone had tried the "January effect" to the end of Shuishou interpreted as the impact of outflow, but in the United Kingdom, Australia, the annual revenue of the country is not in December, there are still "in January effect "can not be explained. Some scholars from a psychological perspective to explain these anomalies, such as, Dreman (1982) the stock price P / E ratio effect interpreted as the investor always overestimate growth stocks with high growth, leading to market high P / E ratio of stock market was overvalued, that it is a reason for low stock . Continuous time modelIn asset pricing theory is another important assumption: stock market is always in a continuous process, under this assumption, Merton (1969,1971) to develop instantaneous CAPM Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM), the same information symmetry, frictionless market, asset price changes in line with Ito process under these conditions, asset prices and investor preference for independent effectiveness. In subsequent studies Merton (1973) and Black (1973) The application of these continuous-time model has been successful in the option pricing formula, the formula was later confirmed that a large number of empirical studies and has been widely applied in practice.(B) the uncertainty of financial management in the company ofFinancial analysis is another important area of financial management, major research firms in the investment decision-making in the proportion of the debt and equity options, the company's dividend policy and other issues. Results of the first studies in this area by the Modigliani and Miller (1958) made their study shows that full market (no market frictions and asymmetric information exists) the value of the company has nothing to do with the company's debt ratio (MM theorem). A similar study concludes that the value of the company's profit distribution policy has nothing to do. Obviously, these research findings and practical in reality. MM theorem based on the conclusions in the distribution of profits, due to the cash outflow will be sent found Jinhong Li, the Company repurchased shares will be more willing to choose policies, rather than the dividend policy, in reality, many companies prefer to dividends rather than Share buy-back, this phenomenon is Black (1976) referred to as "Company dividend puzzle (Dividend Puzzle)", which Miller (1977) can give the explanation, MM theorem conclusion is that the reason and the reality of different tax and the so-called bankruptcy costs on the financial structure is the result of certain liabilities of the company can achieve the role of tax relief, another company because of the existence of high debt ratio risk of bankruptcy, so the debt ratio to the value of existing shares affected, Miller and Other scholars make on these financial problems are not very satisfactory interpretation of the whole until later after the introduction of asymmetric information, it seems Caidui explain these issues to achieve a mentioned above, some of the phenomena of reality is difficult to simply use the uncertainty (risk) to get a satisfactory explanation, it is in the research of these issues raises the question of asymmetric information on financial concerns, plus last 60 years in the 20th century to game theory, represented a breakthrough in the information economy research methods, leading many scholars to the financial problems of asymmetric information in the study achieved a lot, especially the use of asymmetric information can explain a lot of perfectly the financial structure issues. Following is an overview of this still results in two parts, first in the results of financial decision-making, followed by the asset pricing results.(A) asymmetric information in corporate financial management application
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($ billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。