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张爱玲小说的苍凉主题论文

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张爱玲小说的苍凉主题论文

张爱玲从女性的立场和体悟出发,以女性的眼光观察女性,并通过隐喻式的批判讽刺手段来表现女性自我意识的缺失以及由此而产生的一种荒凉感和无望感:她们明确认识到了自我永远从属于男权社会而无力摆脱!从这种特定的女性视角出发,张爱玲以安稳的小情小爱为切入点,在男男女女的世俗世界中解剖女性,质疑男权。她站在故事之外,昂着脖颈,抱着手臂,冷眼看她作品中的女性,体现了作者非同一般的勇气和敢于直面人生的自审和自省意识。她不宣扬女性的主体意识,只是把女性从属于男性这一真实,敏锐而冷静地述说出来,没有希冀也没有指责,只是“苍凉”地展示女性的真相。 一、张爱玲笔下的“她们”:比喻世界中被“物化”的喻象二、张爱玲笔下的“他们”:比喻世界中的“残缺化”喻象

说张爱玲是中国文学史上的一个“异数”当不为过。文字在她的笔下,才真正的有了生命,直钻进你的心里去。喜欢张爱玲的人对她的书真是喜欢,阅读的本身就能给读书的人莫大的快感。阅读的快乐只有在她那里才可以得到,至少对我是这样。读别的书你或许能知道道理,了解知识,得到震撼,但是只有读张爱玲的文章你才是快乐的。即便是有点悲剧意味的《十八春》依然如此! 张爱玲张爱玲是世俗的,但是世俗得如此精致却除此之外别无第二人可以相比。读她的作品你会发现她对人生的乐趣的观照真是绝妙!张爱玲的才情在于她发现了,写下来告诉你,让你自己感觉到!她告诉你,但是她不炫耀!张爱玲最有名的一本集子取名叫《传奇》其实用传奇来形容张爱玲的一生是最恰当不过了。张爱玲有显赫的家世,但是到她这一代已经是绝响了,张爱玲的童年是不快乐的。父母离婚,父亲又一度扬言要杀死她,而她逃出父亲的家去母亲那里,母亲不久就又去了英国,她本来考上了伦敦大学,却因为赶上了太平洋战争,只得去读香港大学,要毕业了,香港又沦陷,只得回到上海来。她与胡兰成的婚姻也是一个大的不幸。在文坛中赫赫有名的她,却因为和胡兰成的失败婚姻,最后只得远走他乡!张爱玲的性格中聚集了一大堆矛盾:她是一个善于将艺术生活化,生活艺术化的享乐主义者,又是一个对生活充满悲剧感的人;她是名门之后,贵府小姐,却骄傲的宣称自己是一个自食其力的小市民;她悲天怜人,时时洞见芸芸众生“可笑”背后的“可怜”,但实际生活中却显得冷漠寡情;她通达人情世故,但她自己无论待人穿衣均是我行我素,独标孤高。她在文章里同读者拉家常,但却始终保持着距离,不让外人窥测她的内心;她在四十年代的上海大红大紫,一时无两,然而几十年后,她在美国又深居简出,过着与世隔绝的生活,以至有人说:“只有张爱玲才可以同时承受灿烂夺目的喧闹与极度的孤寂。”现代女作家有以机智聪慧见长者,有以抒发情感著称者,但是能将才与情打成一片,在作品中既深深进入又保持超脱的,除张爱玲之外再无第二人。张爱玲既写纯文艺作品,也写言情小说,《金锁记》《秧歌》等令行家击掌称赏,《十八春》则能让读者大众如醉如痴,这样身跨两界,亦雅亦俗的作家,一时无两;她受的是西洋学堂的教育,但她却钟情于中国小说艺术,在创作中自觉师承《红楼梦》《金瓶梅》的传统,新文学作家中,走这条路子的人少而又少。现代著名作家,四十年代在上海孤岛成名,其小说拥有女性的细腻与古典的美感,对人物心理的把握令人惊异,而作者独特的人生态度在当时亦是极为罕见。五十年代初她辗转经香港至美国,在此期间曾经创作小说《秧歌》与《赤地之恋》,因其中涉及对大陆当时社会状态的描写而被视为是反动作品。其后作品寥寥,唯有关于红楼梦的研究尚可一观。张爱玲也曾为香港电懋电影公司编写《南北一家亲》等六个剧本,之后也曾从事翻译与考证工作。张爱玲与宋淇、邝文美夫妇有深交,她的作品即是透过宋淇介绍给夏志清先生,肯定张爱玲不世出的才情,而享誉国际。张爱玲遗产的继承人是宋淇夫妇,其中大部分交由皇冠出版社收藏。一九九五年中秋夜,曾经瞩目中国文学界的才女张爱玲猝死于洛杉矶一公寓内,享年七十五岁。她的逝世使她的名字在文坛上再一次复苏。这位沉没了多年的作家一夜间又浮出水面来,而且是前所未有的美。那刻的美是永恒的,因为张爱玲孤独的一生走完了,留下的一片苍凉与无尽叹息化成玻璃灵柩,守护着她过去的灿烂。隔着空间和时间的玻璃墙望回去,越光辉的成就也越凄凉。

试论张爱玲小说的语言特色(原创)[摘 要] 张爱玲在其小说中对凄凉的故事背景、氛围的营造,悲凉的人情关系的揭示和苍凉的人生感悟的描摹,形成了独具一格的审美和创作风格。本文探讨了张爱玲小说语言构成奇喻、奇景、奇彩、奇情方面的几个特点及其性格对小说产生重要影响的原因。[关键词] 张爱玲小说 苍凉 奇喻 语言特色张爱玲是中国现代文学史上一位独树一帜的、极富传奇色彩的作家,她被傅雷称为“我们文坛上最美的收获之一”。其小说的魅力,不只在于她以一支细致传神的笔精彩地描绘了殖民地香港和沦陷区上海独特的时代风情,也不只在于在她那个时代,她执着于自己的世界,抒写普通人的悲欢离合,而更多的在于她对人性的深刻洞察,对人生悲剧性的深刻认知,以及她在作品中所表现出的独特的悲剧美。张爱玲的小说不仅在人性方面有深刻入微的挖掘,表现“压抑的悲哀”相当出色,更令笔者惊叹的是她的语言特色,可称出神入化,有诸多令人叫绝的奇喻、奇景、奇彩、奇情。以一个年青女子的柔婉作此入木三分、冷艳逼人的刻划,她的观察之细致,笔力之张扬,语言之放恣,且不论作品是否在超级发挥上达到了大师水准,奇秀精当四字形容她无疑是相宜的。大致说来,张爱玲的小说语言在运用中构成奇喻、奇景、奇彩、奇情方面有以下几个特点:一、 用词新鲜、独特,好用“苍凉的手势”构成奇情奇景在中国现代小说的百花园中,张爱玲的小说堪称一绝。她的小说仿佛是一树的繁花异果,又似刚刚从人间的温厚情感里洗练出来的,词语新鲜而独特,令人爱不释手。(1) 意象对应营造故事氛围《金锁记》的开头说到三十年前的月亮,像朵云轩信笺上落了一滴泪,陈旧而迷糊,然后接着说三十年前的故事,使读者的想象回到梦一般的三十年前的时光里去,很有效果。好像一部影片的开头,以音响或画面来传达故事的气氛一样,真是不同凡响。(2) 对“凉”字的偏爱张爱玲的小说里,“凉”字用得特别多。如“苍凉的手势”、“悲凉的风”、“冰凉的感觉”等等。她的故事大都有着“苍凉”、“悲凉”的意味,读起来自有一种忧郁感,但并不沉重,是所谓一种淡淡的哀怨,一种很美、很舒服的感觉。张爱玲在《传奇再版前言》里写道:“有一天我们的文明,不论是升华还是浮华,都要成为过去。如果我最常用的字是荒凉,那是因为思想背景里有惘惘的威胁。”《倾城之恋》开头第二段是“胡琴咿咿呀呀拉着,在万盏灯的夜晚,拉过来又拉过去,说不尽的苍凉的故事——不问也罢!”结尾也是这样,一个“破落户”家的离婚女儿,被穷酸兄嫂的冷潮热讽撵出娘家,跟一个饱经世故、狡猾精刮的老留学生谈恋爱,是香港的陷落成全了这场旷世恋情。张爱玲用词新鲜、独特,一层一层刻划出了疲乏、厚倦、苟且、浑身小智小慧的柳原和白流苏。他们没有悲壮,只有苍凉。“悲壮是一种完成,而苍凉则是一种启示”。“从浅水湾饭店过去一截子路,空中飞跨着一座桥梁,桥那边是山,桥这边是一块灰砖砌成的墙壁,拦住了这边……柳原看着她道:这堵墙,不知为什么使我想起地老天荒那一类的话……有一天,我们的文明整个地毁掉了,什么都完了——烧完了,炸完了,坍完了,也许还剩下这堵墙。流苏,如果我们那时候再在这墙根底下遇见了……流苏,也许我会对你有一点真心。”好一个辽阔浩荡的境界!这是个被毁灭了的、虚伪的世界,所以流苏也只能“拥被坐着,听着那悲凉的风。”“在这不可理喻的世界里,谁知道什么是因,什么是果?谁知道呢?也许就因为要成全她,一个大都市倾覆了。成千上万的人死去,成千上万的人痛苦着,跟着是惊天动地的大改革……流苏并不觉得她在历史上的地位有什么微妙之处。她只是笑吟吟地站起身来,将蚊烟香盘踢到桌子底下去。”真是笑里藏刀,读来不由得从内心升起一股寒意,可满心的是欢喜。张爱玲的用词就是这样处处柔中带刚,绵里藏针,且又细水长流。张爱玲写流苏搬进新房子那段,“客厅里门窗上的油漆还没干,她用食指摸着试了一试。然后把那黏指头贴在墙上,一贴一个绿迹子。为什么不?这又不犯法!这是她的家!她笑了。索性在那蒲公英黄的粉墙上打了一个鲜明的绿手印。”这阴郁而强烈的感情,充满了悲凉的气氛,也处处缀上了张爱玲那飞扬的、任性的且勃勃生气的个性。张爱玲借她笔下的人物淋漓尽致地写出了一段中国历史,以及在历史长河中的一节乱世的情爱,一个经典的故事,带有些许落寞的、渴望毁灭旧事物的梦幻,我们分明看到了张爱玲自己在四十年代的上海和香港的乱世情结。正如胡兰成评张爱玲:“因为爱悦自己,她会穿上短衣长裤,古典的绣花的装束,走到街上去,无视于行人的注目,而自个儿陶醉于倾倒于她会在戏台上看到或从小说里读到,而以想像使之美化的一位公主,或者仅仅是丫环的一个俏丽的动作,有如她之为《借红灯》这美丽的字眼所感动,至于愿使自已变成就是这个美丽的字眼那样。这并不是自恋。自恋是伤感的,执著的,而她却是跋扈的。倘要比方,则基督在人群中走过,有一个声音说道:‘看哪,主人来了!’她的爱悦自己是和这相似的,诚如她文中的人物和语言。”《倾城之恋》里,人生成了警句。柳原说得不错:“死生契阔——执子之手,与子偕老”是一首悲哀的诗,世界是荒凉的,并且太沉重了,他的机智与风趣只是萤烛的微蓝的光,在黑暗中照亮自己。张爱玲就是喜欢用“苍凉”、“悲凉”、“荒凉”、“悲壮”这些词儿来形容人生。她深知家常的中国,懂得平凡生命的乐趣,咂摸到它的滋味,能亭受生活,也“在享用的瞬间领悟到生命的悲怆和不可理喻。”张爱玲在《自己的文章》里说:“我不喜欢壮烈。我是喜欢悲壮,更喜欢苍凉。壮烈只有力,没有美,似乎缺少人性。悲壮则如大红大绿的配色,是一种强烈的对照。但它的刺激性还是大于启发性。苍凉之所以有更深长的回味,就因为它像葱绿配桃红,是一种参差的对照。”张爱玲的贵族气与平民化的交融,是她的个性使然,她亦用这种独特新鲜的语言来阐释着她的爱恨,她似乎不革命的,但笔下却是人性的、有灵魂的小人物的家常生活,她的小说有血有肉,是冷静的,充满了智慧和逼人的冷艳。唯其如此,人性才有了永恒的韵味,有了一种家长里短的真实感。张爱玲的语言之所以有特别的魅力,是因为她能和珍奥斯汀一样地涉笔成趣,一样地笔中带刺,但是刮破她滑稽的表面,我们可以看出她的“大悲”——对于人生热情的荒谬与无聊的一种非个人的深刻悲哀。张爱玲一方面有乔叟式的能亭受人生乐趣的襟怀,可是在观察人生处境这方面,她的态度又是老练的,带有悲剧感的——这两种性质的混合,使得这位写“传奇”的年轻作家,成为中国当年文坛上独一无二的人物,我们也就不难理解她的“苍凉”了。二、 比喻的感觉化及暗示化张爱玲的小说有诸多令人叫绝的奇喻,处处显出精雕细刻,如同画出,无论是活力氤氲还是意趣蕴藉,都给人以意外的惊喜和不尽的回味。(1) 感觉化的比喻在描写战争来了,柳原和流苏逃难那一节里,作者写道:“流弹撕裂了空气,撕毁了神经。淡蓝的天幕被扯成一条条在寒风中簌簌飘动。风里同时飘着无数剪断了的神经的尖端,那炸弹轰天震地一声响,整个的世界黑了下来,像一只硕大无朋的箱子,拍地关上了盖,数不清的罗愁绮恨,全关在里面了。”张爱玲的比喻真是巧妙,就象一个冷静的旁观者,在参与导演一出绝妙的好戏,看戏和作戏的人,都沉静在大自然的音响效果中,画面辽阔、壮观、热闹,还有一种即将被毁灭的绝望与彻肤彻骨的巨痛,叫人感受着这份痛,根源却又无从说起,说不出。这就是张爱玲用奇喻的高明之处。张爱玲的小说世界里充满了自然景物的意象,她的比喻生动、形象,构成方式为外物感觉化。人生是舞台,个人逃不脱要扮演其中的某个角色。张爱玲却在这人生舞台导演着,如同解说,用笔娓娓动听地为我们介绍过去一场或正在进行的人生戏剧里的奇情奇景,她用自然景物衬托了人物的心灵空间,让人从中领悟出最悲怆的人生之谜。如“那口渴的太阳汩汩地做着海水,漱着、吐着,哗啦哗啦的响。人身上的水份全给它吸干了,人成了金色的枯叶子,轻飘飘的。流苏渐渐感到那奇异的眩晕与愉快……”张爱玲的论事论物,处处皆有这样的回春妙语,她的比喻奇妙、精当,令人回味无穷,可见其观察力之细致。张爱玲以这种心态观彼时的众生,无疑将是清醒而又冷静的,因而也能真实且富有历史感地为我们解读了一幕幕人生悲喜剧。(2) 暗示化的比喻在《金锁记》里,她写道:“她到了窗前,揭开了那边上缀有小绒球的墨绿洋式窗帘,季泽正在弄堂里往外走,长衫搭在臂上,晴天的风像一群白鸽子钻进他的纺绸裤褂里去,哪儿都钻到了,飘飘拍着翅子。”这是人物处于阴沉压抑的环境中,爱情终归破灭的情境。没有大段的铺张描写和渲染,文字经济动人,却将那种伤感表现得非常深入。这真是神来之笔,自然灵动。这种奇喻的效果比机智的议论更为出奇制胜,“金锁”锁住的不自由处境却偏以白鸽来作喻,且那么贴切、形象、突兀而自然、传神,仿佛信手拈来,这就令人不得不承认作家天才的存在了。凭张爱玲灵敏的头脑和对感觉快感的爱好,她小说里用喻及意象的丰富,在中国现代小说家中可以说是首屈一指的。钱钟书善用巧妙的譬喻,沈从文善写山水风景喻情,他们在用喻方面与张爱玲一样巧用心思,但他们的观察范围较为狭小。不似张爱玲用喻气势宏大。张爱玲的用喻表现为明显的暗示化。曹七巧用黄金锁住了爱情,结果却锁住了自己。爱情折磨了她一世和一家,她战败了,她是弱者。这种暗示化的比喻由于作者深切的怜悯,也唤起了读者的怜悯。张爱玲对人物的心理分析,并不采用冗长的独白或枯索繁琐的解剖,她利用暗示,把动作、言语、心理三者打成一片,“轻描淡写地呵出一片苍凉的气氛和风格。”两次叔嫂调情的场面,不仅是那种造型美显得动人,而且还综合着含蓄、细腻、朴素、强烈、抑止、大胆,这许多似乎相反的优点。例如童世舫与长安订婚以后这段描写:“空旷的绿草地上,许多人跑着,笑着,谈着,可是他们走的是寂寂的绮丽的回廊——走不完的寂寂的回廊。”这些暗示化的比喻,组合成了张爱玲小说语言的精华。张爱玲的奇喻在她的作品中俯拾皆是,触处生辉,一方面是观察的力,一方面是表现的力,因此大大丰富了她艺术的内涵和外延。如:“有人虽遇见怎样的东西亦水滴不入,有人却像丝棉蘸着了胭脂,即刻渗开得一塌糊涂。”“她觉得她这牺牲是一个美丽的,苍凉的手势……”这些比喻真是俏皮、冷静,张爱玲的奇喻在机智的方面有些近似钱钟书,但内藏的“美丽而苍凉”的意味、情状和个性却更加突出。这种暗示化的奇喻加描写浑然一体,有时候真达到了如夏志清先生所形容的程度:“诗和小说里最紧张最伟大的一刹那”。张爱玲就象一位出色的指挥家,把美的效果引向极至,谢幕了,观众还走不出被导入优美的旋律中那种感觉,令人痴迷,而陶醉其中。这真是大手笔,里面布满了智慧和陷井,而落入的人却是不忍舍去。《金锁记》中曹七巧自己爱情幻灭、心态扭曲,遂不惜将仇恨转嫁于儿女及其情爱、婚事上,力必坏之而后快。儿子长白成了她烟榻畔的牺牲品、驯服工具,女儿长安在婚事历劫万难可望成功之际,却不料她的母亲摆下“鸿门宴”,邀其男友来,以“轻描淡写”的口吻提到长安吸鸦片烟自小成瘾云云,令长安的男友童世舫听得由“吃了一惊”到“不由得变了色”。这一段的描写如:“长白突然手按着桌子站了起来。世舫回过头去,只见门口背着光立着一个小身材的老太太,脸看不清楚,穿一件青灰团龙宫织缎袍,双手捧着大红热水袋,身旁夹峙着两个高大的女仆。门外日色昏黄。楼梯上铺着湖绿花格子漆布地衣,一级一级上去,通入没有光的所在。”“突然按着桌子站了起来”,一句写尽家长制上长白们的懦弱以及七巧们的淫威。而一场用心不可思议的奸诈歹毒破坏后,写到女儿长安出场:“长安悄悄的走下楼来,玄色花绣鞋与白丝袜停留在日色昏黄的楼梯上,停了一会,又上去了,一级一级,走进没有光的所在。”这不仅仅在语气上一气呵成,有无懈可击的结构美,而且在悲剧的诗化上边,用心良苦,给人以余音袅袅的震荡与不尽的低徊。在中国现代小说的百花园中,把小说用喻写得华美而又悲哀,富丽而又苍凉,唯张爱玲了。三、 语言色彩鲜明、景色奇特张爱玲小说的语言色彩绚烂鲜明,景色奇特,如《倾城之恋》中讲流苏到旅馆去,写“整个的房间像暗黄的画框,镶着窗子里一幅大画,那澎湃的海涛,直溅到窗帘上,把帘子的边缘都染蓝了。”是写色彩极好的。在《金锁记》里,她写道;“天就快亮了。那扁扁的下弦月,低一点,低一点,像赤金的脸盆,沉了下去。天是森冷的蟹壳青,天底下黑��的只有些矮楼房,因此一望望得很远。地平线上的晓色,一层绿,一层黄,一层红,如同切开的西瓜——是太阳要上来了。”这段色彩的描写,更衬出了女主人公的阴郁、悲凉的心境。“外面是暖的,心里头是彻头彻尾的凉了。”“窗外还是那使人汗毛凛凛的反常的明月——漆黑的天上一个灼灼的小而白的太阳。屋里看得分明那玫瑰紫绣花椅披桌布,大红平金五凤齐飞的围屏,水红软缎对联,绣着盘花篆字……月光里,她的脚没有一点血色——青、绿、紫、冷去的尸身的颜色。”这种参差对照的色彩,有如一个西洋旅客的眼光观赏着这个古老的中国。这种以图案画的手法来表现的语言色彩,极富有创造性和结构美。抽象、冷艳、华丽。而图案的手法愈抽象,也愈能放恣地发挥她的才气,并且表现她对于美的颜色寄以宗教般的虔诚,更加凸显了她的个性化语言。张爱玲真是用颜色来表现象征的高手。她把感觉写绘成感情。她走进一切的生命里去,一切有情无情在她的作品里也“各正性命”,得到一个完全的安静。所以,她的文章是温暖的,她的色彩有庄严的华丽,也有悲哀,但不是惨痛的凄厉,所谓“众生有情”,对人间是有着广大的爱悦的。张爱玲的大俗大雅,大俗即大雅,大雅即大俗,她的色彩都是有生命的音符,已到了一个境界了。她对大红大绿演化出的一种张扬的美,有似中国式的西洋画,特别有引人的力量。读她的小说,滋味醇厚,像花雕的醇而香。所以她懂得葱绿配桃红,是一种参差的对照,她就是可以把色彩描绘得极漂亮的人。张爱玲的性格中聚集了一大堆矛盾,她是一个善于将艺术生活化,生活艺术化的享乐主义者,又是一个对人生充满悲剧感的人。新派小说家写人物的衣着色彩往往粗针大线,只求达意,一半因为不感兴趣,一半也因为不精通。张爱玲在这上面却是决不肯将就马虎,她得的是《红楼梦》的真传,力求细致准确,而她的服装和色彩搭配知识给了她本钱。她告诉苏青:对于她,一件考究的衣服就是一件考究的衣服;于她自己,是得用;于众人,是表示她的身份地位;对于她立意要吸引的人,是吸引。衣服和色彩对于她是小规模的创造,是尽情的游戏,是生活的艺术,是艺术的生活,于众人,那是她个性、气质、心境的流露,是她希望制造的效果。所以她用奇装异服为自己创造了一个贴身的环境,用大红大绿为生命搭配了力的延续。张爱玲在《“张看”——张爱玲自谈集》里写道:“对于色彩,音符,字眼,我极为敏感。当我弹奏钢琴时,我想象那八个音符有不同的个性,穿戴了鲜艳的衣帽携手舞蹈。我学写文章,爱用色彩浓厚,音韵铿锵的字眼,如‘珠灰’、‘黄昏’、‘婉如’,因此常犯了堆砌的毛病,却乐此不疲。直到现在,我仍然看《聊斋志异》与俗气的巴黎时装报告,便是为了这种有吸引力的字眼。”确实,张爱玲对生命充满了欢悦,是一种不同凡响的漂亮,她的小说语言也是如此。与张爱玲同时代的女作家苏青中肯地对她作了评价:“我读张爱玲的作品,觉得自有一种魅力,非急切地吞读下去不可。读下去像听凄幽的音乐,即使是片断也会感动起来。她的比喻是聪明而巧妙的,有的虽不懂,也觉得它是可爱的。它的鲜明色彩,又如一幅图画,对于颜色的渲染,就连最好的图画也赶不上,也许人间本无此颜色,而张女士真可以说是一个‘仙才’了,我最钦佩她,并不是瞎捧。”张爱玲的小说,给人以色彩斑澜的印象、生动不已的感触。她的语言是有情有味的文字组合,并且有一种现代的文明意识,带着三四十年代上海和香港的文化烙印以及人情世情,在絮絮道来的字里行间渗透着,举重若轻,有时,又似乎不经意地点出,皆成妙语。她满篇俏丽、机智、漂亮的语言,可以看出她身上民族的、民间的文化素质颇深。张爱玲自身及其文学语言的价值,正是表现了中华民族在一定历史时期的复杂的、苍凉的内涵。她用奇喻、奇景、奇彩、奇情构成这一切,好比她最爱用的词汇,“一个美丽而又苍凉的手势”,它给人一种回味,一种启发。张爱玲留给了我们融汇古今语言文化的良多历史旧影,我们无疑会从中获得一些深远的启迪。[参考文献][1] 张爱玲文集(第四卷).安徽文艺出版社,1992.7.445.[2] 张爱玲.自己的文章.张爱玲文集(第四卷).安徽文艺出版社,1992.7.173.[3] 向弓.贵族才女张爱玲.四川文艺出版社,1995.5.127.[4] 胡兰成.评张爱玲.向弓.贵族才女张爱玲.四川文艺出版社出版,1995.5.138.[5] 傅雷.论张爱玲的小说.张爱玲文集(第四卷).安徽文艺出版社,1992.7.408.[6] 张叹凤.张爱玲的奇喻和“伟大的瞬间”.张爱玲文集(第四卷).安徽文艺出版社,1992.7.283.

评价张爱玲小说的论文题目

一城倾倒,成全私心

您好 怎么找到你 我这边有资源可以帮到你

你还没搞定?你都问了好长时间了啊

我毕业的时候用的是张爱玲《金锁记》中金锁的人物形象分析 你可以用张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,形象分析这方面的都比较好写,资料也比较多。就像三楼说的,你的题目很大,作为一般本科生来说很难驾驭,像我的话,本来就是要写张爱玲小说中女性形象的分析,比你的题目还小,可是老师还是说比较难把握,书也看不完哎,所以就单挑了一本金锁记。而且本科生的论文重的是方法,研究生中把握,我的学姐告诉我一般的研究生毕业论文不会用这种非常多人研究的作家哎,很难出新,貌似这样。 如果从纵向展开,你的书看完了么?如果对书本没有一定的了解,你如果去归纳出特点,当然,很多特点一些专家肯定都说过了,但是自己的见解个人认为比较重要,论文马上也要开始写了,各个时期的书这么多。。。

张爱玲小说论文课题研究现状

陈子善是被公认为最热心的张爱玲研究专家.文学研究者、美籍华裔教授夏志清的《中国现代小说史》在上世纪80年代传入内地,使得张爱玲的名字和她的作品(包括钱钟书、沈从文、林语堂、路翎等一批作家),像“出土文物”一样浮出历史地表。由此,才便有了《收获》刊出的《倾城之恋》以及文学界的相关评论。其后,张爱玲迅速走红,形成内地的第一次 “张爱玲热”。一批被尘封已久的作家,如钱钟书、沈从文等人,也因为夏志清的推崇而同期走红。夏志清用42页论张爱玲“香港的陷落成全了她。”《倾城之恋》如此写道,而沦陷的上海,是张爱玲的成名地。张爱玲,原名张瑛,笔名梁京,祖父张佩纶是清朝御吏,祖母是李鸿章之女。23岁时,张爱玲以小说《沉香屑———第一炉香》一炮走红,成为当时文坛上的一颗耀眼明星。对张爱玲研究产生推动的,是夏志清的《中国现代小说史》。1961年,曾与张爱玲当面交谈过的文学史家夏志清出版英文著作《中国现代小说史》,张爱玲首次进入中国文学史。1979年,这部书的中文版在香港出版,并于 80年代初引起了内地学者的注意。此时正值改革开放初期,内地与香港的交流逐渐增多,许多学者从香港带回了夏志清的《中国现代小说史》。由此,张爱玲开始进入研究者的视野。 作家止庵说,自己从一篇文章中看到,《中国现代小说史》用了26页论鲁迅,却花了42页论张爱玲,就很关注张爱玲, 1991年到香港,自己专门去买了夏志清的这本书。“夏志清在这本书里面推出了四个人,沈从文、张爱玲、钱钟书和师陀,前三个人因此名声鹊起并在海外引发研究热潮,台港一些著名作家如李昂、白先勇等人都对张爱玲推崇备至,这股风潮回过头来影响内地。”写过《张爱玲传》的于青回忆,自己1978年在北大上研究生之前,从未听说过张爱玲的名字。“七十年代末正是门户洞开,思想解放之时,我们这批‘老学生’如饥似渴地找书读,越是开禁的,或未曾闻识过的,就越是有兴致。我们从图书馆尘封的‘库本’中找到张爱玲的《传奇》,当然还有钱钟书、沈从文、废名、路翎等一批作家作品,这骤然改变了我们的‘文学史观’。初接触张爱玲非常个性化描写所产生的那种艺术感受称得上是一种‘冲击’。不久,大概是1979年,我们磕磕巴巴读了夏志清英文版的《中国现代小说史》,越发相信我们自己的艺术判定:张爱玲是不应被文学史遗忘的一位杰出小说家。”《收获》让张爱玲浮出水面真正促成张爱玲进入内地文学评论界和作家关注的还是《读书》和《收获》。1984年,《读书》和《收获》杂志同时发表了作家柯灵的《遥寄张爱玲》,又同时刊登了张爱玲的成名作《倾城之恋》。自此,张爱玲作品进入大众视野。《收获》杂志主编程永新回忆说,柯灵《遥寄张爱玲》在写完以后,被当时《收获》杂志的负责人肖岱看到了,当时,这篇文章已经被《读书》约走了,肖岱认为柯灵的文章写得很好,考虑到《读书》和《收获》的读者对象不同,加上当时《收获》有一个介绍作家的作品专栏,每期推出一个,在刊登一篇作品的同时,也刊登一篇有关作家创作的评论。就这样,柯灵的《遥寄张爱玲》和《倾城之恋》一起刊登在《收获》杂志上。程永新记得,“我们发表张爱玲作品,还是有一点点顾虑的。但是,她的小说确实很好,估计发出来即使有一些争议,问题也不大。”《遥寄张爱玲》发表后,看过文章的张爱玲的姑妈和姑夫一起找到柯灵,感谢他为张爱玲说了公道话。而作家阿城曾在文章中这样写道:“一九八四年底,我在《收获》杂志见到《倾城之恋》,读完纳闷了好几天,心想这张爱玲不知是躲在哪个里弄工厂的高手,偶然投的一篇如此惊人。”作家苏童将张爱玲的一部作品选入“影响我的十部短篇小说”,称张的作品是“标准中国造的东西,比诗歌随意,比白话严谨,在靠近小说的过程中成为了小说”。苏童说,“我读张爱玲的作品,就像听我喜欢的音乐一样,张爱玲的作品不是古典音乐,也不是交响乐,而是民谣流派,可以不断流传下去的。”作家叶兆言甚至认为,张爱玲的作品让寝室的夜晚不再孤独。“大多数读者恐怕都和我们一样,或是觉得张爱玲应该一心一意写小说。”贾平凹把张爱玲称作“会说是非的女狐子”,看了她的散文,叫好不迭,又去找她的小说,在香港访问期间单挑张爱玲的书买。“当看到《倾城之恋》、《金锁记》、《沉香屑》那一系列,中她的毒已深。明明知道读她只乱我心,但偏要读。”贾平凹坦诚自己对张爱玲作品的迷恋。在研究领域,根据学者艾晓明的回忆,新时期最早重新评价张爱玲的学者是北大王瑶先生的研究生赵园,她写了《开向沪港“洋场社会”的窗口——读张爱玲小说集》,这篇文章比《遥寄张爱玲》还要早两年,后来收入她的论文集《论小说十家》。随着时间的推移,内地文学评论界内部对于张爱玲的评价也开始发生变化。 1985年,钱理群、温儒敏、吴福辉等人出版了《中国现代文学三十年》,这是首次将张爱玲写入内地的文学史。在这本影响极大,被全国许多高校作为教材使用的文学史著作中,吴福辉负责撰写了张爱玲的部分。在论及“孤岛”与沦陷区文学时,本书用了大约800多字来写张爱玲,指出张有“古典小说的根底”,又有“市井小说色彩”,展现了“洋化”环境中仍存留的“封建心灵”和人们百孔千疮的“精神创伤”。尽管有人后来认为本书评论张爱玲“笔墨相当经济” ,但是无数的大学生从这本书中知道了张爱玲,按照陈子善的说法,在高校中文系学生的论文中,研究张爱玲的一直名列前茅。“涉张”图书达到近百种80年代学术界的研究带动了张爱玲著作的出版。出版者一开始比较小心,出版其作品大都打着“研究和教学”的名义,此后便一发不可收拾。1986年2月,张爱玲的小说集《传奇》由人民文学出版社重新排印,前面还附了作者像。1987年3月,《流年》的影印本出版;《十八春》由江苏文艺出版社重印;《半生缘》由花城出版社重印。此外,张爱玲翻译的《爱默森文选》由北京三联书店重印出版。”1992年,出版界摸准了大众阅读取向,出版张爱玲著作。当年,安徽文艺出版社出版了四卷本《张爱玲文集》。花城出版社、浙江文艺社、台海出版社、华夏出版社、光明日报出版社、上海文艺出版社、山东画报出版社、四川文艺、三联等都出版过张爱玲图书,总数超过50种。1995年9月,张爱玲在美国逝世,张爱玲再次引起瞩目。一些国内报纸均做了重点报道。由文学研究界开始的“张爱玲热”,此时扩散到公众领域。据陈子善教授统计,内地众多出版社,总共推出了近百种有关张爱玲的图书。另外,一些研究张爱玲及其作品的书籍,也顺势走红。在“张爱玲热”中,张爱玲研究者金宏达、于青主编的《张爱玲文集》影响最大,这套正版发行量达五六十万套的书,更引来了遍地开花的盗版。时任安徽文艺出版社编辑的江奇勇说,盗版远远超出正版,数量无法估计。《张爱玲文集》是1992年出版的。起初,安徽文艺出版社认为这书很可能卖不出去,把它当作赔本项目,在出版进度上略有延迟。当时安徽文艺出版社社长粱长森到中央党校学习,于青特地找到他,说明这套书的价值和意义。最后,粱长森拍板推出。这套书首印5000套。不久,他们发现,必须加印才能满足读者的需求。1995年和1996年,这套书迎来销售高峰。各地发行商和书店先把款打入出版社账户,排队等着发书。由于印刷厂忙不过来,拿不到货的客户非常着急,一再催促,有些书直接就被发行商从印刷厂领走。因此,《张爱玲文集》盗版书“应运而生”。江奇勇说,不仅外面的人盗版,就他知道的情况,出版社内部有人和外面勾结起来盗版。因为排队等着发货的客户迟迟没有拿到书,而有些书直接就从印刷厂发走了。“张爱玲、李泽厚、傅雷作品,当时是安徽文艺出版社既有经济效益,又有社会效益的三块项目。”江奇勇说。1995年,张爱玲逝世。此后一两年时间里,读者对张爱玲表现出了空前的热情,张爱玲著作被改编成电影和话剧。而在上世纪80年代被批判的夏志清的《中国现代小说史》,2005年7月终于与内地读者见面。爱死了张爱玲陈子善表示,张爱玲热兴起和持续的原因,有很多因素。比如,张爱玲人生经历奇特,富有传奇性,她罕见的文学才华,与胡兰成的爱情和婚姻,以及她独特的个性都很有传奇色彩。在内地学者和“张迷”中间,广泛流传着台湾的张爱玲研究专家唐文标先生“爱死了张爱玲”的故事。从1973年决定研究张爱玲后,唐文标10年之间“足迹几乎遍及诸大洲自由世界各大学图书馆”,1984年,他将收集到了所有上海沦陷时期有关张爱玲的出版资料,包括张爱玲的照片,张爱玲画的插图、扉页、漫画、书籍封面,第一次发表文章的刊头及发表过张爱玲作品的各杂志的封面及目录页等等,汇总原样影印,印成一册16开,383页厚的《张爱玲资料大全集》,在时报出版公司出版。张爱玲知道以后,认为此事侵犯了自己的著作权,便让拥有自己作品版权的皇冠出版公司跟时报出版公司交涉,于是,时报公司就停止了这本书的发行。1985年6月初,时报出版总经理柯元馨打电话给当时住在台中的唐文标,说仓库还有四百本书,你如果要,我就雇一辆车给你送去;如果不要,就准备销毁。因为编这个书很费劲,他说要,于是,出版公司把几百本书拉到楼下,卸在那儿就走了。因为夫人不在家,患鼻咽癌多年的唐文标就自己把书往上搬,鼻咽癌伤口因承受不住重力压挤而出血不止,第二天凌晨三点在台中病发身亡,时年58岁。一位台北文艺界朋友听闻消息后痛哭失声,频频叹息,最后骂道:唉,唐文标,爱死了张爱玲!止庵说,“真正因为喜爱一个作家而死,这样的事情在别的现代作家身上没有发生过。另外,陈子善先生特别可爱,这么多年来不断发掘张爱玲作品,他在别的作家身上没有用过这么大的劲。像《郁金香》被发现,在全国的媒体上就引起了很大反响。一个作家到这个份儿上,真的是她莫大的光荣。”陈子善认为,80年代,中国出现了琼瑶热,但是,人们读多了之后,发现琼瑶的作品只是空中楼阁。90年代之后,文学被边缘化,市民社会开始逐渐形成。而张爱玲的作品耐读,有一种历史的价值,她写的人和事,好像就发生在人们身边,她讨论的感情、婚姻、家庭等问题,依然是人们所关心的。当然,张爱玲热兴起后,对其人其作一直存在争议。《收获》副主编程永新认为,“张爱玲的作品确实不错,但是现在对她捧得太高。她的作品在题材上还是有一些局限,像《色戒》,实际上是一部失败的作品。但是,因为李安执导的电影的走红,有人也评论说这部小说很好。”

链接: 密码: 6hrg

《倾城之恋》国内外研究现状: 一、2003年,杨泽编写出版了《阅读张爱玲》一书,引起了文坛的广泛重视。本书集结了台湾。大陆及海外学者(康来新,池上贞子,周芬伶,罗久蓉,王德威,张小虹,平路,胡锦媛,梅家玲,蔡源煌...等)对张爱玲的讨论。而这篇论文所引用的历史材料及理论构架,尤其可以见得张爱玲的启发之深,影响之远。本书是“张学”研究最重要的里程碑。 二、作家钱亚玲在一书关于《倾城之恋》的另一种解读中,叙述道无论是思想内涵抑或艺术表现形式,作于1943年10月的《金锁记》被公认为是张爱玲中篇小说之精髓。1944年出版的《传奇》小说集中,作者选《金锁记》作为开篇,足见张爱玲本人对这部中篇小说的偏爱。为此人门较易忽略于集中位居第二的《倾城之恋》。对于《倾城之恋》的评论,不论是力度还是文字的长度都远不及《金锁记》。对于《倾城之恋》这部经典文学之作,期探究价值更为明显。 《倾城之恋》具有外向的唯美主义色彩,结局是范柳原于白流苏共同走进婚姻殿堂,表面上看似圆满的结局背后却隐匿着沧桑,透露着卡破红尘的彻骨悲凉。白流苏的“圆梦”让读者觉得是一传奇故事。正如作家张爱玲的人生一样。 综上所述,当前,关于《倾城之恋》中白流苏形象分析研究比较零散、狭隘。

张爱玲倾城之恋国内外研究现状《倾城之恋》作为小说的标题。首先给人一个阅读的提示。张爱玲在拟定这个书名时,她期待读者首先会赞成作品将讲述一段动人心魂的爱情故事。“倾城倾国”一词,语本《汉书·外戚传》:“一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国。”据此,女有美色,倾城倾国,一旦进入文学叙事,显然就要暗示一个非凡的爱情传奇。但是,读完了张爱玲这篇小说就会发现,说它是传奇故事,不如说是一个反传奇的故事。书中女主人白流苏并不是美貌惊人,流苏与范柳原成婚,交易的因素亦多于爱情的因素。作者是在“倾城”的本源意义上(倾覆、倒塌、沦陷),使倾城之恋名副其实。 一、两类时间 看张爱玲的作品,与看那一时代许多作家的作品感觉不同,这种不同的感觉概言之,是时间差。 柯灵在回忆中说:“我最初接触张爱玲的作品和她本人,是一个非常严峻的时代。1943年,珍珠港事件已经过去一年多,离第二次世界大战结束和中国抗战胜利还有两年,上海那时是日本军事占领下的沦陷区

张爱玲小说的悲剧意识毕业论文

建议你看一下百家讲坛张爱玲的部分 讲的还可以 至少对她的生活做一个了解

1、鸳鸯蝴蝶派再认识2、张恨水社会言情小说论略3、论《春明外史》的“野史”特点4、论《金粉世家》中冷清秋形象5、论《啼笑因缘》中樊家树形象6、《啼笑因缘》与《秋海棠》比较研究7、论平江不肖生的武侠小说8、还珠楼主武侠小说论9、王度庐“鹤一铁”系列武侠小说10、金庸武侠小说简评11、回顾与瞻望:新派武侠小说的过去与未来12、试析鲁迅小说的人物形象系列13、鲁迅小说的叙事艺术14、鲁迅小说中的忏悔意识15、鲁迅小说中的女性世界16、《伤逝》再解读17、《孔乙己》的叙事艺术18、鲁迅小说 中的童年叙事19、鲁迅小说的诗化特征20、鲁迅与老舍国民性批判比较21、老舍小说的京味特征22、老舍小说的语言艺术23、沈从文小说中的湘西世界24、沈从文小说的抒情化倾向25、论沈从文创作中的人性内涵26、萧红小说创作的抒情色彩27、萧红《呼兰河传》的诗化特征28、郁达夫小说艺术论29、废名小说的审美特征30、废名小说艺术论31、张爱玲小说的悲剧意识32、张爱玲小说中电影表现手法运用33、郁达夫小说中的孤独者形象34、审美化的人生——张爱玲散文论35、冯至诗歌中的现代意识36、论艾青诗歌中的忧郁37、《围城》新论38、孤独与梦想——重读《边城》39、郭沫若诗中的抒情主人公40、《女神》浪漫主义风格论41、胡适与中国现代新诗42、周作人散文艺术论43、朱自清散文艺术浅析44、冰心“小诗”简论45、徐志摩散文艺术论46、徐志摩诗歌中的意境47、戴望舒与中国现代诗派48、卞之琳诗歌“非个人化”倾向论49、穆旦诗歌中的“自我”50、曹禺戏剧的诗意特征51、茅盾小说中的“现代女性”52、《腐蚀》的心理分析艺术53、巴金《寒夜》新论54、郭小川诗歌论55、贺敬之诗歌论56、李瑛诗歌论57、论闻捷的爱情诗58、论李季的诗歌59、公刘诗歌论60、艾青新时期诗歌论61、论艾青国际题材的诗歌62、论艾青的创作道路63、论舒婷的诗歌64、顾城诗歌论65、论“朦胧诗”的产生66、论“朦胧诗”的艺术特征67、“第三代”诗人论68、论“朦胧诗”与“第三代”区别69、论赵树理的《三里湾》70、论赵树理建国后的小说创作71、信纸柳青的小说创作72、论柳青的《创业史》73、《创业史》艺术论74、论建国后战争题材的小说75、茹志鹃的小说创作论76、论吴强的《红日》77、论《保卫延安》的思想与艺术78、论王蒙的小说79、论王蒙的《活动变人形》80、蒋子龙小说创作论81、高晓声小说创作论82、张洁小说创作论83、论新时期军事题材的小说84、贾平凹小说论85、张炜小说论86、论莫言的《红高梁》系列小说87、论杨朔的散文艺术88、论刘白羽的散文艺术89、论秦牧的散文艺术90、论新时期的文化散文

主要是自己婚姻的不幸!就照这个写

张爱玲的小说是关于文明与人性的哀歌,而张爱玲哀歌的主旨,并不是对社会的批判,更谈不上对社会的改造,而只是殖民地与半殖民地的现代都市(香港与上海)的背景中,展示人的精神的堕落与不安,展示人性的脆弱与悲哀。尤其是对女性形象的描写,张爱玲写的女性,与二三十年代作家塑造的“时代新女性”不同,她实际上写的是“新女性”表象下的旧女性。这些女性或有着旧式的文雅修养,或受过新式的大学教育,甚至于还留过洋,但她们都面临着“娜拉走后怎样”的共同窘况,既无法在现代都市社会中自立,也远离革命运动,只能把当一个“女结婚员”作为自己的惟一职业和出路,而她们所受到的教育,也只能是她们待“嫁”而沽的筹码。其次,我们还注意到,她笔下的女性形象与通常的新文学作家笔下旧式女性也不同,张爱玲没有农业文化的背景,她的文学素养是在代表着工商文化的城市背景中形成的,她笔下女性形象几乎都是日益没落的淑女或竭力向上爬的小市民,这些女性在人生中受到的苦难,不是衣不敝体、食不果腹的经济上的穷困,而是无家可归、无夫可嫁的精神上的恐慌。从女性的哀歌来写,范围比较小。选几本比较有名的如;《金锁记》、《倾城之恋》、《心经》、、、

张爱玲的论文文献

CLOTHING MARKET : The UK retail clothing market was worth $43 billion in 2000, having grown by just since 1999. Women’s, girls' and children's clothing account for the major share of the market, making up of the total value. The increase in working women might have been expected to cause an upsurge in demand for smart clothing, but a major feature of the market has been a trend towards dressing down. Men's tailors, such as Moss Bros Group and Austin Reed Group, have suffered from the demise of the formal suit, while the retail chain Ted Baker, which targets the 18-25 year old market, has embraced the trend and recently recorded a pre-tax profit margin almost four times that of the industry average. In the world of UK fashion, it is the ability to identify and respond immediately to trends that is all-important. Textile manufacturing is in serious decline and clothing retailers continue to find trading conditions difficult in the face of weak consumer demand and heavy discounting. Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group, BhS Ltd, and Moss Bros Group are among the stores struggling to maintain their position. Meanwhile, the Dutch multiple chain C&A has admitted defeat and has now completely withdrawn from the British market. It is companies such as these, competing in the middle market, which are finding business so hard, since the market favors either value or premium brands. Those that are thriving include discount chains such as Matalan, Peacock's and Primark Stores, which are expanding rapidly and are predicted to increase their market share. With depressed demand and the prevalence of discounters, UK clothing retailing is expected to see modest growth in the near future. The market value is expected to reach $51 billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. MARKET OVERVIEW The main sectors in the market for clothing retailing are Outerwear, Underwear and Hosiery. Outerwear includes men's shirts, suits, jackets, smart trousers, coats, sweaters, T-shirts and jeans. Women's dresses, blouses and skirts also fall under this category. Underwear is made up of briefs and vests for men, womens lingerie - panties, corsetry, petticoats, teddies and camisoles. Hosiery covers men's, women's and children's socks, and women's pantyhose and stockings Expenditure on clothing, as well as having to compete with other durable and non-durable household goods, is threatened by increased expenditure on leisure, travel and financial services, including savings. Figures show that spending on clothing as a percentage of total household expenditure has dropped from percent in 1995 to percent in 2000. The popularity of heavy discounting stores is likely to be a factor in this decline. MARKET TRENDS A Diminishing Mid-Price Market The chain of C&A has been one of the casualties of an ongoing shrinking of the mid-price clothing market. Consumers are now tending towards the budget end of the market, which is targeted by companies such as Primark, Peacock's and Matalan, or the designer, premium-priced extreme. The mid-market has consequently become very competitive, with the struggles of Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group and BhS to retain market share being well documented. Designer Outlets The first Designer Outlet centre opened in 1995. There are now several such centres that offer discounts of up to 50% on branded fashionwear, footwear, accessories, and housewares. Discount retailing is an important and growing part of several retail markets, and clothing is no exception. Gap, Tommy Hilfiger and Nike are among the names operating in these shopping `villages'. So called 'Off-Price' clothing is said to account for around 30% of the . clothing market. Although it is still a relatively immature part of the UK market, it is expected to grow rapidly as both established and new retailers (. Marks and Spencer and Matalan) plan to set up discount stores and enter the shopping villages. Informality Modern lifestyles, on the whole, have become much less formal, a trend reflected in clothing. While some places of work may maintain a strict dress code, they are fewer and further between — especially in the information technology industry. Many offices have a policy of `dress down Friday' where it is quite acceptable, indeed expected, to dress casually. This attitude extends into social life. Certainly some clubs and restaurants insist on a formal dress code, but many more think it unnecessary. A prime example of this movement toward informality is the huge resurgence in the denim market. UK sales of denim clothing in 2000 shot up by 8% on the previous year to reach $ billion. Sportswear Participation in sports has increased over the long term, and there is a high level of branding in sports clothes. A particular feature of the sports clothing sector is its acceptability as leisurewear, whether or not any participation in sport is intended. With the growing trend towards informality, the sportswear market is set to grow. This is evident on the UK High St with the entrance of . chains such as Footlocker. Brand Extension In the fiercely competitive UK retail market, the extension of an established brand name into other products has become common practice. This trend is becoming more popular in the clothing industry. For example, Oasis Stores PLC has developed an own-brand toiletries range, launched in October 1999. Meanwhile, designer Tommy Hilfiger has introduced new fragrances targeted at young adults. Other clothes chains with cosmetics, skincare or fragrance ranges include Ted Baker, French Connection Retail Ltd and Karen Millen Ltd. This kind of brand extension is continuing as more and more retailers are following the trend in an effort to compete with each other and offer their customers a complete product range. High street retailer H & M (Hennes and Mauritz) have recently launched a range of cosmetics and cosmetic accessories. Technology in Textiles Before the 1940s, clothes were made of wool, silk or cotton. The 1950s saw the introduction of synthetic fibres that would revolutionise the industry. Elastane microfibres, such as Lycra and Tactel, combine the qualities of stretch and control while being comfortable, durable and easy to care for. Manufacturers now claim to produce fabrics with other characteristics, such as anti-bacterial or moisturising properties, even cellulite-reducing hosiery. As a result of these changes in textile technology, prices are likely to increase, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. Awareness of Fashion Marks and Spencer, BhS, and Mothercare have lost market share in the children's clothing market to Woolworths, ASDA Group Ltd and Next. Young people are becoming more fashion conscious at a younger age, and shun the somewhat conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. This is in favour of those with a more trendy image, such as Gap, Next and Miss Selfridge. Similarly, older, and often affluent, consumers remain fashion conscious. The product offering for those older consumers wanting to appear in tune with fashion, has improved in recent years. Previously it was almost non-existent, especially at the cheaper end of the market. Larger Sizes Research has shown that British women are now taller, and more curvaceous, than in the past. This trend has been confirmed by bra manufacturer, Triumph, which has found that the average bra size has grown from a 34B to a 36C in less than a decade. Accordingly, Marks and Spencer, for one, is to use a UK size 14 (US size 10) rather than UK size 12 (US size 8) as its base model. Size 14 bust, waist and hip measurements have also been increased. With 62 percent of women in the UK wearing a UK size 14 (. size 10) or larger, there are undoubtedly opportunities for growth in the larger size clothing market. IMPORTS An estimated two-thirds of the value of the UK clothing market is imported, a percentage that is increasing as more countries with low-cost labour join the supply chain. Traditional sources, primarily Hong Kong and India, are now facing competition from countries such as Morocco and Romania. There is, however, some variation across the product sectors. Germany, Italy and Hong Kong are principal sources of women's, girls' and children's jackets. Men's suits and jackets come primarily from Italy and Portugal. Hong Kong is a significant source of imports of both men's and women's overcoats and raincoats, although in the case of men's coats, the Netherlands is the most important. Hong Kong is by far the most significant exporter of men and women's trousers to the UK, and of women's dresses and skirts. Many British companies are transferring production overseas. Much of the recent growth in value of imports into the UK can therefore be attributed to British companies, and their subsidiaries. The UK imported over $81 million worth of clothing from the . in 2000, a figure which has declined over the last few years. UK imports of . clothing goods 1997 $81,621,996 $81,139,559 $103,448,033 $121,300,429 EXPORTS Total clothing exports from the UK were $ billion in 1999 – a drop from the 1998 figure of $2 billion. In 2000, the UK exported $ million worth of clothing to the . There has been a recent trend towards exporting more British clothing to countries outside Europe, but less to countries within the European Union (EU). The UK has a reputation for quality in, for example, woollens and knitwear. However, it has been hard hit by the strength of sterling and the recent downturn in economies such as Japan, which are of great importance to UK trade. COMPETITION The Marketplace Vertical integration is a feature of the UK market for clothing. Companies such as Alexon Group, Laura Ashley, River Island Clothing Co., and Austin Reed Group manufacture collections for retail in their own stores. Place of Purchase In order of popularity, department stores, chain stores, independents, fashion multiples and sports shops are the most commonly used retail outlets for clothing. Age and sex are important determining factors in this however. For example, although department stores appeal to all age groups, fashion multiples are generally used by younger shoppers. For all the above outlets, penetration levels are higher among men than women except for independents and sports stores. Traditional mail order catalogues continue to come under pressure from discount stores. They cannot keep up with changes in prices, as their catalogues are printed weeks in advance of a season. The internet and digital television have introduced online shopping but there are hurdles to overcome if this kind of purchasing is to grow the clothing market considerably. Many consumers are hesitant to give credit card details and they like to be able to see and feel garments before they purchase. Brand recognition is important in online shopping, and it, therefore, seems likely that established High St stores may find it easier to make the step from 'brick to click' than a new online only retailer. Brand Awareness There is a high level of brand awareness in some sectors of the clothing industry. For example, the name Levi-Strauss & Co. is synonymous with jeans, like that of Nike with sports clothing. These brands will maintain sales due to firm establishment in their specific markets. However, with more and more discount stores introducing their own labels (. George at Asda, and Matalan), and the consumers decreasing clothing expenditure, mid market retailers will undoubtedly suffer. As mentioned previously, strong brand names are increasingly moving outside their original product. While this might ensure the success of, for example, Ted Baker skincare products, it also opens the clothing market for infiltration by outside brands. Market Leaders and their Brands The UK retail market for clothing is one spanning many extremes. Exclusive designer names are at one end of the scale, while discount stores and market stalls are at the other. In between is a variety of retailers aimed at the middle mass market. It is some of these that are currently finding survival so difficult. C&A is a prime example, but its demise obviously provides opportunities for other stores and products. This is not least because its withdrawal from the UK is freeing up valuable High Street sites. A relatively new entrant to the market is the grocery multiple, and the most successful example is ASDA Group Ltd. The UK's third largest supermarket, taken over by Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated last year, has its own George at ASDA brand of clothing (which had a turnover of $893m in 1999). Tesco PLC, the country's most successful supermarket chain, also devotes significant space to children's clothing, and women's and men's underwear. END USERS The total population of the UK is approximately 60 million, and is split roughly equally beween men and women. By age, the population is divided as follows: AGE % 0-19 20-49 49 + Over 83 percent of clothing and accessories are purchased by women over 25. Even 28 percent of menswear purchased in the UK is bought by women. According to the Family Expenditure survery (FES), average weekly household expenditure on commodities and services was $520 in 1999. On average, $32 of this was spent on clothing - this amounts to just over 6% of total expenditure. Although expenditure on clothing, both male and female, has grown in the past ten years, attitudes of consumers have changed. The proportion of spending on clothing that people regard as essential has declined. In 1989, conspicuous consumption was at its height and people were far more concerned with keeping up with the latest fashions. By the end of the recession in 1994, attitudes had changed and fashion had much less of a following - people still care about their appearance, but not to the same extent. This declining regard for fashion is apparent in all socio-economic groups. It is, however, more pronounced in the upper income brackets and the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups. Within these groups, people now view a holiday or products for the home as a priority over new/fashionable clothing. Despite the decline in regard for fashion, the desire to be fashionable still exists and is generally higher among teens, low income households, and the unemployed - hence the success of the discount retailers. MARKET ACCESS The UK clothing industry is an aggressively competitive marketplace, and is dominated by a handful of powerful chains. It has lower productivity than leading European competitors, and opportunities exist, therefore, for low-cost foreign competitors. The UK clothing market has to be instant in its response to changes in fashion in order for spending on clothing to compete with expenditure on other personal and household goods, leisure activities and savings. The market needs to accurately interpret trends so as to avoid surplus stock having to be sold cheaply. Rail upon rail of discounted clothes not only eats into any profit margin, but also damages the image of a shop, giving it a somewhat desperate look. There is one legal requirement regarding the labeling of textiles for clothing. The label must bear an accurate description of the fiber content. This is an obligatory marking requirement. Washing instructions and the size of garment are optional information, but must not be false or misleading. This would result in a breach of the UK Trade Descriptions Act. There are no requirements for a "Keep Away from Fire" label on any childrens daywear (but there is for all nightwear). However, there must be a flammability label on all babywear 0-3 months (day and night wear). This also applies to babywear with a chest size of 21 inches or less. There is no EU Directive on flammability labels on clothing. Clothing falls under the harmonized code of – and there is currently a maximum duty of payable. SALES PROSPECTS Clothing is an essential requisite, although consumers can also be tempted to purchase on impulse. Nowadays, few people have the necessary dressmaking and knitting skills to make their own clothing, so nearly all clothing is bought. Unusual garments and colour combinations, can differentiate one product offering from another and may be the determining factor in remaining competitive. The exit of C&A from UK retailing in 2001 has made prime High Street sites available for other chains and product offerings. In addition to this, the removal of tariffs and quotas protecting foreign markets (under the Multi Fibre Arrangement) in 2005, will increase opportunities for overseas companies. However, overseas competitors should be aware of the increased emphasis on design that differentiates British product makes it less vulnerable to cheaper foreign competition. Opportunties for . manufactured goods exist, as they are more likely to be able to compete with British designed product. Men's lifestyle magazines are helping to increase interest in men's and boys' fashion and men are more interested in fashion than they were ten years ago. Women are more financially dependent and able to spend as they like on their wardrobe, and as the proportion of working women increases, they are likely to require more clothes than they would if they stayed at home. However, as mentioned previously, the trend towards dressing down is increasing, therefore clothing purchased for the office will not necessarily include business suits. Home shopping through catalogues, the Internet, and interactive television means that goods, including clothing, can be bought at any time of the day, 7 days a week. However, people will always prefer to see the clothing and feel fabrics and textiles before purchasing so it is unlikely that home shopping will seriously threaten the High Street retailers. CONCLUSION The UK clothing market will see steady but modest growth over the next few years and is expected to reach $51. billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. Judging by current trends and evidence, it appears that the majority of this growth will come from the success of discount retailers. The diminishing mid market in fashion retailing means that best opportunities for . companies exist at this end of the scale. For more information on the UK Clothing Market, please contact: 瞎找的 看都没看

周芳芸,《曹七巧论》,四川师范大学学报,1990年第3期周芳芸,《中国现代文学悲剧女性形象研究》,天地出版社,1999鲁建平,《母性的陨落——张爱玲笔下的母亲形象与母女关系探析》陈慧茹,《母性的沦丧与异化——张爱玲小说中的母亲形象及母女关系探析》,太原大学学报缺失的情爱,一要从当时十里洋场的特殊社会背景去分析,封建主义与资本主义的双重压迫,使得女性不得不以出卖青春、爱情、肉体等方式获得生存,有人心甘情愿做了金丝雀,如《沉香屑》里的葛薇龙,《倾城之恋》里的白流苏;二是要从性压抑问题上去探讨女性所受的屈辱,《金锁记》里曹七巧是一个从被人食、到食人,再到自食的典型。还可以讲张爱玲塑造的女性形象与现代文学其他的形象作比较。

长篇:半生缘,多少恨,倾城之恋,十八春,怨女。怨女是我的最爱散文:爱,打人,道路以目,到底是上海人,更衣记,公寓生活记趣,借银灯,双声,私语,雨伞下,造人,,等等,,这些本人喜欢,,,中篇:不辛的她,霸王别姬,等,创世纪,封锁,留情,,,相见欢,,,等等。。。很多的呢,,这些我本人喜欢

基本都是有情爱的。只有一个是很极端的,曹七巧,金锁记里面的住人公。这个是一个很好的切入点和讨论重点。海内外,张的名声,一部分就是这个人物撑起来的。其他的还有本来有,又失去了的:茉莉香片里的聂传庆(男的)沉香屑:第一炉香里的葛薇龙沉香屑:第二炉香里的愫西散戏里的女主人公。(丧失了爱)同学少年都不贱里面的几个女人都又点不正常我想到的久这些了。张的文章里面缺失是少的

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