翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究,自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题,也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告,欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.
蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.
刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料,分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》,并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题,并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型,分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础,结合语篇重构的概念,分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达,而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息,还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整,使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引,继而激发他们采取行动。因此,译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的,选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译,只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译,巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化,才能激发读者付诸行动,为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等,才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能,达到良好外宣效果。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究,自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题,也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告,欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.
蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.
刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料,分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》,并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题,并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型,分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础,结合语篇重构的概念,分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达,而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息,还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整,使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引,继而激发他们采取行动。因此,译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的,选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译,只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译,巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化,才能激发读者付诸行动,为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等,才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能,达到良好外宣效果。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊?我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的,由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页,总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生:一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面:论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写? 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?! 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的? 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊? 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面: (一)论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一,名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。 (二) 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括:⑴ 研究的有关背景(课题的提出): 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地(校) 的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。 (三) 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。 规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 (四)论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 (五) 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确; 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 (六)论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括:⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 (七)论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定: 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 (八)论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤,也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括:整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段;各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写?范文! 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的,是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里,导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题:“你的 puzzle 是什么?”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是,中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄,笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧:这么简单的道理,这么明显的答案,到底哪儿不对了?!奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话;只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的,能这样当然最好,但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展,因此,在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”,这仅仅是对现象的探询,而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是:“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗?”在这个命题中,“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次,选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步,大体上可以分“三步走”:第一步,先划定一个“兴趣范围”,如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等,广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章,找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步,总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具,如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步,考察问题的可研究性,也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如,西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题?或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释?或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷?通过回答这些问题,我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内,是否可能完成?资料获取是否可行?等等。 最后,如何陈述问题?陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结,而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象,如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢?雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架,但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象,从而理清对象的内存逻辑,保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述,我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题:( 1 )时间:从 1980 年到 2000 年;( 2 )对象: *** 的叛乱者和决策行为,而不是市场、企业、治理结构等;( 3 )视角:政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究;( 4 )案例: 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》,这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定,我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上,问题也就水落石出了。同时,问题清楚了,我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准,在这个“信息冗余”的时代,能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述( Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Backupground Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面的问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次,文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一:瞄准主流。 主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
如何写研究生论文开题报告开题报告的内容:1、课题来源及研究的目的和意义;2、国内外在该方向的研究现状及分析;3、主要研究内容及创新点;4、研究方案及进度安排,预期达到的目标;5、为完成课题已具备和所需的条件和经费;6、预计研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题有及解决的措施;7、主要参考文献;开题报告的基本内容及其顺序大致如下:研究背景研究的目的与意义国内外研究概况拟研究解决的主要问题研究主要内容和方法论文计划进度参考文献1.什么是开题报告?开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体,这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容"),向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议,确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为l对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2.撰写开题报告有什么意义?写开题报告的目的,是要请老师和专家帮我们判断一下:这个问题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。撰写开题报告,作为多层次科研工作的第一个写作环节,非常重要,这是因为:通过它,开题者可以把自己对课题的认识理解程度和准备工作情况加以整理、概括,以便使具体的研究目标、步骤、方法、措施、进度、条件等得到更明确的表达;通过它,开题者可以为评审者提供一种较为确定的开题依据。“言而无文,其行不远”,以书面开题报告取代昔日广为运用的口头开题报告形式,无疑要切实可靠得多;3.开题报告的各个栏目怎样填写?开题报告封面各栏目的填写方法封页各栏目由开题者(学生)填写。其中“ 年 月 日”栏目:在开题报告封面下方,应填写开题报告实际完成的日期。实际完成日期一般应学校规定的时间段内完成此项工作。逾期即被视为未按时完成开题报告工作。“综述本课题国内外研究动态,说明选题依据和意义”栏目的填写方法综述(review)包括“综”与“述”两个方面。所谓综,就是指作者对占有的大量素材进行归纳整理、综合分析,使文献资料更加精炼、更加明确、更加层次分明、更有逻辑性。所谓述,就是对各家学说、观点进行评述,提出自己的见解和观点。填写本栏目实际上是要求开题者(学生)写一篇短小的、有关本课题国内外研究动态的综合评述,以说明本课题是依据什么提出来的,研究本课题有什么学术价值。 综述的主体格式综述的主体一般有引言、正文、总结、参考文献四部分。引言部分引言用于概述主题的有关概念、定义,综述的范围、有关问题的现状、争论焦点等,使读者对综述内容有一个初步轮廓。这部分约200—300字。 正文部分正文部分主要用于叙述各家学说、阐明所选课题的历史背景、研究现状和发展方向。其叙述方式灵活多样,没有必须遵循的固定模式,常由作者根据综述的内容,自行设计创造。一般可将正文的内容分成几个部分,每个部分标上简短而醒目的小标题,部分的区分也多种多样,有的按国内研究动态和国外研究动态,有的按年代,有的按问题,有的按不同观点,有的按发展阶段,然而不论采用何种方式,都应包括历史背景、现状评述和发展方向三方面的内容。历史背景方面的内容:按时间顺序,简述本课题的来龙去脉,着重说明本课题前人研究过没有?研究成果如何?他们的结论是什么?通过历史对比,说明各阶段的研究水平。现状评述又分三层内容:第一,重点论述当前本课题国内外的研究现状,着重评述本课题目前存在的争论焦点,比较各种观点的异同,亮出作者的观点;第二,详细介绍有创造性和发展前途的理论和假说,并引出论据(包括所引文章的题名、作者姓名及体现作者观点的资料原文)。发展方向方面的内容:通过纵(向)横(向)对比,肯定本课题目前国内外已达到的研究水平,指出存在的问题,提出可能的发展趋势,指明研究方向,提出可能解决的方法。正文部分是综述的核心,篇幅长约1000――1500字。 总结部分(不是必须的)在总结部分要对正文部分的内容作扼要的概括,最好能提出作者自己的见解,表明自己赞成什么,反对什么。要特别交待清楚的是,已解决了什么?还存在什么问题有待进一步去探讨、去解决?解决它有什么学术价值?从而突出和点明选题的依据和意义。这一部分的文字不多,与引言相当。短篇综述也可不单独列出总结,仅在正文各部分叙述完后,用几句话对全文进行高度概括。 参考文献参考文献是综述的原始素材,也是综述的基础,置于开题报告最后面,此处从略。 综述写作步骤确立主题在开题报告中,综述主题就是所开课题名称。搜集与阅读整理文献题目确定后,需要查阅和积累有关文献资料,这是写好综述的基础。因而,要求搜集的文献越多越全越好。常用的方法是通过文摘、索引期刊等检索工具书查阅文献,也可以采用微机联网检索等先进的查阅文献方法。有的课题还需要进行科学实验、观察、调查,取得所需的资料。阅读整理文献是写好综述的重要步骤。在阅读文献时,必须领会文献的主要论点和论据,做好“读书笔记”,并制作文献摘录卡片,用自己的语言写下阅读时所得到的启示、体会和想法,摘录文献的精髓,为撰写综述积累最佳的原始素材。阅读文献、制作卡片的过程,实际上是消化和吸收文献精髓的过程。制作卡片和笔记便于加工处理,可以按综述的主题要求进行整理、分类编排,使之系列化和条理化。最终对分类整理好的资料进行科学分析,写出体会,提出自己的观点。撰写成文撰写综述之前,应先拟定写作提纲,然后写出初稿,待“创作热”冷却后进行修改成文,最后抄入开题报告表的“综述本课题国内外动态,说明选题依据和意义”栏目内。 撰写综述的应注意事项撰写综述时,搜集的文献资料尽可能齐全,切忌随便收集一些文献资料就动手撰写,更忌讳阅读了几篇中文资料,便拼凑成一篇所谓的综述。综述的原始素材应体现一个“新”字,亦即必须有最近最新发表的文献,一般不将教科书、专著列入参考文献。 坚持材料与观点的统一,避免介绍材料太多而议论太少,或者具体依据太少而议论太多,要有明显的科学性。 综述的素材来自前人的文章,必须忠于原文,不可断章取义,不可阉割或歪曲前人的观点。“研究的基本内容,拟解决的主要问题”栏目的填写方法本栏目由开题者(学生)填写。“研究的基本内容”和“拟解决的主要问题”在内容上虽然紧密相关,但角度不同,在填写时,可以分别表述。 “研究的基本内容”的填写方法。“研究的基本内容”就是论文(设计)正文部分的内容,是研究内容的核心。正文内容又分为若干部分和层级。填写此栏目实际上是编写论文基本内容的写作提纲。基本内容提纲的写法有两种:一种是标题法,即用一个小标题的形式把一个部分的内容概括出来。标题法的长处是:简明、扼要、能一目了然。短处是:只能自己理解,别人看不明白,而且时间一长,自己也会模糊。另一种是句字法,即用一个能表达完整意思的句子形式,把一个部分的内容概括出来。句子法的长处是:具体、明确,无论放下多久,都不会忘记,别人看了也明白。短处是:写作时不能一目了然,不便于思考,文字也多。上述两种写法,各有优缺点,用哪一种好,还是混合使用好,这由作者自己确定。不管是文科论文,还是理工科论文写作提纲,都没有必须遵循的固定模式,一切视研究内容的需要而定。以下介绍两个案例,供填写“研究的基本内容”栏目时参考。 “拟解决的主要问题”的填写方法“ 拟解决的主要问题”,就是论文的主攻方向、研究目的。具体是指开题者预先设想的、将要在论文中证明的某一个新的理论问题,或某一个新的技术问题,或某一个新的方法问题等,以及开题者对这个问题的基本观点(赞成什么,反对什么)。填写此栏目,就是要求开题者用明确、具体的文字(力求用一、两句话)把论文题目中的上述信息传达出来。“拟解决的主要问题”是在综述本课题国内外研究动态的基础上提出来的,论文正文的各个部分都是为了论述这一主要问题,而主要问题的解决,将得出研究成果。一篇论文只有一个中心,一个重点。不管文章长短,材料多寡,但主题只有一个。集中也是深刻的保证,只有集中于一个主题,才能论述深刻。如果一个课题,要解决两个或两个以上的主要问题,就有可能导致主攻方向不明确,在论述过程中发生种种困难,或观点冲突,或逻辑混乱,或主次不分。所以,一般情况下,一篇科研论文论述一个基本观点,解决一个主要问题。“研究步骤、方法和措施”栏目填写方法本栏目由开题者(学生)填写。要求回答本课题怎样研究的问题。可以分三个层次表述:即 研究步骤研究步骤,也称写作步骤、写作程序等,具体指从提出问题到撰写成文的各个阶段。填写时可以如下表述:第一步,选题;第二步,搜集、阅读和整理资料;第三步,证论与组织(拟写开题报告);第四步,撰写成文;第五步,论文修改与定稿;第六步,外文翻译。为了使同学们对六个步骤有一个明晰的印象,以下逐个给予简单的介绍。第一步,选题。即选择研究课题,确定主攻方向,是撰写论文的第一步,是具有战略意义的大事。选题必须符合选题原则。选题恰当与否直接关系到研究成果的质量水平。选题有导师命题分配和学生自拟自定两种方法。题目选择恰当,等于论文成功了一半。第二步,搜集与阅读整理资料。论文题目选好以后,接着就要搜集资料,进行知识积累。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,没有资料就无法进行科学研究。搜集资料要发挥高度的主观能动性,想方设法得到自己需要的东西。资料来源主要有两个方面:一是文献资料;二是科学实验、观察、调查。先谈谈文献资料的问题,文献资料是前人从事科学研究的总结。科学研究总是在前人研究的基础上进行的,有着继承性和连续性。我们要了解本课题研究的历史和现状、掌握动向、吸取经验教训、开扩思路、进行比较、做出判断等等,都需要参考资料,从中得到借鉴、印证、补充和依据。这些都是写作论文的必要素材。再谈谈搜集科学实验、观察、调查材料的问题。科学实验是人们为暴露事物内部矛盾,揭示事物本质及其规律,发现其内部的矛盾而进行的变革研究对象的一种操作和活动。由于实验是在受控制的条件下进行的,将尽量排除外界的影响,因此,人们有可能对研究对象做细致、周密的观察,从而找出事物内部的联系。我们要取得实验的第一手材料,就要进行科学观察。科学观察应具有客观性、系统性和保密性。客观性,是指不要先入为主,戴有色眼镜看待事物,而要如实反映事物的本来面目。系统性,是指按照一定的程序,连续、完整地观察事物发展、变化的全过程,而不至于漏掉重要的细节。严密性,是指观察要一丝不拘,注意任何微小的变化。在观察中,往往会发现意外的情况,这种偶然的发现叫机遇,这种机遇我们不要轻易放过,在其中可能蕴藏着重大的科学发现。观察要及时、准确地把观察到的现象、数据、结果记录下来,这些都是我们写论文的素材,科学实验必须借助实验原料、仪器、设备等才能进行,不同的材料、设备,可能产生不同的结果。因此,这些科学实验使用的器材,同样属于写论文需要体现的素材。不论是社会科学的课题,还是自然科学的课题,有的素材必须通过调查才能取得,它是对客观事物自发过程进行观察和记录的科学研究活动(参见任务书中有关“调查研究类型”的介绍)。从各种途径获取的资料,必须加工整理,包括:检查资料是否齐全,重不重要;对资料进行科学分类(最好根据中国图书分类方法分类,以使资料分类标准化,如果按自己方法分类,最好能坚持始终);编制资料索引,进行加工,做到统一化(如数据、年份、术语要统一,便于比较)、序列化(如年代中断要想办法排齐)、典型化(即对同类资料进行筛选,找出有代表性的资料)、形象化(即把一些数字通过图和表表示出来)等。搜集和整理资料是异常艰苦和细致的工作,要具有吃苦精神。达尔文曾经说过:“科学就是整理事实,以便从中得出普遍规律或结论。”他自己就是在整理了大量的文献资料,搜集了大量的动物标本之后,才写成了伟大的著作——《物种起源》的。马克思在撰写《资本论》时,花了四十年心血,他阅读了浩如烟海的理论著作、事实材料、统计数字等等。钻研和摘要过的书籍达1500多种,为此他还学了好几种外国语。在《资本论》中引用和提到过的著作达505部,所有英国的议会报告和其他官方文件59种,报刊56种。列宁对马克思的《资本论》的产生过程作了精辟的说明,他说:“《资本论》不是别的,正是‘把推积如山的实际材料总结为几点概括的彼此相联系的思想’。”我们在撰写毕业论文的时候,要学习这些伟人的科学精神、吃苦精神。第三步,论证与组织。在搜集资料的基础上,需要运用科学的方法对它进行研究。首先要树立科学的方法论。其次,掌握正确的分析方法。第三,确立论点,其中包括中心论点(或总论点)与分论点。第四,选择材料拟写提纲,对全文的内容作通盘的安排,对结构格式作统一的布局,规划出论文的轮廓,显示出论文的条理层次。论证与组织的过程,也是撰写开题报告的过程。第四步,撰写成文。搜集了资料、确立了论点、选择了材料、填写开题报告之后,就进入了论文的撰写阶段。第五步,论文(设计)修改与定稿。论文(设计)写好初稿后,必须从思想内容与表现形式上进行修改。修改论文是很细微深入的工作。论文经过多次修改后,就可以打印定稿,在排版时一定要符合文面的要求。第六步,外文翻译:翻译是本科毕业生的基本素质和业务水平的重要标志。翻译的主要用途是获取和传播最新的学术信息,一般要求做到忠于原文、通顺流畅。 研究方法研究方法是指分析论证课题时的思维方法,它属于认识论范畴。没有正确的研究方法,就不能深入认识事物的本质,揭示其客观规律。没有正确的研究方法,就不能有所发现、有所发明、有所前进、有所创新,自然也就不能获取研究成果。因此,有的专家学者认为,选择了好的研究方法,也等于论文完成了一半。科研方法很多。按照人的活动区分,可以分为两类:即实践(经验)性方法;理论性方法。前者如观察方法、实验方法、调查方法、后者如抽象方法、假说方法。各种科研方法按照适用范围区分,可以分为三类:即适用于一切学科领域的哲学方法;适用于众多学科领域的一般方法;适用于某些具体学科领域的特殊方法或专门方法。这里只能列举部分研究方法,并按适用范围将科学研究方法分三大类介绍,其中有些方法是所有专业适用的,有些是部分专业适用的。 哲学方法哲学方法是最为概括、最具有普遍性的方法,适用于各类学科,各个专业。一般思维方法一般思维方法是哲学方法与专门分析方法的中介,是取得经验性知识及发展理论性知识的一般方法。又分为:归纳与演绎方法;分析与综合方法;历史与逻辑分析方法;矛盾分析法;系统分析法;因果分析法;比较分析法;定性与定量分析方法。 专门分析方法又称特殊研究方法。专门方法很多,不甚枚举,各个学院、系甚至专业可以结合院、系、专业的研究特点,介绍一些专门的研究方法,例如:理工类专业的常见专门研究方法有:实验法、观察法、调查法等。而在物、化、数、生等学科中又有各自的更加专门的方法,如物理学研究中的光谱分析法,化学研究中的比色法等等。经济管理类专业常见的专门研究方法有计量经济法。法学专业常见的专门方法有历史考证法、比较分析法、社会分析法、规范解释法、经济分析法等。文艺学类专业常见的专门研究方法有“文学——历史”批评法、社会批评法、传统研究法、精神分析法、原型批评法、符号学研究法、俄国形式主义研究方法、英美新批评法、结构主义法、阐释学法等等。汉语言文学专业专门研究方法有推理与议论法、证明与反驳法、传统考据、考证、考订、点评等方法。心理学专业专门研究方法有观察法、调查法、实验法、个案研究法、行为研究法等。在同一论文中,各个部分可以分别采用不同的研究方法。各种方法互相补充,互相协调,才能揭示研究对象各个侧面或各个层次的特殊规律,进而证明总论点。对于初学写论文的本科生来讲,有的不知道有哪些研究方法,写论文不讲方法;有的不问清红皂白,生搬硬套,乱用研究方法;有的虽然知道一些研究方法,但在论文中往往只局限于一种方法,思维单一,视野狭窄。为此,开题者(学生)首先应该学习研究方法方面的知识;第二,开题者(学生)在论文写作中应该具体问题具体分析,灵活地使用各种方法,才能收到事半功倍的效果。
英语毕业论文开题报告本科一般1000-2000字吧,研究生多点。字数不是关键,主要是内容,当时我写了几次都没过,还是学长给介绍的莫文网,高手就是不一般,一次性就通过了经贸英语语篇翻译策略探析旅游景点英语翻译中的跨文化意识探析跨文化交际中的新闻英语翻译实践探讨从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略大学英语翻译教学存在的问题及对策浅谈科技英语翻译中的常见错误及应对技巧论国际商务英语翻译的多元化标准英语翻译中笔译要点分析 优先出版大学英语翻译教学的问题与对策研究文化视角下的旅游英语翻译科技英语翻译的省译商务英语翻译教学的探索与思考国际科技交流中科技英语翻译存在的问题及技巧探析语义翻译和交际翻译观下科技英语翻译研究影响法律英语翻译的因素商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究构建任务型商务英语翻译课程教学的研究旅游英语翻译与本土文化对接的思考项目依托式EAP教学实践研究——以《科技英语翻译》教学为例高中阶段英语翻译教学现状的调查研究国际贸易中商务英语翻译的文化差异及应对策略框架语义学视角下的英汉科技翻译研究基于功能翻译理论的高职院校土木工程专业英语翻译与教学研究中国职业男子篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译现状调查和改善对策研究康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究商务英语翻译中文化意象的传递高职英语专业英语翻译课教改初探探讨中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响论文化转向对商务英语翻译的启示非英语专业硕士研究生科技英语翻译能力分析航海英语翻译若干问题商务英语翻译教材建构模式探微国内英语翻译现状分析及产业化思考从建构主义观点谈商务英语翻译教学
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究,自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题,也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告,欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.
蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.
刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料,分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》,并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题,并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型,分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础,结合语篇重构的概念,分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达,而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息,还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整,使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引,继而激发他们采取行动。因此,译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的,选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译,只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译,巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化,才能激发读者付诸行动,为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等,才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能,达到良好外宣效果。
论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面:第一,你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述,把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下(先客观介绍情况,要如实陈述别人的观点),然后进行评述(后主观议论,加以评估,说已有研究有什么不足),说现在有了这些研究,但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足,所以你要研究。所以,你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的,而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述,很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二,为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上,你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白,所以你去做,就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义,可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三,如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题,你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路,同时,重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间,文献综述是重点。没有文献综述,你就无法找到自己的题目,也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了,所以你要认真进行综述。当然,综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题,所以不能忘记评述哟。
你的毕业论文的摘要部分是需要翻译成英文的,开题报告一般包括这么几个方面1.课题的意义 2.国内外研究现状 3.毕业设计(论文)的主要内容 4.所采用的方法、手段以及步骤等 5.阶段进度计划。 外文翻译是将一篇英文的论文翻译成汉语,一般老师都要求外文是和你写的论文的题目是相关的吧,开题报告就相当于一篇论文的提纲,是一篇论文的构想。外文翻译除了一般除了内容是要和你写的东西有点联系吧 其他没什么联系
问题一:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二:"开题报告"这个词,英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三:开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四:开题报告,英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五:毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话,就找安太译欣,直接翻译 问题六:论文开题报告用英语怎么表达,opening rep 你好! 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七:开题报告用英语怎么说? Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八:英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九:英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十:开题报告 如何用英语翻译? 开题报告. 英语: 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.