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英语教学论文题目
1、初中英语互动教学模式
2、中学英语词汇教与学的策略探讨
3、福建省中学计算机辅助英语教学应用现状的调查研究
4、认知语言学及其对中学英语词汇教学的启示
5、英语教学中的文化教学：范畴与方法
6、外语形成性评价：从理论到实践
7、口语教学中运用自由讨论的研究
8、论任务型语言教学在阅读课堂中的实施
9、学习动机与英语教学
10、论中学英语教学中母语介入的意义
11、词汇注释与目的性对阅读中词汇习得的影响
12、英语教学中的文化因素
13、图式理论和中学英语阅读教学
14、作为英语写作激发因素的电子邮件
15、中国英语教学中的文化教学：问题与对策
16、论母语在初中英语教学中的作用
17、句子组合——提高中学生英语写作能力的.有效方法
18、个性因素与二语成绩相关性跨地区研究
19、英语教师课堂反思性教学
20、中学英语教学中的文化教学
21、基于假设的英语词汇习得研究
22、研究性学习与英语教学
23、可理解输入研究及其对外语教学的启迪
24、外语教学中学习者个别差异的心理语言学分析
25、论合作学习在中学英语教学中的实践
26、中专学校外语学习动机初探
27、激发初中生英语学习动机的研究与实践
28、活动课堂英语教学
29、语料库与英语教学
30、论中学英语教学的文化意识培养与文化导入技巧
31、合作学习——英语课堂教学的一种有效途径
32、交际教学法在英语教学课堂中的实施
33、任务型教学在英语阅读课的应用
34、运用多媒体技术和因特网
35、中学英语写作教学现状的初步调查及建议
36、探究中学英语教学中的折中教学法
37、论EFL学生英语思维能力的培养
38、话语生成的理论基础及其对口语教学的启示
39、影响中学英语教学中跨文化交际能力培养的诸因素
40、任务型教学法在中学英语写作课堂教学中的运用
41、论中学英语阅读教学中对学生思维能力培养的研究
42、初中生运用英语学习策略情况的调查与思考
43、论中学英语教学中跨文化意识的培养
44、初中英语拼读入门教学实验研究
45、银川市初中英语课程实施影响因素研究
46、基础教育《英语课程标准》的若干专题初探
47、文化背景知识和英语阅读：中学生英语文化背景知识的现状调查
48、中专英语合作式教学法探析
49、WTO背景下，中学英语教学模式的改革
50、试论交际教学法与传统教学法在中学英语课堂教学中的结合
51、中等职业学校学生英语自主学习中动机因素研究
52、中国学生英语词汇学习策略调查与研究
53、论阅读策略与中学生英语阅读能力的提高
54、优差生词汇运用策略分析研究
55、论中学生英语学习中自主学习能力的培养
56、中学生英语学习策略调查研究
57、中学英语教学中文化知识输入方式的探讨
58、职校生听说能力训练方法探索
59、暗示教学法在高中英语教学中的运用
60、中学英语教学中的‘浪费’：表现、成因及对策
61、中等职业学校英语课程交际大纲的设计
62、论中学英语任务型语言教学
63、中国中学生英语学习策略运用个案研究
64、任务型学习在初中英语教学中的应用（英文）
65、第二语言课堂教学中提问策略的研究（英文）
66、职业中专学生英语学习动机调查报告（英文）
67、以学生为中心的教学法在职业中专英语课堂的应用（英文）
68、建构主义学习理论与学生英语自主学习能力（英文）
69、通过采用不同教学方法关注中学生个性差异（英文）
70、运用语言迁移理论优化中学外语教学
71、初中英语学困生若干问题研究——班级社会学视角
72、语法在中学英语交际教学中的价值及教法研究
73、初中英语口语课“分层教学”探讨
74、中学英语教学中元认知能力的培养
75、中学英语词汇教学研究
76、计算机辅助中学英语听说教学
77、在课堂教学中提高学生的交际能力
论文选题是按一定价值标准或条件对可供选择的课题进行评价和比较并对研究方向、目标、领域和范围作出抉择的过程，是决定论文内容和价值的关键环节。这里学术堂整理了十五个论文选题供大家进行参考：1、从语用学视角看汉英口译中的语用失误2、英语心智谓词的模糊性及其语际语用发展研究3、英语科技术语的词汇特征及翻译4、Moment in Peking中异国形象之汉译5、中医典籍中“气”的源流与翻译探析6、女性主义视角下张爱玲的翻译观--以英译《海上花列传》为中心7、二语习得视觉化研究的几个关键问题8、晚清以降的中国佛典英译高潮9、基于降维法的译者风格研究10、中国英语口音研究述评11、口译中视角转换的语用原则12、模因理论指导下的汉语歇后语英译13、本土英语教学法：流派、体系与特色14、《骆驼祥子》三个英译本中叙述话语的翻译--译者风格的语料库考察15、基于语料库的“人生”隐喻英汉对比研究
英语语言学毕业论文好写的，很多题目可写，当时我也是不懂，还是师姐给介绍的莫文网，有了高手帮忙就快多了，没几天就过了高校英语语言学教材的建设与思考基于网络自主学习的英语语言学课程教改探索管窥我国英语语言学教材的现状与英语语言学教学语料库数据驱动下的中国外语界英语语言学发展现状及趋势研究高师英语语言学课程教学的问题与改革设想社会建构主义理论指导下的英语语言学课程教学论商务英语语言学的理论体系任务型教学模式启发下的英语语言学课程教学改革本科生“英语语言学导论”教学法探究论高校“英语语言学”与“高级英语”课程体系的有机契合建构主义与英语语言学课堂教学英语语言学发展概述高校英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析建构主义与英语语言学关于英语语言学教程的现状分析及几点建议(英文)基于构建主义角度探究英语语言学教学英语语言学书评中的评价性用语解析英语语言学语音和词汇的变化高校英语语言学教学问题及对策论英语语言学研究的多维视角“英语语言学”课程考评体系改革初探《英语语言学》课程教学改革研究发展思维能力 提高科学素质——论英语语言学教学与学生素质培养的关系高校英语语言学课程评价模式的思考关于英语语言学硕士生学术选择错位的研究英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析“首届商务英语语言学研讨会”通知英语语言学的发展与研究初探研究性教学视域下的“英语语言学概论”课程教学改革从英语语言学角度探析综合英语教学英语语言学课程学习策略与效果相关性研究——基于英语专业127名学生的调查数据探讨英语语言学在英语教学中的运用研究
一、英语语言学毕业论文题目：1、中西语言方式对比2、 词汇学3、 近代英语语言的衍变二、英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。三、毕业论文，泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文（学士学位毕业论文）、硕士研究生毕业论文（硕士学位论文）、博士研究生毕业论文（博士学位论文）等，即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文，是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。
由于信息技术的发展,计算机得到了广泛的多层次的应用,尤其是在教育领域内的应用计算机辅助学习、计算机辅助教学和计算机辅助测试等。计算机硬件技术的发展和应用与教学和测试的软件系统的开发催生了大量的帮助学生学习的“语言学习中心”和建设有测试题库的“语言测试中心”。然而,这些中心的题库大部分是为学生的语言技能而建设的,比如听、说、读、写等,尽管目前语言测试中对学生书面表达的测试和评分技术尚处于开发阶段,各种写作的评分手段都在探索中。像“英语语言学”这样的知识理论课题库还较为少见,对于这门课程怎样教和学的讨论,自从1987和1988年的“关于《语言学引论》的教学的自由论坛”以来就很少出现。因此,本文作者付出艰辛的劳动,建设了“英语语言学题库”(ELIB)。本文是对该题库建设和应用的描述。该题库的理论依据是经典测试理论(CTT)、项目反应理论(IRT)和计算机自测试理论(CAT)等测试理论和认知学习理论。其目的是帮助学生学习《英语语言学》这门课程,增强他们对语言的认知能力和运用语言理论解决语言问题的能力。该题库初步建设了一千多道试题,分为选择、填空、判断、名词解释和问答等五种题型,组成一张CD光盘或网络学习测试系统。不能用网络的学生或老师可以通过个人电脑的光盘驱动器进行学习和组题测试；那些可以利用网络的学生或老师可以通过互联网注册后学习或组题测试。这样就可以减轻老师的负担、逐步提高学生的语言学学习能力。参考文献[1] 蓝纯. 本科生“语言学导论”课程的评估与反思(英文)[J]. Teaching English in China. 2007(06)[2] 孔文,邹申. 语料库在语言测试中的应用[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(04)[3] 杨端和. 大学英语四、六级考试语料库建设分析[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(01)[4] 邓文英. 基于语料库的中国大学生动/名词搭配研究(英文)[J]. 成都信息工程学院学报. 2005(06)[5] 马广惠. 基于语料库的小说文体学研究[J]. 常熟理工学院学报. 2005(05)[6] 杨端和. 外语考试的计算机语料库建设[J]. 云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2005(04)[7] 梁茂成. 利用WordPilot在外语教学中自建小型语料库[J]. 外语电化教学. 2003(06)
笨蛋是怎样练成的
顶楼上 就是笨蛋是怎样炼成的笨蛋是怎样炼成的都通过了，我顶一下咋都不通过！不通过我换一个答案：白痴是怎样炼成的。你再不通过我还换！！
论文选题是按一定价值标准或条件对可供选择的课题进行评价和比较并对研究方向、目标、领域和范围作出抉择的过程，是决定论文内容和价值的关键环节。这里学术堂整理了十五个论文选题供大家进行参考：1、从语用学视角看汉英口译中的语用失误2、英语心智谓词的模糊性及其语际语用发展研究3、英语科技术语的词汇特征及翻译4、Moment in Peking中异国形象之汉译5、中医典籍中“气”的源流与翻译探析6、女性主义视角下张爱玲的翻译观--以英译《海上花列传》为中心7、二语习得视觉化研究的几个关键问题8、晚清以降的中国佛典英译高潮9、基于降维法的译者风格研究10、中国英语口音研究述评11、口译中视角转换的语用原则12、模因理论指导下的汉语歇后语英译13、本土英语教学法：流派、体系与特色14、《骆驼祥子》三个英译本中叙述话语的翻译--译者风格的语料库考察15、基于语料库的“人生”隐喻英汉对比研究
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
英语语言学论文提纲
提纲，是一种概括地叙述纲目、要点的`公文。它不把全文的所有内容写出来，只把那些主要内容，提纲挈领式地写出来。以下是我为大家整理英语语言学论文提纲的相关内容，仅供参考，希望能够帮助大家！
I. Introduction
Ⅱ. Euphemism
The Definition of Euphemism
The Features of Euphemism
III.,Pragmatic Failures in English Euphemism
Pragmatic Linguistic Failures
Socio-pragmatic Failures
IV.,The Reasons for the Pragmatic Failure in English Euphemism
The Reasons of Pragmatic Linguistic Failures
The Difference of the Context
The Difference of Expression Patterns
The reasons of Socio-pragmatic failures
The Difference of Customs
The Difference of Social Values
V. The Reflection of Pragmatic Failure in Euphemism
Chapter 1 Gatsby's American Dream and Its Distortion
What is the American Dream
Gatsby's American Dream in Different Phases
Chapter 2 Disillusionment of Gatsby's Distorted Dream
Gatsby's Efforts in Achieving His American Dream
Gatsby's Disillusionment
Chapter 3 New Interpretation of Gatsby's American Dream
The External Factors of the Disillusionment
The Hierarchy System
The Jazz Age
The Internal Factors of the Disillusionment
The Essential Factor of the Disillusionment
Some Hypotheses
The American Dream in the Present Age
Conclusion
This conclusion
F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby is a novel that deals with American dreamto a great extent. In a relatively short novel of nine chapters, Fitzgerald tells the tragicstory of Jay Gatsby's quest for the rich and shallow Daisy. Through the first-personnarrator, Nick Carraway, the emptiness of the materialistic American dream isrevealed and the novel ultimately manifests the failure of this American dream.
The American dream concerns politics as in “The Declaration of Independence”,military affairs as in the participation of America in the World War Ⅰ， economy asabout the matter of material success, moral conventions as about spiritual goodnessand religious freedom, literature as reflected in novels, sports as in the principle“competing fairly, openly and aboveboard”, aesthetics as in the appreciation of thebeauty of happiness, and many other fields. It comes from the old colonist's time,through the Westward Expansion, the Independence War, the Civil War, two worldwars, to the present highly developed society and goes on for ever. It is a method ofcommunication in the way that success is used to show off and that the invisibleuntouchable inner virtues and abilities are to be proved to the society in the form ofvisible success. It is a history of struggle in the sense that people take efforts to makewhat is said and what is done meet. It is the emotional and psychological growth ofindividuals as well as material and spiritual growth of the nation.
The Great Gatsby not only expresses the theme of the disillusioned materialisticAmerican dream, it also constantly urged the society to seek a new cultural insightoutlet---the spiritual American dream, which undoubtedly provides a patch to mendthe already distorted and imperfect American dream culture. So the point is to find abalance between the spiritual and the material. We have experienced and willexperience a lot of adventures or frustrations in our life, we constantly face differenttemptations and moral shortcuts, sometimes we may even vacillate, but what makesus persist and keep striving is the right values and solid faiths, thus bringing usspiritual liberation and inner freedom to live a happy life. That is the power of dream.
The roaring twenties of the United States is the ideal setting for Gatsby's story,but it is only the setting. The story itself is as great as ever. To some degree, theAmerican dream in this story is sublimed to a universal sense which breaks thelimitation of time and space. So any research on the novel and its profound meaningof the American dream will never be outdated.
1 Introduction
Significance of the research
Organization of the thesis
2 Literature Review
Researches on monolingual mental lexicon
Definition of mental lexicon
Models of mental lexicon: a developing one
Research methodology of bilingual mental lexicon
Word association paradigm
Word translation task
Cross-language priming paradigm
Theories on bilingual mental lexicon
Weinreich’s three hypotheses: the ancestor of bilingual
mental lexicon models
Paivio’s bilingual dual-coding theory
Kroll & Stewart’s revised hierarchical model
De Groot’s distributed representation model
3 Extended Bilingual Distributed Representation Model
Setting and characteristic of L2 word acquisition
Psychological mechanism of L2 word acquisition
Coactivation pattern: L2 word representation manner
Simultaneous formation of semantic memory and episodic memory
Semantic restructuring in L2 vocabulary development
4 Implications for L2 Word Meaning Acquisition
Unbalanced performance on language comprehension
and production
Receptive vs. productive vocabulary: imbalance on
acquisition difficulty
Positive effect of episodic memory
Negative semantic transfer
Episodic memory: the primary cause of negative semantic transfer
Negative effect of episodic memory
Episodic memory and L2 word meaning acquisition
Applying episodic memory: when and how
Strengthening semantic memory: why and how
5 Conclusion
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
common historical background……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
beats in literature………………………………………………2
rockers in music circles………………………………………3
ideologies in between……………………………………………4
beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
their same destiny……………………………………………4
beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
教学文学方面都可以
像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
关于英语专业的论文题目，学术堂整理了十五个好写的，供大家参考：1．《红字》中海丝特 白兰不理智的一面（The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter）2. 《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突（The Conflict in Donbey and Son）3. 论文化不同对联想意义及翻译的影响（On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation）4. 美国教育的衰弱（The Drop of American Education）5. 19世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响（The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in the 19th Century。6. 朱丽叶之人物分析（Character Studies in Juliet）7. 主述理论在文学中的运用（The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature）8. 语用学中的会话含义理论（Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics）9. 英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导（A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English）10. 比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论（Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge）11. 英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)12. 英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)13. 由美国2004年总统选举所想到的 (More than 2004 Presidential Election)14. 论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)15. 论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析
英语语言学论文题目参考：A Study of Chinglish in Translation of Public Signs公示语翻译中的中式英语现象研究。 扩展资料 A Study of Chinglish in Translation of Public Signs公示语翻译中的.中式英语现象研究、The Application of Intertexuality in Advertising Translation互文性在广告翻译中的应用等。
一、英语语言学毕业论文题目： 1、中西语言方式对比 2、 词汇学 3、 近代英语语言的衍变 二、 英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识
提供一些英语专业的毕业论文题目，供参考。
语言学在人类文明史中具有悠久的历史和深远的影响,语言学在某种程度上记录了人类历史的演变程序。下文是我为大家整理的的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 论模糊语言学与英语教学 摘要：语言的模糊性是语言的基本属性之一，如同语言的社会性、符号性、系统性、生成性、冗余性一样，各种语言不无具有模糊性，英语也不例外。就模糊语言学在英语教学中的运用、二者之间的关系等方面谈谈认识，以期抛砖引玉，与同行一起探讨这个新学科领域的话题。 关键词：模糊性;英语教学;教学大纲 自从最早由美国加利福尼亚大学电机工程系控制论专家查德. Zadeh在《资讯与控制》Information and Control杂志上发表论文“模糊集”Fuzzy Sets开始，就标志著模糊学或模糊理论的诞生，随着模糊理论研究的发展，模糊语言学Fuzzy linguistics也应运而生。虽然，模糊语言学是最近二三十年才兴起的一门学科，并且是介于语言学与模糊学之间的边缘学科，然而，由于它是研究语言和言语中的模糊现象的学科，其模糊语言的理论和方法可以用来指导外语教学。因此，从它的诞生开始就引起了语言教学领域，尤其是英语教学领域的高度重视。 一、模糊语言学与英语教师 尽管模糊语言学是语言理论学科系列中正在形成的一门新学科，但由于在我们赖以生存的现实中模糊事物和人类思维中模糊概念、模糊逻辑的普遍性，更由于模糊的特征是英语语言的一种重要的自然特征，作为英语教师要搞好英语教学，就非常有必要在语言理论基础方面增加模糊语言学的理论知识。 完全可以想象，如果英语教师具备了一些模糊语言学的基本知识，就能较好地把握语言的模糊性，在英语教学实践过程中与纷繁复杂的语言现象打交道时，处理和解决语言问题就能更加灵活得体。例如，在英语翻译教学中，模糊语言学理论尤为重要。我们知道，由于自然语言中绝大多数词都是模糊词，因此，在翻译时处处都会遇到模糊言语现象，也迫使译者在处理这些现象时使用模糊翻译方法。下面引用一段欧亨利小说While the Auto Waits中的描写来说明这个问题： To repeat：Her dress was gray，and plain enough to mask its impeccancy of style and fit. A large meshed veil imprisoned her turban hat and a face that shone through it with a calm and unconscious beauty. She had e there at the same hour on the day previous， and on the day before that;and there was one who knew it. 再叙述一下那位姑娘吧：她身着灰色衣服，十分朴素，但很时髦，又非常合身，一条大网面纱遮住了她的头巾式无檐帽和面孔，但透过面纱，仍能瞥见她那文静而又美丽的脸庞。她昨天、前天在同样的时候来过这儿，坐上片刻。几天来，有一个人注意到了这种情形。 对比以上译文，可以发现在对英文的翻译中使用了许多语义模糊的词语，就连动词Shone的原意也不得已而忽略了，代替以模糊表达意思“瞥见”。而在上面这段文字中尤其是在文艺作品的翻译中，如果不采用模糊表达的翻译方法，既无法将原文的基本意思展现出来，更谈不上翻译文学作品要达到的“信、达、雅”的标准，自然也谈不上文学翻译的再创造了。由此我们也体会到，作为英语教师掌握一定模糊语言学理论知识的必要性和重要性。 二、运用模糊语言学理论正确认识教学大纲的模糊性 统一的英语教学大纲是英语教学的指导性档案，可以说是英语教学的指挥棒。然而，由于教学大纲内容本身存在着一定的弹性和不精确性，也就是在此谈到的模糊性，当在看待英语教学大纲时也不能视为“放之四海而皆准”的硬性准则。 例如，在针对全国普通高专颁布的《普通高等专科英语课程教学基本要求》中关于教学目的的内容是：“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能，具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力，并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定的基础。”以上短短的一段话就包含了几个模糊限制语，譬如“必要的、初步的、一定的”。这些不精确的用语本身就说明了高专英语教学目的具有模糊性，而这些模糊性的限制语又恰恰说明了高专英语教学目的适时得体，符合实际的要求。同时，这对于评价教师的业绩以及学生的成绩都大有好处。 比如，在评价一位英语教师的教学效果时，我们能不能因为某些学生的英语应用能力强而另一些学生较弱就判定这位教师的业务能力不行，或教学态度不好呢?如果这样认为，恐怕这种评价就有失公允，也不切合实际，因为，在高专英语的教学基本要求中的教学目的本身具有模糊性，不精确性。并且，事实上，一些学生的应用能力强而部分学生弱都是教学中必然存在的现象，也是教学大纲允许的，也正是由于教学大纲中教学目的的模糊性而必然造成的结果。 除了以上谈到的教学目的具有模糊性外，其中“应用能力”这个术语也具有模糊性。虽然教学目的中明确提出“培养学生掌握必需的、实用的英语语言知识和语言技能，具有阅读和翻译与本专业有关的英文资料的初步能力，并为进一步提高英语的应用能力打下一定基础”。 在这里虽然明确提出了“应用能力”，然而且不说模糊性极强的“一定的基础”的表述，仅就“应用能力”这个术语在大纲中并没有做任何说明，因而表现出较强的不确定性和模糊性。事实上，根据现今外语教学领域里大多数专家的共识，英语“应用能力”主要指的是由美国著名的社会语言学家海姆斯提出的“交际能力”。这种“交际能力”的概念还包含了由转换生成语法的创始人乔姆新基提出的“语言能力”petence.根据海姆斯的观点，“交际能力”包含了： 1语言能力——即语言知识，包括语音、词汇、语法的知识; 2社会语言能力sociolinguistic petence——即使用功能变体和言语功能的能力; 3话语能力discourse petence——即学会怎样用语言来做事、交流; 4对应能力strategic petence——交际是一种彼此之间的协调，在协调中有各种对应手段，如怎样能开始一段谈话，怎样转换话题，怎样结束谈话等。 因此，就“应用能力”这个术语运用于英语教学中时，英语教师究竟该怎样认识和理解，究竟该怎样去培养学生的“应用能力”，以及怎样理解“交际能力”中包含的四种能力，或许对于许多教师来说仍旧是模糊的。然而，只有当我们了解了“应用能力”的模糊性之后的这样一个大前提，才可能对“教学大纲”和“教学目的”有进一步的理解和认识。这样，在英语教学过程中才不会简单地、绝对地看待“应用能力”的问题，也才能符合实际地、有的放矢地组织教学，以期收到更好的教学效果。 三、运用模糊语言学正确认识英语教学法的模糊性 英语教学法流派多种多样，理论各异，新观点、新方法、新学派层出不穷。到目前为止，已有十几种教学法流派存在。如，传统的语法翻译法Grammar Translation Method、听说法Audio lingual Method、阅读法Reading Method、认知法Cognitive Approach、暗示法Suggest Method、视听法Audio Visual Method，以及近几年产生的程式教学Programmed Instruction和计算机辅助语言教学puter aided Language Instruction等等。 从这些英语教学学派的产生和发展历史来看，它们都不是随心所欲的，都有其一定的社会文化背景，其哲学、教育学、心理学、语言学等理论基础之间既存在着相互排斥、相互矛盾的各具特色的个性，同时也存在着相互制约、相互联络、相互继承发展的共性关系。而恰好就是这种共性关系使各学派之间的界限彼此模糊，呈现出你中有我，我中有你的局面。比如，听说法和视听法，这两种教学法既在基本特点上存在差异，又存在着共性，表现出二者之间的界限是模糊的。 听说法的基本特点强调：1以句型结构操练为主;2在口语基础上培养书面语;3不用母语;4反复模仿，强化操练。而视听法的基本特点强调：1幻灯影象和录音视听相结合;2感知整体结构的对话;3充分利用幻灯、录音视听教具;4在口语基础上进行书面语教学;5集中强化教育。 概括地讲，二者界限的模糊性表现在：1它们都强调在口语基础上培养书面语能力和用外语讲解外语以培养外语语感;2它们所产生的心理学基础都是行为主义心理学Behavioristic Psychology和描写语言学descriptive linguistics，而这就不可避免会使它们彼此之间存在着共性。 可见，在英语教学过程中了解并掌握英语教学法的不同流派的个性、共性以及彼此间的模糊性，从而扬长避短，博采众长，对于建设中国特色的外语教学法体系大有益处。 综上所述，探讨以英语为主的外语教学同模糊理论以及模糊语言学的关系，提倡用模糊语言学的理论和方法来指导英语教学，将有利于提高我国英语教学水平。 参考文献： [1]李晓明.模糊性：人类认识之谜.人民出版社，1985. [2]苗东升.模糊学导引.中国人民大学出版社，1987. [3]陈治安.模糊语言学概论.西南师范大学出版社，1997. [4]Chomsky， and Mind. New York： Harcourt，Brace & World，1972. [5]Zadeh，L. A.“Fuzzy sets” Information and Control，1963，8：338-2353. [6]Zadeh，.“Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics”，Information Sciences，1971，3：159-2176. 篇2 论大学英语语言学习策略 摘要：英语语言学习策略的研究是一个年轻的领域，本文对国内外英语语言学习策略研究的发展做了概括介绍，分析了大学英语教学存在的问题和探讨了英语语言学习策略的研究方法。 关键词：英语语言 策略 研究 在现代大学英语教学中，普遍呈现出来的现象为：高校英语语言教学人员对英语的教与学的认识已经发生了很大的变化，学生如何学习已成为教育研究的重点。 一、国内外英语语言学习策略研究的概况 语言学习策略是学习者为了取得更好的语言学习效果而采取的各种策略，即学习者在学习外语过程中对有效的学习方法的选择和使用。学习策略研究不仅有助于语言学习者的个体差异，而且对外语语言的教和学及建构产生了重大影响。国内外研究者以认知心理学为理论研究的基础，将英语学习策略分为认知策略、元认知策略、情感策略和交际策略。 一国外英语语言学习策略研究的发展 研究语言学习策略的外国研究者有Ruhin, Naiman ,Wong Filhnore，Stern, A Wenden, Jam M alley, Chamol, R Oxford以及A. Cohen等。20世纪70年代初，外语教学法研究停滞不前以及认知心理学的迅速发展促使外语教学研究的重点从研究教师如何“教”转向研究学习者如何“学”。这时的语言学习策略的研究在语习得研究中占有重要地位。 这一研究很快发展成语言学习策略的研究。旱期的语言学习策略研究注重归纳并描述学习策略和刘一学习策略进行分类。之后，研究者在研究的深度、广度及研究方法等方面有较大改进，是学习策略研究的第一个重大发展。早期的学习策略研究无论是在方法上还是在研究成果上都给后来的研究打下了良好的基础。 20世纪80年代后，语言学习策略的研究得到了迅速的发展，A. Wenden, Jam Mallev, U. Chamo}, R. Oxford以及A. Cohen等研究者刘一学习策略进行深入研究，最具典型性和代表性的是。Malley等人的研究，他们以认知学习理论为指出将语言认知过程和学习策略相关联，得出一整套理论化的语言学习策略。随着语言学习策略研究的深入开展，有关学习策略的论著也越来越多，如W enden和Ruhin于1987年编辑出版的论文集Learner Salegies in Language Learning《语言学习，}，的学习者策略。 Malley和Chamo于90年代出版的专著Learner Salegies in Second Language Acquisition《第一言习得中的学习策略》以及Oxford于1990年出版的专著LanguageLearning Every Teacher Should Know《语言学习策略:教师须知》等。Oxford还建立了语言学习策略调查问卷Salegiese InveWorv for Language Learning。 二国内英语语言学习策略研究的发展 我国对语言学习策略的研究从20世纪80年代中期开始，研究者有黄小华、桂诗春、刘润清、文秋芳等，他们在自己的论著中都涉及到语言学习策略。这此学者的研究为教育研究打下了良好的基础，他们的研究对于语言教学有指出意义，对英语学习者的学习也有实践指出意义。 这一阶段的语言学习策略研究有如下特点：第一，学习策略研究是以各种语言学习理论为指导的研究。Krashen的监控理论、Aderson的认知学习理论以及其他对学习者本体研究的成果都为学习策略研究者提供了丰富的理论基础。第二，学习策略研究逐渐从巨集观转向微观。研究者针刘一阅读理解策略、听力理解策略、词汇学习策略等进行单项研究。第三，研究者重视学习策略研究的方法，认为研究方法关系到研究结果的信度和效度。第四，学习策略研究从理论走向实践。研究者认为只要是被证明有效的学习策略，就可以培训学习者使川这此策略，从而提高他们的学习效果。 20世纪90年代以来，我国外语界学者们对中国学生的外语学习策略展开了广泛的研究，发表了大量论文。1996年，文秋芳所著《英语学习策略论—献给立志学好英语的朋友》成为国内第一部专门论述语言学习策略的著作。 2002年，程晓堂和郑敏编写的《英语学习策略》表明语言学习策略研究在我国进入了一个新的阶段。 二、大学英语教学存在的问题和英语语言策略研究方法 改革开放以来，我国的大学英语教学取得了迅猛的发展，教学质量取得了显著的提高。然而，由于各种复杂的因素，很多大学生在外语学习上花了大量的时间和精力，但学习的效果并不理想。有此教师仍采取传统的以知识讲解为重点的教学方法，忽视培养学生的学习方法和学习策略。 二目前大学英语教学存在的问题 随着国际交流的深入发展和竞争的日益激烈，社会对外语人才的去求在数量、质量、层次和种类上要求更高。然而，我国的大学英语教学明显滞后，相当部分大学生几乎把大学学习的前一两年都花在了英语学习上。造成这样结果的原因主要包括:外语教学理论研究薄弱;师资质量不高;;教学水平有限;外语教学应试倾向严重;外语教学上形式和教学方法缺乏创新;学生学习态度不积极;学习不得法;中小学、大学外语教学严重脱节等。 另一方面，我国外语教学理论研究和实践上也存在误区，如外语学习越早越好;外语是一门知识课;外语是教会的;外语学习有捷径可走;外语学习年限越氏越好;交际能力就是说话能力等。这此都影响了我国外语教学质量的提高与发展。 要提高大学英语教学水平，关键在于教师怎么教和学生怎么学。有此教师欠缺语言学习策略理论知识，未从学习者角度探索学习方法，因而无法指出学生的学习。因此，要使学生在英语学习中形成有效的学习策略，教师首先应参与学习策略的学习和研究。探讨和研究英语学习策略并在教学中指导和渗透学习策略，是当今英语教师又一个重要任务。 二英语语言学习策略研究方法 要指导和培训大学生英语学习策略，英语教师应掌握一定研究方法和技巧，学会观察和记录资料，并掌握分析方法。 一般来说，英语语言学习策略研究的型别有：自然调查survey,对研究contrastive study，相关性研究correlational study，发展研究developmental/ longudinal study和策略训练研究strategy training}。学习策略研究资料采集的方法有：观察法observation，问卷调查法}questionnaire ,访谈interview}，日记diary和口头报告verbal roport。 目前国内外的研究趋势是定性研究与定量研究相结合，而且定性研究有增加的趋势。研究者通常采用多种方式收集资料，以客观全面地反映事实、深入分析，避兔所得的结论的片面性。因此，英语教师在进行策略研究中应多角度采集资料，采用定性与定量研究，探索有效的指,,和培训学生的方法，提高教学效果和自身的科研水平。 参考文献： [1] Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. University Press. 1990. [2] 束定芳.外语教学改革:问题与对策[J].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2005: 4.
替你找了两篇1）关于《语言学概论》的一点学习心得《语言学概论》这本书主要介绍语言学的基础理论，了解语言的性质、功能以及它的结构。掌握语言的现状、变化以及一般的发展规律。它是一门多边缘、多层次的立体性学科。它和社会科学、自然科学、思维科学都有着紧密的联系。在交叉科学日益发展的今天，语言学显得越发重要。通过读书，以及自己原有的一些观念，我对语言现在是这样认识的：语言是一种社会现象，它是我们人类特有的。语言与我们的思维有着密切的关系。语言是最重要的交际工具。以前，一直以为语言是与生俱来的，是平常生活中看似最简单不过的现象。通过这本书的学习发现，其实不然，原来越是简单的事越是有大奥妙。说话、写文章都要遵循语法规律。从婴儿时期的呀呀学语，到长大成人规范地使用语言，在不同的场合说不同的语言，人们互相学习各种不同的语言，学习一定的语言学知识，可以更好地帮助我们理性地认识它，并且更好地掌握它，更好地为以后的学习、工作、生活服务。2）《英语语言学概论》学习心得当我第一次翻开《英语语言学概论》的教材书时，心里“咯噔”一下，真的是挺吓人的一本书，满眼都是生疏的单词，还有各种不知所云的图表。当时真的很怀疑自己这么多年的英语是不是白学了。但当我静下心，并结合历年真题试卷细细分析了一下，其实英语语言学概论中的单词只是更偏重于学术性而已，并且有很多的单词我们完全可以通过已经识记的一些词根词缀猜出大概的意思，记忆起来并不是很难。我觉得，首先，我们应该克服对于偏于学术的英语的胆怯心理，这样才能在以后的学习中更有动力在英语语言学概论这门科目的学习中，我特别推荐给我们上课的支老师和王老师主编的苏州大学出版社出版的《英语语言学概论自学指导》。这本书是对于英文教材中的重点知识用中文进行了归纳，方便我们对于课本进行更为透彻的理解。当然，这本书始终只是辅导教材，大家万万不可将其作为重点，而抛弃了英文原教材。这本书只是帮助理解、防止发生理解错误的，我们一定要勇于去阅读全英文的书，这样对于培养英语思维有非常大的益处。 下面就具体讲讲我是怎么准备英语语言学概论的考试的。 起初，对于英语语言学的知识积累不多，开始时接触的知识都是似懂非懂，没有非常切实的体会。于是我采取了一个笨方法，就是“死记硬背”。我的“死记硬背”是通过不断地重复实现的，我将刚才提到的《自学指导》的单元课后练习用铅笔做，做完后对照答案修改，错误的题目擦去，重点记忆后下次再做，再改。就在不断重复中，我不仅记住了生词，还一遍又一遍的加深了对知识的理解。现在看来，这个阶段在我的英语语言学的学习过程中起到了非常重要的基础作用。通过记忆将知识内化，之后再反复揣摩、理解，为以后的学习培养了“语言学的语感”。 在此，我想提醒一下大家，通过我的实践并向老师进行了求证，《自学指导》中的一些练习题由于是选自高校考研真题，对于我们本科段的学生而言偏难，遇到这样的题目大家不用太过沮丧或浪费太多时间，可以适当跳过。 语言学这门课真的没有什么捷径可走，有的要记忆的东西一定要保质保量的准确记忆。例如，第三章中的英语辅音和元音的分类表，是非常重要的知识点，要牢牢记住，并且很多的知识点都可以借助这两张表来掌握。 此外，我建议大家参加第二专业学历教育的课程。语言学这门课相对来说比较学术，和以前我们接受的英语教育相比有很大不同，有了老师的引导可以少走很多弯路。 最后，我有一句话和大家共勉：不要追逐成功，做到卓越，成功自然会在不经意间追上你。在语言学的学习中不要只关注考试分数，试着去体会其中的乐趣，你会发现这也是一门很有趣的课，那分数一定不会和你作对。
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, . Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. 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