英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
英语作文写作是英语学习的重要内容,也是英语学习的最终目标。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文范文,希望对你有帮助!
高中英语作文议论文范文篇1
Encouraging Buying Cars Isn’t Fit For Today
目前不适合鼓励买车
Nowadays, we can often hear the discussion whether buying cars should be encouraged. Some people suggest that we should buy cars. But others claim that driving cars is not a wise idea. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the latter opinion.
To begin with, there are few parking lots, so the streets are made narrower by the cars parked along the roads. For example, my father could not find any place to park when we went to the supermarket.
Moreover, many drivers do not obey regulations, because people do not pay enough attention to the rule of traffic. For instance, I often see people cross the road when the traffic lights are still red.
Last but not least, the growth of new roads’construction is usually slower than the increasing number of cars. For example, the length of the road has gone up by 20% in 2002. However, the number of cars increased by 50% in the meantime.
From what have been discussed above, we could draw a conclusion that encouraging buying cars is not fit for today.
as far as I am concerned 就我看
in favor of 赞成
to begin with 首先
for example =for instance 例如
moreover 并且
last but not least 其次
in the meantime 同时draw a conclusion 得出结论
高中英语作文议论文范文篇2
The Good and Bad Sides of Setting off Firecrackers
燃放鞭炮的利与弊
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to tell you about our discussion we had on the afternoon of last Wednesday about the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers during the Spring Festival. 20 boy and 20 girl students attended the discussion. As a result, 40% of them believe that setting off firecrackers certainly adds pleasure and joy to the festival, therefore, it is a wonderful tradition. But another 40% of the students think that setting off firecrackers causes air and noise pollution, and what’s worse, it sometimes causes terrible accidents to us and to our property. The other 20% have never thought about it or don’t care a bit.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
the good and bad sides of setting off firecrackers
燃放鞭炮的利与弊
as a result 结果
It is a wonderful tradition. 它是一个优良传统。
what’s worse 更糟的是
think about 想起,想到
高中英语作文议论文范文篇3
Disability
残疾
There are too many disabled people in the world. They have no differences from country to country. Some of them were disabled when they were born, the others were injured or hurt in all kinds of accidents, which made them disabled. Almost all of us feel sorry for them. We commiserate with them because they are another kind of people. But some disabled people refuse others’commiseration. They think they can do everything by themselves. They don’t consider themselves as people who have defects. They think they are the same as normal people.
In fact, a great number of people with disabilities should be taken care of by others. They get help from the government or some beneficent organizations in society. But that’s not enough. They must look after themselves on their own. When a baby with disabilities is born, it should be taught to learn some particular skills to live. Or else, it would fail in the future. So one with disabilities must have abundant confidence to fit the hard life without others’help.
too many disabled people 太多残疾人
commiserate with them 同情他们
consider themselves as 把自己当作……
the same as 和……同样
taken care of 照看,照顾
look after themselves on their own 自己照顾自己
or else 否则in the future 将来
近年来,英语专业学生思辨能力的培养受到外语教育界的广泛关注,于是英语议论文也开始兴起。以下是我为大家整理的关于300字英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!
300字英语议论文范文篇1
Everyone dreams about the future. I also have a dream about my life in 20 years. I will live inShanghaiwith my families because we like it very much. It will be more beautiful. I will teach in a middle school. I will be a good English teacher.
I will love my students, and my students will love me, too. We will be good friends. I will do sports with my students every day. Swimming and running will be my favorite sports. I will be healthy and strong. There will be more robots everywhere. They will help us do many things. I believe we will have more time to study and play.
This is my future dream. What do you think of it?
300字英语议论文范文篇2
My ideal work has many, for instance doctor, police, boss, entrepreneur, scientist .
But I most like working as boss. When boss has many advantage for example: May make money, buy the house, to buy the car, to be filial piety the parents, to make the contribution, the gang disaster area person for the Project Hope to do decides the life the expense .......
I thought that I certainly will work as boss in the future. What but I most am now main is studies well, can work as boss.
300字英语议论文范文篇3
My future will be happy. I already graduated at that time from the university. I will have a stable will have my family, my husband,and a lovely child. What will be my future job?
I have many ideals. I want to work as a singer, stands on the stage sings for the people; I want to work as a nurse, cure illness, brings the health for the people; I want to work as a pilot, drives the airplane in the blue sky; I want to work as a gardener, with a little bit sweat irrigation flowers, lets our life forever fill the green. After growing want to ba a will have many day I will give many classes to them. I will become a teacher who is always preparing my can certainly be a good teacher in the future.
I will also be a volunteer of my city. I will help a great deal of many meaningful things. I will Make contribution to my city and the society.
If I can became an teacher, they are my forever hopes. this will be my future, when a grade teacher's dream.
I will have a bright I will study hard and make preperation for my future.
300字英语议论文范文篇4
It's my dream to be a teacher .
Why do I have this dream ? Becasue I like this teachers are sometimes strict with us. They are always friendly to us and often help us with our study .They not only teach us too much knowledge, but also tell a lot of principle .So I'd like to became a teacher in the future . From now on , I should go on working hard and listen to the teacher carefully in the I Should
近年来,英语在国际交流中的重要作用已为世界各国所了解,英语也在我国得到了高度的重视。下面是我带来的英语 文章 100,欢迎阅读!
英语文章100字1
My home town is a beautiful place. It stands beside a wide river and is rich in fish and rice.
But in the old days it was a poor and backward little town. Many people had no work. They lived a hard life.
In 1949 my hometown was liberated. Since then great changes have taken place there. The streets have been widened. Factories, schools, hospitals, cinemas and theatres have sprung up one after another. The life of the people is greatly
I love my hometown. All the more I love its people. They are working hard so as to make it still richer and more beautiful.
英语文章100字2
Chinese people are now face to a serious problem--pollution. And this problem is a little bit different from others--the goverment can not solve it by themselves. We need everyone to protect our environment. But we also know that it is very hard to call everyone to join us to protect the environment. But it seems that they have found the way to let everybody know it. In a report, Anhui Daily called on residents to help protect the river against pollution. I am so glad about it. And i believe that somewhere the pollution must stop.
英语文章100字3
My mother
There’s no doubt that my mother gives all her love to me. I do believe she is a great person who makes my life beautiful and meaningful.
She is an easygoing and kind woman with bright eyes and a lovely smile. Although she is often busy, I still feel that I am taken good care of by her. It’s a great pleasure to chat with her when I get into troubles. She always encourages me not to give up and tries to cheer me up by coming up with good solutions. In addition, I am fascinated by her cooking and writing.
With her love, I feel like a fish swimming happily in a beautiful sea. I’ll cherish her love forever.
英语文章100字4
My teacher
My teacher, Miss Wang, helped me a lot in my middle school life. She is a kind easygoing woman. I must thank her for making a confident girl.
I used to be a shy and unconfident girl. Mrs. Wang noticed me. She took good care of me and encouraged me to join the school speech contest. Of course, I failed. But Mrs. Wang cheered me up and said every man is the architect of his own future.
From then on, I practiced every day. It goes without saying “No pain, no gain.” I won the contest in the second term. In my opinion, teachers are the same as gardeners and they volunteer today and gain tomorrow. Not only can they teach knowledge but also they can teach students how to be a successful man.
Thank you, Mrs. Wang. You make a duck become a beautiful swan. I want to be a teacher that as same as you in the future.
英语文章100字5
Today is my birthday, so some of my classmates sent me prepared a tea party for invited all of them to come and take part in tea party began at half past were cold drinks and ate,talked and felt that we were the happiest men in the passed quickly. In a twinkling,the clock on the wall struck could not but say"Good-bye" to one another.
英语文章100字6
Of all the subjects, I like Chinese best because I have a good Chinese teacher. Though she has been teaching us for only three years, I respect and love her very much.
My Chinese teacher is thirty-six years old and she is neither tall nor short.
Ms Sun works very hard. She is always the first to come and the last to leave her office. She tries to make her classes lively and interesting. And we enjoy her lessons very much.
Ms Sun is very kind and friendly to us. And we're getting on well with each other. But she is very strict with us in our studies.
Ms Sun teaches us so well that we all enjoy learning Chinese. All the students think she is one of the most popular teachers in our school.
英语文章100字7
One good turn deserves another
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me &2. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. 'I have never borrrowed any money from you,' Harry said,'so now you can pay for my dinner!'
英语文章100字8
Little boy and scorpion son
There is a child in front of city wall to catch the grasshopper, and in a short while caught the lots see a scorpion son, he to think is also grasshopper,
Then two go to catch scorpion son raises his poison to stab, say:“ come, if you really dare to do like this, connect your grasshopper that catch to also would entirely lose.”
This story warns people, and want to distinguish the pure good man with the bad person, and distinct to treat them.
英语短文写作是大学英语教学的重要组成部分,也是衡量学生英语综合水平和应用能力的标准。下面是我带来的英语短篇 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
英语短篇文章1
11 Body Hacks that You Should Know About
Have you got any tiny itchy issues with your body sometimes but don’t know how to deal with them? Say how to kill the brain freeze or what to do when your limbs fall asleep? The following 11 body hacks will help you get the issues fixed.
1. To lessen the pain when you have an injection from the doctor, cough!
Studies have shown that the act of a sudden cough cause less pain to a person while having the injection.
2. Push your tongue against the roof of your mouth and press a finger between your eyebrows if you want to clear a stuffy nose or relieve the sinus pressure.
This causes the vomer bone to rock and your congestion will be loosened.
3. Lay on your left side if you want to sleep after having a big full meal.
The stomach is higher than the oesophagus when you sleep on your right; thus allowing food and stomach acid to go up to your throat.
4. If you have a toothache, rub some ice on the on the webbed area between your thumb and index finger.
By numbing your hand, your pain intensity will be reduced.
5. When you have a nosebleed, put some cotton on your upper gums behind the small dent below your nose and press on it.
By giving pressure on the gums, the supply of the blood to the nose can be blocked.
6. If your throat is a little itchy, scratch your ear.
By doing so, you stimulate the nerves in the ear and create a reflex in the throat which causes a muscle spasm that kills the itchy feeling.
7. Use your right ear to listen to the phone or hear people talk at a party.
Your right ear picks up words better while your left ear picks up sounds/music better.
8. If you start to feel dizzy and drunk, put your hand on something hard and stable.
Putting your hand on a stable subject help you feel more balance.
9. Putting your tongue flat against your mouth’s roof can prevent brain freeze.
This is because brain freeze happens when the nerves in your mouth’s roof get too cold.
10. If your hand falls asleep, move your neck and head.
The compressing nerves in your neck causes your hand to fall asleep, so move it side to side can relieve that.
11. If you feel nervous, try to blow your thumb.
Blowing cool wind to your thumb can slow down its pulse and calm you down eventually.
英语短篇文章2
15 Things You Might Have Misunderstood About Introverts
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!
英语短篇文章3
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!
中文: 倘若你到海边旅行,一定会被湛蓝湛蓝的大海所吸引。你会知道,海水又苦又咸,含有大量的盐分。大海是储藏食盐的宝库。 由于地壳的变化,食盐也大量地蕴藏在内湖、岩井和矿石中,因此,盐的种类很多,有海盐、池盐、井盐和岩盐等几种。 食盐,学名叫“氯化钠”。氯化钠是一种什么样的东西呢? 我们拿它和明矾、冰糖比较一下就会明白了。 如果我们用小锤子砸盐粒,不管砸成多么小的颗粒,它仍旧是白色的立方体。而明矾却不一样,在没有受到潮解时,它虽是晶体,却不是白色的,而是半透明的;不是立方体,而是成八面体。由于它吸水性强,即使不用小锤子敲击,在空气中也会自然潮解,变成粉末状。 食盐和冰糖都是固体,这是它们的相同之处。但是它们也有不同的地方,我们只要用舌头尝一下就能分辨了:冰糖是甜的,而食盐都是苦咸的。 就其一般性状来说,食盐味咸,是一种白色的立方体型晶体。食盐尽管不像冰糖那样受人欢迎,但是,它的用途却是十分广泛的。 正常情况下,人们每天早上的咸菜,中午的菜和汤,晚上的饺子、面条,都要加进适量的食盐,使食物的味道更加鲜美,食盐起着调味作用。但是,更重要的是人体每天必须补充一定的盐分。 英文: If you travel to the seaside will be attracted blue blue sea. You will know that the water is salty and bitter, and contains a lot of salt. Sea salt storage is the repository. As the Earth's crust changes, but also a substantial endowment, salt lake, rock wells and ore, therefore, many types of salt, Haiyan, lake salt, rock salt and salt from wells, and other programs. Salt, and named "sodium chloride." Sodium chloride is a kind things? We passed and alum, rock candy will compare understand. If we use small hammer hit Yanli, regardless of how small particles Zacheng, it remains white cube. And alum is not, in the absence of deliquescence, although it was crystal, not white, but translucent; Not cube, but then a body. Because it brew strong, and not even small hammer percussion in the air will naturally deliquescence into powder. Salt and rock candy are solid, and this is their share. But they also have differences, we can tell if a bit tongue taste : rock candy is sweet, and salt are Kuxian. On the general characteristics, salt taste salty, is a white cube-type crystals. Unlike crystal sugar, salt Although welcome, but its use is very widespread. Under normal conditions, people every morning pickle, the vegetable and soup at noon, at the dumplings, noodles, should add an appropriate amount of salt to the taste of food more often, a mixture of salt. However, more importantly the human daily must add some salt.
英语现在已经发展成为一个在世界范围内使用最广泛的语言。下面是我带来的一篇简单的英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
一篇简单的英语文章1
为生活而奋斗Strive for Life
生活就是要奋勇前进。所以,为什么不好好地利用上帝赋予我们的能力,尽量变成一个最优秀的人呢?生活、接受、面对、奋斗,这就是真实的生活。
Knowing that life truly is short and can only be lived once is probably the best line of thinkingfor inspiration. All humans live on a large planet, filled with exciting new experiences,adventures, knowledge, and a wealth of resources to help one with gaining wisdom andknowledge. To realize this and to allow life to take place in this is to responsibly live life. Are allhumans bound for foreign lands, foreign thought, or foreign experiences? No. Should allhumans hope to experience foreign lands, foreign thought, and foreign experiences?
Without question. Having a responsible, reasonable, and mature grasp, mentally, of all that isout there to enhance one’s experience in life, is one of the greatest blessings one can bestowupon himself. For knowing that the tools one has through birth need to be used and practicedwith; sharpened and prepared for more difficult and challenging use, does one truly andactively approach living life from a strong foundation.
Why should anyone try to live life in a constant motion towards becoming greater, becomingstronger, and becoming wiser and more educated? Why not? For facing life with arms crossed,brow furrowed, and expectation as a rule is, without question, a waste. Living life is all aboutstriving forward. So why not do what one can, utilizing one’s God-given tools, to become thegreatest individual one can be? Live. Accept. Face. Strive. Truly live.
为生活而奋斗
懂得生命短暂,而且只有一次,就会对生活充满热情。人们生活在一个巨大的星球上,每天都充满着新的历程,学到新的知识,掌握到大量的资源,并以此来获得智慧与知识。认识到这一点,并且如此生活,才是有质量的生活。是不是每个人都要去外国,了解外国人的想法,体验外国的生活呢?不是。但是不是每个人都应当有去外国,了解外国人的想法,体验外国的生活的想法呢?
毫无疑问,是的。作为一个有责任心、有理智、有思想、成熟的人,去增长见识无疑是对自己最好的奖赏。因为人天赋的能力应当被使用、被锻炼、被磨砺,为日后所面临的困难和挑战做准备,这就为他积极和真实地面对生活打下坚实的基础。
为什么一个人要变得更伟大、更强壮、更聪明、更有知识呢?为什么不呢?因为如果抱着手、皱着眉地对待生活,那么所有的期望都会化为泡影。生活就是要奋勇前进。所以,为什么不好好地利用上帝赋予我们的能力,尽量变成一个最优秀的人呢?生活、接受、面对、奋斗,这就是真实的生活。
一篇简单的英语文章2
日常生活中最简单的幸福小事
They say the best things in life are free。
人们常说,生命中最美妙的事情都是无价的。
A Reddit user asked people from around the world what life's most simple pleasures were, oneof which was getting in your own bed after a long journey。
一位Reddit网(超火社交新闻网站)的用户向世界各地的人们问了这样一个问题,即,你的生活中最让你感到幸福的小事是什么?有人回答说,是在长时间的旅行后躺在自家的床榻上。
Unsurprisingly, many pleasures that came out top on the list were ones that resulted in a senseof physical relief after solving annoyances or irritations。
并不出人意料的是,在人们列出的这张幸福小事清单上,许多带来幸福感的小事都与焦虑、愤怒等情绪消除后感到的身体舒松感有关。
These included extracting a popcorn kernel lodged in the teeth, back and head scratches, andalso the satisfying first sip of a drink when thirsty。
清单上的幸福小事还包括从牙齿缝里挑出了一颗吃爆米花时卡住的玉米壳,在背心上挠痒痒或者搔搔头,还有非常干渴的时候喝下第一口饮料时沁爽的感受。
Reddit users also agreed that freshly baked bread was another simple pleasure in life that madethem happy。
Reddit网上的用户们还表示,刚出炉的面包的香气也是让他们感到开心的幸福小事之一。
A shower with good water pressure was another comfortable life pleasure that Reddit userspraised。
还有网友表示,在适合的水压之下冲淋浴也是一件令人感到惬意的幸福小事。
LIFE'S SMALLEST SIMPLEST PLEASURES
生活中最微小、最简单的幸福小事
asleep while it's raining outside
窗外下着雨,安然入睡
or head scratches
挠挠背、搔搔头
shower with good water pressure
在舒适的水压下冲澡
in your own bed after a long journey
长途旅行后躺在自己的床上
baked bread
刚出炉的新鲜面包
first sip of a drink when you're thirsty
干渴的时候呷下一口饮料
goosebumps from a song
听到一首歌深受感动
someone to laugh that you admire or look up to
让一位你崇敬或敬仰的人开怀大笑
a task and finishing it
有始有终的完成一件事情
up for work, only to realise it's Saturday
早起准备上班,忽然想起今天是周六
一篇简单的英语文章3
How to Answer the Interview Question, 'Tell Me About Yourself'
如何回答 面试 问题“简单介绍一下自己”
It's often the first thing hiring managers ask candidates in job interviews, and the firstopportunity to really screw things up. Unsurprisingly, most of us have a really hard timesummarizing our careers, skills, and interests in the conversational equivalent of a tweet. Buthaving a job search "elevator pitch" is a really important part of acing the interview.
招聘经理在求职面试中常常问的第一个问题就是“请简单介绍一下自己”,而且这实际上也是求职者将事情搞砸的第一次机会。不足为奇的是,实际上,大多数求职者都是很不容易才 总结 好面试中自己职业、技能和兴趣的介绍,就像一条微博似的。但是求职中的“电梯演讲”也是通过面试的重要因素。
"People screw it up all the time," says career coach Connie Thanasoulis-Cerrachio, in aninterview with Forbes. "They think they should walk you through their entire résumé."
职业顾问Connie Thanasoulis-Cerrachio在福布斯的采访中提到“人们总是把事情搞砸。求职者总是认为面试者应当浏览简历上面的所有信息。”
Thanasoulis-Cerrachio and the other career experts Susan Adams spoke with agreed that theshort, snappy pitch is important, and said that the whole spiel shouldn't take more than thetime it takes to ride an elevator -- 30 seconds or less, in other words.
Thanasoulis-Cerrachio与另一位职业专家Susan Adams很赞同的一点就是:简介明快的演讲很重要。而且整个演讲花费的时间不能超过乘坐一层电梯所需的时间——也就是30秒之内。
What else should you keep in mind?
还需要记住什么呢?
1. Focus on what they need.
1.集中注意用人单位的需求
When you're trying to sell yourself to a prospective employer, it's tempting to concentrate onwhat you think your greatest strengths are. In fact, you're probably better off if you figure outhow to tailor your description of your experience to what the employer actually needs. They'renot going to hire you just because you're impressive; they'll hire you because you solve aproblem or fulfill a desperately needed function.
当你试图将自己推荐给未来的雇主的时候,集中思考自己最大的优势是很富有吸引力的。实际上,如果你能够揣测用人单位的实际需求,并按照需求来修改工作 经验 介绍,那么你的机会可能会更大。他们不会因为你给人印象深刻而雇用你;他们雇用你是因为你能够解决问题或者能够履行急需的工作职责。
2. Edit yourself.
2.编辑自己
Be prepared to go through many iterations of your pitch before you hit on the right one. Thinkof the old Mark Twain quote, "I didn't have time to write you a short letter, so I wrote you along one instead." Brevity takes time and ruthlessness.
在你想出合适的 演讲稿 之前,你要做好不断修改稿子的准备。想一想老马克.吐温的一句 名言 “我没时间写出简洁的信,所以只好写一封长信给你。”简洁不但耗时长,而且没人情味。
3. Rehearse.
3.排练
Practice on your own in front of a mirror, or better yet, with a friend, until you can deliver yourpitch confidently and without a hitch. Ideally, it should sound organic and natural -- as if youjust happened to think it up on the spot, or as if it's always been a personal credo.
在你能够自信地、毫不费力地发表演讲之前,你需要对着镜子,最好是对着朋友练习。理想情况下,演讲应该条理清晰、比较自然——就像当场恰好刚想出来的一样或者像常用的个人信条一样。
Tell Us What You Think
告诉我们你的看法
Do you have an elevator pitch for interviews?
你为面试做过电梯演讲吗?
关于英语教育硕士毕业论文范文
引导语:关于英语教育硕士毕业论文范文,供英语教育硕士生借鉴与参考!
关于英语教育硕士毕业论文范文
基于研究生教育中医学英语教学方法的构建
1 讲解与本课相关的构词法
医学英语的关键在词汇, 主要是名词和形容词。名词和形容词由前缀、词根和后缀组成。因此, 若能熟练掌握一些与本课相关的前缀、词根和后缀, 那么许多长词、难词便迎刃而解。如讲授《大学公共医学英语》(上)中第4单元的Text B—HeartFailure时,可先讲解如下构词要素。词根有:( 1)“cardi- ”表示“心”, 如 electrocardiogram( 心电图) ;( 2)“myo- ”表示“肌”, 如cardiomyopathy( 心肌病) ;( 3)“steno- ”表示“狭窄”, 如 stenosis( 狭窄) ;( 4)“vaso- ”表示“血管”, 如 vasodilator( 血管舒张药) ;( 5)“aort- ”表示“主动脉”, 如 aortectomy( 主动脉部分切除术) ;( 6)“thromb( o) - ”表示“块, 血栓”, 如 thrombin( 凝血酶) 。前缀有:( 1)“brady- ”表示“慢, 迟钝”, 如 brandycardia( 心动过缓) ;( 2)“tachy- ”表示“快, 快速”, 如 tachycardia( 心动过速) 。后缀有:( 1)“- pathy”表示“疾病或疗法”, 如 hydropathy( 水疗法) ;( 2)“- gram”表 示“ 图 , 像 ”, 如 thermogram( 温 度 记 录 图) ;( 3)“-graph”表示“描计器”, 如 electrocardiograph( 心电描计器) 。对前、后缀及词根的讲解不宜过多, 最多占用 20 分钟, 否则学生会不不易接受。
2 阅读全文, 写出概要或分段总结
阅读是对新学词汇的复习, 在具体环境中, 学生可将词汇记得更准、更牢。读完之后要让学生写出概要或分段总结, 这样他们能进一步理解全文。这种方法有助于培养他们的速读能力。对研究生来说, 医学英语的学习重点在于阅读与翻译。一要能读懂外文文献( 尤其是英文文献) , 这样才能满足未来工作中对英语的需求; 二要能英汉互译一些文献, 这样才能精确地把别人的东西变成自己的, 同时也能把自己的东西译成英文, 供更多人查阅与参考, 从而有助于学术交流。而速读是读懂大意的最佳方法, 因此要培养学生这一良好的阅读习惯。另外, 写作也是研究生未来工作中必不可少的技能之一。梁正溜教授指出: 理解是输出的基础, 理解只有在输出中才能得到检验和修正。换言之, 只有读懂了, 才能写好; 而写的过程又是对全文再一次理解与修正的过程。通过这样的练习可有效培养学生的写作能力。
阅读有助于复习刚学到的词汇, 速读有助于掌握大意, 写作有助于再一次把握全文并为翻译打基础。
3 分组翻译, 互相学习
华仲乐教授指出: 表达空间创于课堂讨论之中, 这种讨论本身就是一种双方互动的交际, 负载大量参考信息, 帮助学生自我肯定、自我修订, 从而达到让学生在课堂中积极思维和参与的目的。仍以文中提到的“Heart Failure”一课为例, 让学生 4 人一组, 每组翻译一小段。分组翻译的优点很多:
( 1) 取长补短、相互学习。应届生英语基础往往比较扎实, 较长、较难的句子也能翻译出来; 而往届生则专业知识比较扎实。他们可以取长补短, 在讨论中相互学习, 同时也能增进彼此的了解, 使其学会合作。
( 2) 态度认真、精益求精。每组任务量都不大, 少而精, 锻炼了他们严格认真、精益求精的科学态度。( 3) 翻译技巧初步涉猎。翻译中教师要有意识地提醒学生注意某些翻译技巧, 如词义的处理、词性的转换、增译、省译、被动语态的翻译以及长句的处理等。总之, 分组翻译既可让学生练习翻译技巧, 学习语言知识和专业知识; 又可让其增进了解、学会合作。
4 教师点评, 共同促进
在规定时间内完成任务后, 每组派一名代表汇报他们的研究成果, 其他学生则注意听别人的翻译是否与自己的译文相符。汇报完后, 可先让其他组成员提出异议, 然后教师点评。教师点评时应注意以下几点:( 1) 注意翻译技巧。如词义的选择、词性的转换、增译、被动语态的翻译等。( 2) 注意某些常用医学词( 组) 的翻译。如上文提到的“Heart Failure”一课中, secondaryto 译成“继发于”, be associated with 译成“和...并发, 伴有...”。( 3) 注意某些专业术语的翻译。如 pressure overload 和 volumeoverload 分别译作“压力超负荷”和“容量超负荷”, prior myocar-dial infarction 译作“陈旧性梗死”, pulmonary capillary wedgepressure 译作“肺毛细血管楔压”。
5 精选练习, 巩固复习
本教材的优点之一是练习出得好, 尤其是 Text B 的练习,紧密结合所学知识, 能让学生在练习中巩固所学知识。如第 1题“answer the questions”, 有助于学生理解全文; 第 2 题“definethe terms”, 有助于学生练习口语表达; 第 3 题“phrases transla-tion”, 有助于学生复习所学专业词汇; 第 4 题“summary transla-tion”, 既锻炼了学生的汉译英技巧, 又进一步理解了全文, 且通过英汉互译进一步了解 2 种语言的差异。这些练习可以精选、也可以全做, 总的来说, 这些练习从阅读到翻译再到口语都有所涉猎。教师可充分利用课后练习, 有选择、有目的的专项或集中讲解, 以帮助学生巩固知识。综上所述, 这种教学模式可促进师生相互学习、取长补短,增进了师生间、学生间的相互了解, 最终达到教学目的。
参考文献:
[1]Dudley Evans, St John. Developments in English for Specific Purposes[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
[2]黄和斌. 外语教学理论与实践[M]. 南京: 译林出版社, 2001.
[3]赵贵旺. 大学公共医学英语( 上) [M]. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2006.
[4]梁正溜. 在英语教学中要注重输出[J]. 外语界, 1999, 76( 4) : 53.
[5]华仲乐, 梁正溜. 探索新世纪医学英语教学之路[J]. 外语界, 2001, 82
[知识拓展]
下文是教育类毕业论文经典参考范文
教育问题既是一个理论问题,又是一个实践问题。作为理论问题必然涉及教育目的、意义、思想等;作为实践问题又涉及如何实现教育的目的、意义和思想等。故此,两者的研究都离不开价值的视野。教育本身的行为就是一个价值的行为。关于教育价值问题的研究,我国学者起步较晚,而国外在18世纪就已经开始研究了。斯宾塞最早提出“什么知识最有价值”的问题;杜威将教育价值分为内在价值与工具价值,一个是个体意义,一个是社会功用。此后,人们又从文化价值观和哲学价值论等角度对该问题给予论述与研究。
一、教育是一种价值选择
教育和价值是两个不同的概念。教育是有目的性的,有目的必然有价值。价值又有物质和精神两个方面。教育与价值的逻辑体现在:1)教育与价值之间没有任何关系;2)教育的概念是基本的,价值的概念是根据教育的概念来界定的;3)价值的概念是基本的,教育的概念是根据价值概念来界定的;4)教育概念和价值概念都不能根据对方来界定自己。本文要研究的是教育价值,所以,主要讲先有教育,再有教育价值。王坤庆教授认为,价值在哲学的意义上是与事实相对应的一个概念。如果说事实主要是科学研究对象的话,那么,哲学则要回答价值的问题。引用李凯尔特()的话就是,世界是由现实和价值构成的,主体与客体是现实世界的一个部分,与这个部分相对的是价值的世界。教育的行为在每个有理性的人看来都会是价值的行为。教育价值是一种内涵于教育活动中“好”的属性,它客观地存在于教育现象之中。正因为教育是有价值的,所以,它自产生以来,一直是影响人类社会生活的重要方式。由于有了教育,人类文明才得以传承、创造和转化。教育价值在本质上反映的是一种积极的、向上的、肯定的和好的方面的含义。在教育实践中选择正确的教育价值,分析和克服负面和消极的教育价值是非常必要的.。
教育是一种价值选择,体现在作为社会实践主体的人的一种需要。按照价值主义的看法,价值是完全依赖于人的,是依赖于人的主观需求的。某一事物有价值,是因为人们追求它和需要它,因而价值主要取决于人的需求。教育有价值,是因为它能提高人的文化水平,使人获得谋生的技能,改变人们的生存环境和提高生活质量。值得注意的是,价值主观主义并不认为主观需求就是价值,而认为主观需求所指向的东西才有价值。教育只有在教育客体本身的知识内化以后,变成一种能力和水平,使客体能够获得他所想要的东西时,才能体现价值。可见,教育价值的体现一般要满足三个条件,即教育对象对客体的有用性;教育对客体具有一定的目的性;客体对事物有用性所具有的欲望或者说偏好。
教育是一种价值选择,教育的行为对某种价值的取向,都是价值观作用于人的结果。人们对某个问题的态度、看法、认识也是受教育水平不同而不同的。换句话说,就是不同的人价值观不同。教育价值观有正确和错误之分。教育是一种以正确价值观为基础的价值选择,教育的价值选择是主体对客体的一种行为过程。在这一过程中,人的需要不断得到满足,客体的属性不断得到认识和改造,主体和客体在教育实践活动中趋于一致,并向积极的、肯定的和完善的方向发展,使人类社会不断趋向于文明和进步。
二、目的价值和工具价值
自从人类主动地办教育和受教育以来,教育就自然地被工具化了。社会、个人都是要通过教育,追寻教育以外的利益,并认为教育存在本身就是一种价值。“建国君民,教学为先”、“教育救国”、“科教兴国”、“经济要发展,教育要先行”之类的说法,反映了社会始终是把教育定位为一种工具,其逻辑推论是:“如果教育对于经济发展没有用处,国家、社会是不可能热心办教育的。对于个人来说,教育的意义也无外乎工具。”[1]21~22由此可见,教育价值是目的实现的工具。其实任何教育都有两种价值,教育价值也不例外。教育价值主要是理论研究的内容,旨在判断教育活动有哪些价值以及如何去追求和实现这些价值,以此形成一种有逻辑联系和基本概念的理论体系。我认为,教育价值还有一个是满足人生存和发展的价值,是基本的目的价值。工具价值是教育活动的一种类型,是人们在正确的教育价值观的引导下所从事的教育实践活动的一种称谓。目的价值和工具价值构成两个不同的价值领域,但都离不开哲学观的指导。从历史的发展来看,西方的价值教育是由于哲学上人们反对唯科学主义、倡导维护人的尊严和个性的一种教育应对。教育的目的价值和工具价值的关系是密切的,教育是主体价值取向的价值选择,教育的主体是人,而人的需求指向肯定是有目的的和需要工具的。人对一个事物有目的,那么就要有实现此目的的工具。中国有句古话,“临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网”,就是反映目的与工具的关系。因而,目的和工具对人也是有价值的。教育具有目的价值的同时也具有工具价值,因此,可以说,教育价值具有双重性。教育作为人的基本需求,既是目的,又是工具;既有目的价值,也有工具价值。目的价值和工具价值的主客体有时是统一的,有时又是分离的。作为个体本身的目的价值和工具价值的主体和客体是一致,作为主体对客体实施教育时,主体更关注的是目的价值,而客体为实现主体对自己的要求,必然要采取相应的办法和工具,因此客体更关注工具价值。从目的和工具来考察教育,不仅能提高教育的效益,也会使我们的教育偏向好的方面。也就是说,目的正确,工具未必正确;目的不正确,工具有可能就不正确,即使正确也达不到正确的目的。当然,目的和实现此目的的工具也是相对的,目的有正当与不正当之分,不正当的目的谈不上有教育价值,只有正当的目的才有目的的价值。实现目的的工具既有一个合理性的问题,也有一个合法性的问题,目的不能约束工具的合理和合法性,但是它们之间也是有内在联系的。
三、教育价值的主要体现
1.教育的个体价值
教育是个体在社会生活中自我实现的基本需要。个体有自己的理想、愿景、志向和态度;个体与社会相融,适应社会生活发展的要求,希望不断提高自己的生存质量和社会地位。个体社会化的过程其实就是自我实现的实践过程。自我实现的实践过程导致个体必须学习知识和获得技能,接受教育。个体的自身发展、自我完善和自我展示的结果就是个体教育价值的体现。个体教育价值与其自身和环境以及文化背景相联系,这就涉及个体教育价值的意义问题。不同的个体教育价值所体现的意义不同。从哲学关于人性论的基本范畴看,古今中外学者论人性,基本上是沿着善与恶的价值思路去探讨的。因此,我非常赞成卢梭的教育观,认为,人是唯一需要教育的动物,人只有通过教育才能成为人,教育对于人来说,是人性拓展和升华的天梯和大道。人性论认为,人性应有三个属性,即自然性、社会性和精神性,精神性对于人的全面发展更为重要。一个人不断地向精神世界发展和提升的时候,他才可能更像一个人,才有可能在自主活动中更全面地占有自己的本质。精神的富有永远超越于物质的富有,精神上的快乐与幸福永远高于物质上的快乐与幸福,由此可见,个体教育价值体现的核心是精神。作为个体的人,他有自己的思想和观点,这些思想和观点的价值取向受个体所处的环境和文化等诸多因素的影响,而正确的思想和观点离不开教育。中国的传统教育关注的就是道德和气节的养成;而国外个体的教育追求就与我们不同。所以说,个体的教育价值是个体教育价值观实现的途径。
2.教育的社会价值
个体不能孤立于社会,个体的教育价值离不开教育的社会价值。一个人通过教育,获得知识,掌握了一定的技能,也同时获得了知识中的功利价值和认知价值。如果没有正确的社会价值来指导,这些东西可能是个体作为向社会和他人讨价还价的资本,一旦在某些方面满足不了其私欲,则可能因反社会、反精神文化而堕落。因此,个体教育价值应是教育社会价值的体现,个体的教育价值应统一于教育的社会价值,只有社会价值内化于个体价值,才能促使个体价值观的形成。著名数学家苏步青认为,读书,不仅是要摆脱个人困境,更是要拯救中国广大的苦难民众;读书,不仅是为了个人找出路,更是为中华民族求新生。为此,他立下“读书不忘救国,救国不忘读书”的雄心壮志,他实现了个人的教育价值和社会价值的统一。
3.教育的文化价值
以斯普兰格()、李特()为代表的“文化教育”学派,倡导教育中的文化价值。科学技术发展,使人们更关注物质和科学精神的养成,忽视人文精神的重要性,导致文化价值的沦落。从20世纪80年代起,人们开始觉醒,进而结束了科学与人文的对垒与分野,使人文主义价值论的研究又重新回到教育哲学的研究视野中。如果一种文化能够推动教育进步,那么它就是先进的;否则,就是落后的。马克思主义告诉我们,一种文化是否值得支持和提倡,要看它能否科学地反映、体现教育的规律和发展趋势。教育的文化价值观应当是,大力发展先进文化,支持健康有益的文化;努力改造落后的文化;坚决抵制腐朽的文化。一个国家、一个民族不能没有自己的文化,没有文化的民族是注定要衰落的。优秀的文化不仅能陶冶人的情操,形成人的意志品德,焕发精神,凝聚人心,促使文化价值的实现;而且正确的文化价值观能使优秀的文化不断创新,不断进步,不断适应社会生活发展的需要。
当然,教育价值中的个体价值、社会价值、文化价值只是它的主要方面,关于教育价值表现形式还有很多方面。随着研究的深入,人们对教育价值一定会有更全更新的认识。
本科生英语论文 范文
范文一:英语本科 毕业 论文
The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Thesis statement:
Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.
Outline
Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles
A. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in England
B. A brief commentary of the novel
1. the writer --Thomas hardy
2. general introduction of the novel
Ⅱ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her life
A. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
1. the moribund society
2. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
B. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
1. the traditional moral concept
2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
C. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
hypocritical religion in that time
2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
D. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
’s unfortunate marriage
2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.
Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.
key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate
内容提要
本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先,本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后,对文本进行简要评论。再次,本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论:(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后,揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。
关键词:悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运
范文二:英语专业毕业论文格式要求
1、主要任务
毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段,是英语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节,是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分,是培养学生综合应用所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能,并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径,是对学生进行科学研究的初步训练。毕业论文是学生大学毕业前的最后学习阶段,是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语 语文知识 及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
2、知识要求
英语专业的毕业论文按专业方向的不同可分为“文学”、“语言及语言学研究”、“语言教学”、“翻译研究”和“ 文化 与跨文化”等不同类别。按论文性质的不同,又可分为理论型研究论文、应用型研究论文、综述型论文和研究 报告 型论文。每个专业方向都可以有这4种不同的类型。
(1)理论型研究论文指对已有的语言、文学、翻译、教学、文化等学科领域的理论性和应用性的研究成果,在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进行有一定新意的探讨,这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视角、新的材料、新的 方法 、新的论证、新的结论。理论型研究应熟识与了解现有的科学观点、结论和评价,并进行消化、吸收,针对现有理论中的不足、不确切和未涉及之处进行局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。写理论型研究论文的学生要有较好的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确、科学地分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体的理论性问题,在教师的指导下发现、提出理论性问题并对某一具体理论提出自己的看法和意见。
(2)应用型研究论文指以实际应用为目的,探讨已有的知识在实践中应用的可能性,或运用已有的研究成果探索应用的新途径。应用型研究必须与教学、研究或社会相结合,重点在于如何运用现有的知识,提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题,作出有参考或应用价值的结论。选择写应用型研究论文的学生要有一定的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体问题并在老师的指导下运用某一具体理论提出解决问题的看法和意见。
(3)综述型论文是对某一学科领域研究与发展状况作综合叙述介绍的一种论文类型。综述型论文是在大量阅读各种文献的基础上,对学科中某一具体的理论性或实际应用性问题的研究状况进行综合归纳,分析整理,去粗取精,做出判断,理出清晰而明确的研究发展脉络,从而展示研究现状和已取得的研究成果,分析问题的症结,并指出未来的研究走向和发展趋势的动态性研究成果。写综述型论文的学生应对所选课题的研究状况有比较全面的把握和正确的了解,对材料的归纳 总结 要较好地体现出综合性和概括性,要在分析、判断的基础上作出新的结论,而且要有一定的前沿性和前瞻性。
(4)研究报告型论文是就某一课题开展调查或测试并对调查或测试中获得的各种数据进行分析、综合、归纳、整理、讨论,从而作出结论的调研性论文。研究报告型论文可分为调查报告与测试报告两类。写研究报告型论文的学生需要具有正确采集、分析和处理信息和数据的方法,需要具有在理论上对调查过程进行分析和论证的能力,并能在老师的指导下独立 1
制定调查或测试方案。
3、能力培养要求
毕业论文写作是本科英语专业教学计划中规定的一项内容和组成部分,是学生毕业前提交的一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的学术论文。它是学生毕业前独立而系统地从事科学研究的初步尝试。毕业论文表明学生的英语水平和实际应用英语的能力,表明学生相关学科方面的学识水平,表明学生发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。毕业论文对能力的培养有以下几个方面的具体要求:
(1)锻炼学生运用连贯的、正确的、科学的英语语言的能力,全面提高学生综合运用英语的水平;
(2)培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题的思维品质;
(3)培养学生运用所学的理论知识解决来理论性问题或英语实践技能方面的应用性问题的能力;
(4)培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和严谨踏实的工作作风;
(5)培养学生勇于实践、勇于探索、勇于创新的精神。
4、综合素质要求
毕业论文在英语人才培养中起着一般教学不可替代的作用,是对课堂教学和非课堂教学的重要补充。毕业论文跟课堂教学和非课堂教学二者的配合可有效地解决语言知识、言语技能和相关知识的活用问题,能以一种综合性的研究成果的方式把分散的知识、技能与能力要素有机地结合起来。这种结合是全方位的,即思想、观念、知识、技能、能力和文化素质等诸多方面的全面综合,这种结合同时也包括文献资料检索能力、资料筛选能力、计算机应用能力、动手能力、概括能力、归纳能力、分析问题的能力与解决问题的能力等等。总之,毕业论文教学以培养学生全方位的多方面综合素质为目的。
在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文
写作准备:
1、熟悉写作要求。首先建议买本带讲解的真题作文集,浏览范文。熟悉常考话题、惯常写法、用词用句组段的特点。另外,结合官方评分标准,熟悉作文的各个得分档次,为以后自评自改作文做个铺垫。
2、积累写作素材。准备个笔记本,通读细读范文来积累常用词汇及替换词、词伙、句型、语法、话题、观点、案例、甚至写作样本等素材。
除过阅读真题作文集,还注意在平时的阅读和听力训练中收集话题写作相关素材。我个人喜欢的一档电台节目是中国国际广播电台(CRI)的“圆桌会议(Round Table)”,里面有当下非常接地气的话题讨论,比如拼车、快递、青少年犯罪等。
另外,TED演讲里也有非常好的原创观点,话题涉及教育、文化、科技、社会等不同领域。看演讲不但可以开拓视野,锻炼思考能力,有兴趣的话也可以研究其演讲词的写作技巧,对写作能力的提高也大有裨益。
3、打好写作基本功。英文底子不够扎实的同学可以从历年优秀范文中选取若干篇进行翻译-回译、背诵-默写等练习,在语法书、词典、写作老师的帮助下,锻炼遣词造句的能力。
组词造句这一关过了之后,就可以研究写作技巧了。写作技巧包括如何开头、如何展开话题、如何结束作文、如何让文章更有说服力等方面。写作技巧可以参照作文书里的技巧介绍,也可以自己通过分析范文来研究总结。
4、玩中写(可选)。应试作文写作模式比较单一,常常被同学戏谑为“八股文”,练习一段时间一般会产生厌倦感。这时候可以结合自己的兴趣,选择非常喜欢的看图说话类、故事类、时尚类、抒情类好句好文进行仿写、改写、续写、扩写、缩写、口头写等练习;
也可以任意发挥进行自由写、创意写、记日记,这些看似“无用”的练习都可以提升写作兴趣和写作基础。综合使用各种练习方法,可以全面提升写作和口语表达水平。写作水平提高了,口语也无疑会有长足的进步。
写作格式:
1、审题:拿到题目后先读题,标出关键信息。这一步注意弄清题意,知道通过写作要解决什么问题。
2、明确立场:作为当代大学生,需要以国际化的视野,科学、批判性地看待问题和分析问题。因此,注意我们的观点最好符合社会发展的大趋势,同时又能辩证地分析大趋势下的部分逆流并加以诊断性分析。
3、头脑风暴收集素材、并简单分类:这一步把自己的话题观点、案例、相关词汇等列出来,备忘。基于读题信息和收集的素材,形成论点,根据题意选择适当的素材,形成一个两百多字能说清楚的论点。
4、打好框架:一般来讲,250字儿的作文可以分为四至五段。第一段先给出论点,主体段结合审题阶段的观点类素材进行分类,草拟出每段的主题句(可以是短语),即分论点。然后把细节、事实、案例等素材与主题句对应,以便进行解释、举例、或补充。最后一段可以是对论点的情境化深入,也可以是分论点的整体性解析。
5、修改:写完后,用官方评分标准来分析自己的作文,给自己评分。然后与范文对比优缺点,再修订或重写。经得起推敲的好文是一遍遍修改出来的。
扩展资料:
英语议论文的注意事项:要坚持积累和训练,要写就写得整齐。应试中短文写作部分通常叫essay writing,其实只是要求考生表达对某事的立场或观点加之简要的分析和解释而已,因此除非有明确要求,通常不需要写题目。因为在国外所谓有题目的essay要正式的多,通常为上千字到几千字,有些甚至包括文献综述及分析。
如果要求写题目,那也是为了提醒考生在写作过程中时刻保持focus不至于跑题。作文题目一般有名字短语(如My View on Learning with APPs)、问句(如Is Learning with APPs a Good thing?)等形式。
其实质上是对审题阶段所提问题discussion question的陈述或回答,而正文其实就是对问题的分析和解答。 如果正文不能回答题目中蕴含的问题,那就是“文不对题”了。
一、英语论文的标题一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中).如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:english 734或british novel).打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此).就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方.第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同).接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白).二、英语论文提纲英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐.主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出.各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐.需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有ⅰ应有ⅱ,有a应有b,以此类推.如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码).三、英语论文正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约.段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起.正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格.在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格.四、英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性.引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用.无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处.目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处.现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下.五、英文参考文献格式单一作者著作的书籍:姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍:姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章:Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码):Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码):姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章:Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.(学术堂提供更多论文知识)
一、正反观点式议论文万能句(对比观点型)作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一(有的人认为,有的人认为,你的观点)There is a widespread concern over the issue that________(作文题目)But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________(观点一). First of all,________(原因一).Furthermore, ________(原因二). So it goes without saying that________(观点一).People,however,differ in their opinions on this people hold the view that________(观点二). On the one hand,________(原因一). On the other hand,________(原因二). Therefore, there is no doubt that ________(观点二)As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________.(原因二)It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________(支持这一观点的结果)模版译文:有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先,________。而且,________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面,________。另一方面,________。因此,毫无疑问________。就我而言,我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________,还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句:(说明利弊型)作文框架模版:说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. First of all ,________(A的优点之一).Moreover,________(A的优点之二).Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点).Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法).或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, (对前景的预测).模版译文:现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且,________。除此之外,________。但凡事都有利有弊,消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析,我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此,我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句:(现象说明型)作文框架模版现象说明型:说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合). It is estimated that________ (相关数据). Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. To begin with, ________ (原因一). Besides, (原因二). Last but not least, ________ (原因三).Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因). It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,________ (解决办法一). For another, ________ (解决办法二). All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象).模版译文:现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计,________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先,________。除此之外,________。最后但同样重要的是,________。我认为,引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面,________。另一方面,________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型:要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述.四、"How to"类议论文万能句:(问题解决型)作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1.问题现状 2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more serious. First of all, ________(说明A的现状).Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,________(解决方法一). For another, ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________解决方法三).Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).模版译文:现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A,这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先,________。其次,________。面对A,我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面,________。另一方面,________。最后,________。就我而言,我认为________。因此,我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们,因为________。图表作文写作万能句(图表分析型)(常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图)描写图表变化趋势的词:(建议使用斜体加横线的词,个人认为比较形象)上升:increase / rise / go up / rocket(迅速增加) 下降:decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快:quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢:slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentagein the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_% in _年_ to _%_ in _年_. From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象). On the one hand, ____. On the other hand, ________ is duetothefactthat ________. In addition, __ is responsible for ________.(Maybe there are some other reasons to show it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______. It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way can ________(支持这一观点的结果)模版译文:正如图表所展示的那样,________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长,不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面,________。另一方面,________是因为________.除此之外,________是________的原由.就我而言,我持有________的观点.该是________的时候了.只有这样我们最终才能________。
在Word里面有template的,theses就是了。
英文科技论文是指撰写并发表的原创性英文科研报告。在科研中,一个至关重要的方面是在科技期刊发表研究成果,便于广大同行交流。如果科研不能很好地交流,不管研究有多好,都不会产生很大的影响。英文论文写作是一件很困难的事,即便是对英语国家的人,很多时候他们的论文也因为语言问题被退稿。即便英语不是母语,科技论文也应符合标准英语语言的习惯(句型、语法、拼写等)。英文科技论文的句子应该是完整的,读者容易理解的。 英文科技论文的撰写有一个基本模式――IMARD法(Introduction,引言;Material&Methods,材料和方法;Results,结果;Discussion,讨论)。本文从该模式的四个方面分析讨论如何写好一篇英文科技论文,为撰写英文科技论文给予一定的指导作用。 1 引言 引言是对参考文献的编译,反映进行研究的思考过程或依据。引言应该是引出该篇论文。引言的目的是提供足够的背景信息,读者无需查阅该问题以前的资料,便能够理解和评价目前研究结果,同时引言也阐述与现有研究的关系。引言部分至关重要,有人认为是论文最难写的部分,有些审稿人会根据引言来衡量论文是否被录用[1],因为从引言中就可以分析出文章是否真正提出了一个科学问题,该问题是否新颖,是否有研究价值。引言是反映作者对该研究领域熟悉程度的一个标志。 引言写作的关键技巧是将之前多次叙述过的同一问题,以不同的、有趣的方式再次表述。在引言中应提供主要的参考文献,但避免过多地复述主题,要清晰地定义该问题。读者能够直接通过引言理解和推测研究的目的,而不需要查阅其他的资料。如果该研究问题没有用合理的、可理解的方式引述,那么读者就不会对研究结果感兴趣。综述的文字应该让读者理解要研究的该问题多么有必要,怎么去解决该问题。 引言是论文的第一部分,论文的第一读者是编辑和审稿人,他们首先阅读的便是引言,所以引言部分很重要。看完引言部分,他们首先要问:这是一个新的研究吗?研究有意义吗?适合在该期刊发表吗?引言部分需要作者对该研究领域有一个深刻、全面的理解,能够给读者阐明研究是多么重要。引言部分应该说明的一些基本问题:这是一个什么问题?存在一些解决的方法吗?哪个方法是最好的?它的主要不足是什么?期待解决哪些问题?方案是否已经完成?引言部分的时态应是一般过去时(一般的背景内容,本文中将要完成的描述)、现在完成时(过去到现在已有的方法或解)、一般过去时(我的贡献)。 2 材料和方法 有人说过一句话:“十九世纪最伟大的发明是发明了发明的方法。这个方法摧毁了旧文化的基石。”[2]该部分有不同的叫法,称为材料和方法、方法、实验性的研究、方法的描述和确认,本文称为材料和方法。材料和方法部分的主要目的是描述实验设计,提供详细的信息,有能力的研究人员可以复制该实验。由于作者在进行论文写作时已经完成了相应的实验,得出了结果,因而大脑中有一个清晰的思路,这部分是很好写的。 一个好的材料和方法部分的写作,读者应该能够复制文中的结果。该部分写作的一个重要技巧是必须写得非常详细,每一个实验步骤应以逻辑的顺序列出,并应不超过两个句子。但是也不应该出现大量多余的单词,当读者有一定的专业知识,尽可能地用参考文献的形式,用图和表来描述和分析实验方法。在该部分需要提及研究的地点和类型,简单描述样品的尺寸和如何计算是有必要的。在任何时候,英文科技论文写作都应准确地使用技术术语和定义,避免重复别人已知的信息。如果研究是原创性的,有必要详细描述涉及的新方法和手段。材料和方法部分主要应该使用过去时。 3 结果 并不是所有的期刊都要求写结果部分,有的可能是结果和讨论部分在一起;如果需要写结果,尽可能不要提及讨论的部分,结果是论文中最短的部分。该部分写作的关键技巧是结果表示什么,应回答在文章开头提出的目标、假设和问题。结果应尽可能地简单和清晰。结果部分应该是做了什么,没有做什么,得出了什么矛盾的结果。结果部分应该提及任何不足之处,不能忽略出现的矛盾数据,很多重要发现都源于实验中的“不良数据”,因而在结果中不应忽视它(们)。结果部分写作应简明、扼要,突出研究数据。在结果部分,不要对数据作分析和处理。在结果部分要突出当前的理论问题,不要重复材料和方法中的细节。结果中的数据以逻辑的顺序来描述,直到结论,提供给读者的数据必须是问题的解。结果通常应用一般过去时,主动和被动形式相结合使用。 4 讨论 由于阅读方式不同,很多读者都匆匆忙忙,先看看标题、图片,然后看他们论文中最感兴趣的部分,那可能就是讨论。有些人都认为,讨论可能是英文科技论文写作中最困难的部分。讨论部分是英文科技论文的核心部分,也被看作衡量一篇论文优劣的标尺。 很多论文被拒都是由于讨论部分不足所致,讨论部分应该多长没有一个统一的标准,通过讨论让读者对结果有一个清晰的结论。 讨论部分写作的一个关键是应同时具备说服力和可信度,另一个是解释而不是重复结果。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。讨论部分应该和引言部分密切结合,是讨论在引言中出现的问题,但两部分不应该出现重复。引言的关键是对已有研究的分析和理解,而讨论则是对自己研究的分析和理解。讨论部分应严格按照结果部分数据的顺序,逐一讨论这些问题。需要讨论观测、研究、实验等所有研究中的内容,并解释这些内容。 通过讨论发现一些在其他研究领域至关重要的信息,可以帮助理解自己的数据,或者是由于发现,重新理解别人的研究。讨论部分应重点讨论自己研究和别人研究的相似性和差异性,如何将自己的研究和别人的研究有效结合,从而得出对该问题的更好理解。 讨论部分的写作顺序,可以先得出研究的一般性结论,接着讨论与自己的发现直接相关的另一个人的研究,指出两者之间的关系,清晰分析它们的区别。通过这些考虑,从结果中得出自己的结论。 在讨论中,对于其他人的研究不足之处,可以通过三种方式分析:1)从来没有真正被测试过的假设,你想测试它;2)其他人的研究是一般性,或者是问题的一个方面,你想将该研究拓展到一个新的方面;3)其他人的研究有缺陷,而你需要克服它。 在讨论中,切勿贬低别人的研究,你尊重别人,别人就会尊重你。对于自己研究的不足之处,应该明确提出,不应回避。读者可能从你的不足中能够开展新的研究,这也是读者阅读高水平论文的最大益处。对于研究中的不足之处,解释并给出原因,指出其产生的后果。可以提及另外一个与作者研究类似的不足之处,说明这些缺陷是由于当前知识(理论、模型、技术方法等)无法解决你所遇到的这些问题。 在讨论部分不要简单重述自己的结果。将自己的研究结果和结论与已出版的结果比较,与现有研究和发现比较,清晰比较和对照自己的理解。讨论预测研究的理论性提示和实际应用,在讨论中应给读者留出大量的思考空间。讨论应尽可能清晰地表述自己的发现,使读者一目了然。在讨论的末尾简明陈述结论,从而有效得提高人们对研究的可信度,期待论证的作用。 在讨论部分,尤其要注意时态和人称的使用,为了便于读者区分哪些是自己的研究,哪些是别人的研究,尽可能地使用主动形式表述自己的研究。自己的研究和发现,一定要用第一人称,而别人的发现应用其他人称,要明确区别出哪些是自己的研究,哪些是别人的研究。时态多采用一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时。
据学术堂了解,目前,英文科技论文已经成为国际学术交流的重要载体。对国人而言,尽管此类论文具有一定的写作难度,但在撰写过程中仍有普遍规律可遵循。1.做好论文写作前的准备工作俗语道“磨刀不误砍柴工”,英文科技论文写作也是如此,在写作之前要做好充分的准备工作,最重要的是内容的准备。就科技论文来说,就是要做好实验设计与数据分析,并从中精简出对论文写作有用的数据,再将其制作成相应的图表,并辅以正确的分析、比较和利用。写作时一定要注意,使用数据制作的图表应与论文主题衔接匹配,只有这样,才能让论文更有说服力。在正式写作之前,应对自己所写领域的研究成果有较为充分的了解和掌握。譬如了解专业领域内的专业词汇,既可借助现代化网络方便快捷地查阅相关文献,也可从专业书籍和期刊中寻找。如果在写作前能够了解和知悉自己拟投期刊的风格,就能够较大概率地保证论文顺利通过。同时,还要针对不同的受众群体选择不同的写作素材和写作方法。除了做好以上准备工作,还要注意选择合适的期刊投稿。选择期刊时虽然看重影响因子,但也不能把这当成发表论文的决定因素和唯一指标。不同专业领域期刊的影响因子是不同的,并且大多数时候都没有可比性。一般来说,相对专业的期刊,影响因子比较小,但这不意味着该期刊不重要。在投稿过程中,可尝试着从较低级别的期刊投起,然后再慢慢过渡到等级较高的期刊。此外,较高影响因子期刊的编辑或审稿人会提出比较好的审稿意见或建议,这对于论文的撰写和改进大有裨益,作者也会受益良多。2.英文科技论文写作内容和注意事项 介绍(Introduction)介绍(Introduction)是英文科技论文写作的第一部分。在写作该部分时,应当注意将写作的背景及写作目的陈述清楚。除此之外,还需介绍相关的研究方法、创新之处等,从而呈现出论文的新颖和独到之处。具体来说,论文介绍部分主要包括四方面内容:背景知识、未知的亟待解决的问题、研究的重要目的和研究方法。背景知识主要介绍该专业领域已有的研究成果。既然已有成果在前,为显示自己论文的独特性,就需将写作该论文的目的和意图陈述清楚。这方面内容切忌写得太过宽泛,应根据目标读者的身份有的放矢。紧接着,由背景知识中已知的领域引入到未知领域,这也是科技论文要重点介绍的部分。在此基础上,作者还需提出自己的研究内容,这点尤为重要,因为它可以从侧面体现文章的质量与水准,因此在写作过程中务必重点对待。最后,简单陈述论文所使用的主要研究方法。 方法(Methods)这部分的目的在于向读者讲解论文用了哪些方法,解决了哪些问题。不同领域研究方法林林总总,众多期刊要求也各不相同。写作该部分时,都要求陈述几个方面的内容:首先是实验材料,能证明该实验有很好的操作性、重复度和复制性。其次是具体说明采用的实验方法等。与论文其他部分比较,这部分相对来说比较容易撰写。在撰写时应尽量向读者展现较多的细节,这样能对更多读者和相关科研人员有所帮助,提高文章的可读性,提升文章的下载量和引用率,增加文章的权威性和显示度。另外,由于该部分涉及内容多且繁杂,需要作者在写作时做到内容精准、条理明晰。方法部分的内容,可以体现科技论文的严谨性、数据的可靠性以及统计的准确性。论文所述方法可重复性越高,说明该部分的写作越成功。 结果(Results)在写作结果方面的相关内容时,作者应该铭记,结果是体现研究的结论,结论就要简明扼要一目了然,不能洋洋洒洒长篇累牍,不要再重复赘述前面已出现过的内容,比如方法、意义等,这样既节省篇幅又清新明了。除此之外,作者还要注意,每一个结果的展现形式都应跟前边的方法论述保持一致,不能张冠李戴前后矛盾,所以这部分一定要认真检查,慎重对待,这也能从侧面反映论文写作是否严谨。在化学科技论文的结果展示中,会经常应用到图表,因为图表直观形象,内容高度凝练,方便读者阅读、分析和比较。另外,一定要根据投稿期刊的要求来设计图表,要保证图表数据与前文描述结果相符。在应用英文写作该部分内容时,要尽量使用主动语态,也可以适量地应用第二人称。 讨论(Discussion)讨论部分内容的主要目的是说清楚本研究的重要意义。在讨论部分,作者要对论文的研究结果做简单总结,并阐明自己的研究结果相较该领域其他研究结果的优势和亮点,说明还有哪些不够完善的地方。在讨论部分,尽量使用语言文字简单阐述研究的结论及重要意义,避免使用过多的数据。当与该领域的其他研究对比时,不要遗漏最新的具有较高创新性的研究,比如热点和前沿,力求做到“新而全”。讨论部分最为重要的是总结和概括,不能一味地陈述,不要过分夸大和拔高自身研究的创新性,要实事求是,尽量保证客观公正。讨论中,除了简单论述研究结论及重要意义外,还需要阐述研究的不足之处及该领域研究的展望。从不足之处可以体现研究者自身研究的局限性,研究者能够主动提出来,可以给审稿人较好的印象,审稿人或许还可以给出一些积极中肯的修改意见;展望则是对于该领域研究未来的预期,该部分写作也要尽量与实际相符。
A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague knowledge. Besides temporal and capacity constraints, compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are managed. We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set theory. The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of schedules. A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule first. Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled later. Finally, the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of satisfaction. Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets, robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak schedules. However, if no robust solution is found constraints will be relaxed. This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is dominant. We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充: Bidding for the Olympic Games, in a way, an image-creating undertaking. The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unipue image. What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing, Great Olympics. For me, the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red. First, yellow is a meaningful color. The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese people. Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese history. So, yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 Games. Secondly, the 2008 Olympics will be a red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole country. We adore red. On big occasions, we like to decorate our homes in red. It is the color of double happiness, representing joyous moments, auspiciousness, enthusiasm and prosperity. Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing . Beijing , together with the whole country, is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of modernization. Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing, the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch,red flags, red flowers, and the radiant faces of millions of joyful people. Above all, the 2008 Olympics will be a green Olympics. Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image, as we can't deny the fact that Beijing, at the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of Beijing. Big efforts have been made in pollution control, replanting and beautification of the city. According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan", between 1998 and 2007, Beijing, we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the environment. Some million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring Road. By then, the city's green area will make up 40% of its total. The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents, controlling industrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city proper. Certainly, all of this is no easy task. But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green goals. For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious citizens. Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government takes. As the saying goes, United, we stand, and a green Beijing will be achieved. When our aspiration becomes a reality, it will be a unique Olympics." New Beijing, Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow, red and green. 追问: 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题?这个问题是怎么研究的?发现了什么?这些发现意 味着什么? 谢谢 回答: 第一篇与电有关求采纳
你好:先不要求论文了,我这里教你怎么写吧,过程如下:1、读写作是一个输出的过程,想要输出自己脑子里就必须有东西,所以就要大量阅读英文文献,有人可能会说那不是废话吗,要是有那么大的阅读量谁还来问这个问题?哈哈~那我就说说怎么看和看什么。看什么:根据你自己的论文内容去针对性的看相似的研究论文。怎么看:你要去看这些论文的逻辑结构,需要哪些实验,试验结果怎么呈现,行文逻辑,还有句式和专业词汇表达,这是在写作中最重要的,你要去看他们的句式,在没有大量练习和积累的情况下,英文写作最快准确率最高的技巧就是套用句式,所以你在看这些文章的时候要时刻留意哪些句式你能用得上然后标记上。2、大纲在写英文之前要列好大纲,这个可以用中文,introduction要写几部分要介绍哪些内容,results要呈现哪些实验数据顺序是怎样的,discussion的逻辑是怎样的,最终要说明的结论是什么。这些东西一定一定要清晰明了,这是你论文的核心,英文写作只不过是一种呈现的方式。3、写根据你的大纲就开始去找已经发表的论文吧~思考一下,论文的写作和一般文章有什么区别?试着回想一下,我们在第一次开始做科研之前我们获得知识的途径是什么?是来源于前人通过实践验证的总结好的经验,我们通过这些被验证过的经验来认识这个世界以及应用在生活中,这些都是已经被验证过的知识,一般来说我们在书本上可以直接信任它们,而书本为了帮助我们理解,非常友好地举例子、打比方、由浅入深来讲解内容。而论文是为了表述新发现,默认读者有相关背景而直接客观陈述理论和发现。也就是说,我们开始做科研,开始写一篇论文的目的是总结新的经验,创造新的知识,而最终表述出来的内容可能就只是客观地详细记录已经经得起推敲的逻辑判断,同时我们用到的内容默认读者都是了解的,如果不了解读者应该也是可以找到该领域的其它文献或书籍去学习的。文章中可以不用友好地去解释本文所需的前置知识(不会循序渐进地讲解所有的内容),文章也不能主观偏题(没有不恰当的打比方、没有通俗的语言,而是力求客观描述和精确说明自己的逻辑和实验)。因此论文的行文风格和以前我们看的书以及网上写的技术分享都是完全不同的。望采纳